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Grade-12 English Textbook in Myanmar
Grade-12 English Textbook in Myanmar
Grade-12 English Textbook in Myanmar
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty
in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for
Strata 1 degree
ABDUL HAKIM
Reg.102026024581
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises be to Allah SWT. The real writer’s guide, who amazingly
guides him in the process of making this thesis. Peace and salutation be upon the
In this good opportunity, the writer wants to say many thanks to his
beloved parents who always support him spiritually and financially and also never
stop to pray for his success day and night. Their sacrifices will never be equally
paid. The writer also wants to give his gratitude to Danti Pudjianti,S.pd.MM as
his advisor for her time, guidance, patience, kindness, and contribution in
The writer also would like to express his trustworthy gratitude to the
2. Dr. Abdul Chaer, MA, the Dean of Faculty of “Adab” and Humanities,
Hidayatullah” Jakarta.
6. All staff of the Library of Faculty of “Adab” and Humanities, the Library
of Main Library of UIN Jakarta, the Library of American Corner, and the
7. The writer’s friends who had been learning together in English Letters
Damas, Rusdin, and Tantowi who always support the writer to survive in
May Allah, the all-Hearer and all-Knower, blesses them all and gives them more
than what they have given to the writer. Hopefully, this “skripsi” gives benefit for
all readers who read it and gives significant contribution to literature in the future.
The writer
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………….. i
DECLARATION .......................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ………………………………………………….. v
D. Research Questions……………………..…..…….... 5
E. Significance of Study..……………………………… 5
2. Unit Analysis…………………………………… 6
B. Definition of Stylistics..……………………………. 10
C. Stylistics Approach………..………………………. 12
5
E. Theory of Grammar.................................................... 14
A. Data Description………………..……………………. 19
B. Data Analysis......................................................….... 20
C. Discussion…………………………………………….. 25
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
long times ago. It has been grown through the times and the communicators’
Thus, human beings can create language freely as long as they can understand the
Language has main role in human beings’ life. They interact through —
feelings, minds, desires, and opinions on their head—where they use language to
express them. As a result, human’s activities always deal with language to express
Meanwhile the system of sound gives something which can be uttered by voices;
the system of meaning gives chemistry to each communicator and makes a system
1
Ronald Wardhaugh, Introduction to linguistics (New York: MC Graw-Hill Inc, 1972), p
3
2
Ibid.
7
The process of sending the written message to the reader happens when
the writer or the author has role as a party of sender (addresser), the reader
becomes a receiver (addressee) of the message and the message will be sent by
sender into sign (code). Moreover, the sign mostly put into two forms of written
comprehend the literary work communicating the messages of the authors through
the texts. In literature, the authors use their capability, knowledge, and skill in
using words to create fictional world to convey their messages. Then, it applies to
the texts for raising the effects that attracts the reader to read literary works.
When sending the message, the author needs a bunch of words or at least a
on the way of the written message in literary work. So, the message itself needs to
aspects. It has become perception that literary language has beautiful ways to send
the message through several dictions. According to Leech and Short that
3
Allen and S. Pit Corder, Techniques in Applied Linguistics (London : Oxford University
Press, 1978), p.103
4
Richard Gill, Mastering English Literature (London : Macmillan Press Ltd, 1995), p.
105
5
Leech and short, style in fiction (London: Longman group limited. 1981), p. 13
8
speech, contexts and cohesive.”6 Thus, the texts have become main focus of
stylistics that implemented in the texts of literary works. So, we can search style
more detail and find easily the artistic function through the analysis of lexical
categories.
The writer chooses literary genre of short story as unit of analysis in the
message than the longer works, such as novellas (in the modern sense of this
In the literary works, messages are sent by the characters in literary works.
Characters are also all the product of characterization. It means the characters are
general idea of the literary works. They have role as agents of building
characterization reflecting the message through the acts that created by the
authors.
The thesis is concerning the short story chosen by the writer in the titled of
“Amy Foster”. Trying to find out linguistic evidences from the lexical categories
and character buildings or characterization of Amy Foster, the writer implies them
Amy Foster is a short story by Joseph Conrad written in 1901. It was first
published in the Illustrated London News (December 1901), and was collected in
Typhoon and Other Stories (1903). In 1997, "Amy Foster" was made into the
6
Ibid; p.75
9
having been made by the authors which have goals to send the messages to the
reader. The way of the author communicating the message particularly into the
aesthetic work.
It is a tragic short story. Because the main character “Amy Foster” has
round character that impacts to her love. She undergoes staging of love that
reflects from the people who accompany her. From her characterization, the writer
tries to find out the lexicon that builds Amy Foster character.
language aspects.
research problems. As the result, the research is going to focus on the lexical
categories (adjective, verb, and noun) and language function (ideational) that
C. Identification of Problem.
intrinsic element such as: theme, character, setting, plot, stylistics, and point of
10
view.
Lexical categories raise the authors thought through their literary works.
The message always becomes the objective of the authors to share with the
readers. The authors always use aesthetics and poetic words to give effect on their
works. From the explanation above, there are many problems may appear:
D. Research Questions
Related with the background above, the questions of the research are:
Foster?
2. What are the lexical categories used to depict the changes of Amy
Foster characterization?
In general, this research can be used to enrich the study of literature, and to
Academically, those who like to study about lexical categories that describe about
F. Research Methodology
Conrad.
Amy Foster.
work.
2. Unit of Analysis
The unit analysis of the research is the sort story of “Amy Foster” written
by Joseph Conrad. It was first published by the Illustrated London News in 1901
and was collected in Typhoon and Other Stories in 1903. In this thesis, the writer
Analysis will get from Amy Foster short story and it will involve on the relevant
theories.
12
2. Method of Research
The method used by the writer in this research is qualitative method that
will use descriptive –analysis. Descriptive –analysis method is used to analyze the
stylistics effect. In this thesis, the main focus of analysis stylistics goes to lexical
categories applied into the “Amy Foster” short story. Thus, the writer is going to
use stylistics approach to explain how do the elements of language can describe
the lexicon that chosen by the author and support the characterization of Amy
Foster.
First, the writer reads the Amy Foster short story deeply and understands
adjective and verb implying into the characterization changes of Amy Foster.
Thirdly, he gives the code of the variable. Fourthly, he finds some the meaning of
lexicon from dictionary concerns with Amy Foster character from the
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In this chapter the writer will explain the theories that used to analyze the
problem and find the data. The theories, used in this chapter are character,
A. Theory of Character
Figures in literary works are called characters. They in books are not real
people but figures who have been specially created by the author.7 They also live
in the fictional world that created by the author. They have role as the senders of
has some short of identity (it needn’t a strong one), an identity which is made up
In short, character tends to the quality of a person that shows from the traits
and the acts, while characterization tends to the depicting of clear image of
7
Richard Gill (1995), op.cit. p.127
8
Character, Accessed on July 21, 2007 http://www.humanitiesweb.org/
9
Richard Gill (1995), op.cit.p.129
14
person.10
individual elements by looking at the various ways in which character image. The
various ways depict the clear image of character are represented by the question
2. Dramatic Technique.
indirectly or explicitly. The author lets the characters perform themselves through
10
Edward H Jones, Outlines of Literature: Short stories, Novels, and Poems (New York:
The Macmillian Company. 1968), p. 33
11
Richard Gill (1995), op.cit. pp. 135-144
15
- Flat characters are minor characters in a work of fiction who do not tend
round character
- Round characters are characters who are complex and realistic; they
frequently possess both good and bad traits, and they may react
B. Definition of Stylistics
Many linguists do not like the term ‘stylistics’. The word ‘style’, itself has
several connotations that make it difficult for the term to be defined accurately.
However, in Linguistics Criticism, Roger Fowler makes the point that, in non-
theoretical usage, the word stylistics makes sense and is useful in referring to an
enormous range of literary contexts, such as John Milton’s ‘grand style’, the
12
Burhan Nurgiantoro, Teori Pengkajian Fiksi (Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University
Press, 2002), pp. 195-198
13
Ibid; pp. 181-183
16
‘prose style’ of Henry James, the ‘epic’ and ‘ballad style’ of classical Greek
literature, etc. (Fowler. 1996, 185). In addition, stylistics is a distinctive term that
may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within a
within the language; what the linguistics associations are that the style of
language reveals.
Leech has divided stylistics into several categories, they are: lexical
From the categories of stylistics, the writer chooses the lexical categories that is
code are put to use in the production of actual messages, it is concerned with the
The goal of most stylistics studies is not simply to describe the formal
feature of texts for their own sake, but in order to show their function significance
14
Leech (1981), Loc.cit.
15
Leech(1981), op.cit. 75
16
Allen and S. Pit Corder (1978), op.cit. p. 202
17
Katie Wales, A Dictionary of Stylistic (England: Longman 1989), p. 436
17
C. Stylistics Approach
There are some approaches that can be attached into stylistics analysis. In
this thesis, the writer is choosing the approach that stated by Leech in his book
“Style in Fiction” dividing it into three part based on the point of view. They are:
a. Dualism, this approach is the analysis of style that restricts the style into
those choices which are choices of manner rather than matter, of expression rather
and content is inseparable. Therefore, in every choice in the form of the text will
number of different functions, and any piece of language likely to be the result of
explains that language has different functions. Many linguists have classified the
function of language that has been proposed in literary studies. I.A. Richard
distinguishes into four types of function, and four kinds of meaning: sense,
feeling, tone, and intention. Jacobson distinguishes into six functions: referential,
The writer in this thesis chooses Ideational function that stated by Halliday
18
to infer the data in analysis of characterization that focus on the clauses. The
clauses have function that showing the processes of verbs. They are analysis of
D. Lexical Domain
“A lexical category is a syntactic category for elements that are part of the
of characters to get aesthetic work. So, the author should choose the diction with
involving various type of meaning.21 The authors always use aesthetics and poetic
words to give effect on their works. So, the choices of words give understanding
A text is a semantic unit, not a grammatical one. But meanings are realized
aesthetics. As such, it has been concerned with the total effect of literary texts as
18
Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1972.), p. 677
19
Lexical, accessed on July 21,2008 http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguistic
Terms/WhatIsALexical Category.htm
20
Burhan. Nurgiantoro, Teori Pengkajian Fiksi (Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University
Press, 2002), p. 290
21
Leech (1981), op.cit. p. 75
19
artistic wholes. It may indeed admit that both meaning and aesthetic effect may be
regarded as the sum of everything that goes into a text, including the style of the
text.
The writer is analyzing how the lexical categories imply into the text.
Those are restricted into three categories, they are: adjective, noun, and verb.
They are used to support characterization of Amy Foster and give the effect of
aesthetic words that appear in the texts. They are based on the theory of traditional
D. Theories of Grammar
human being to build a mental picture of reality to make sense of their experience
arrange the text or discourse by him as arrangement units of the logical meaning
of context.
1). Material Processes: process of doing. The actor is the ‘logical subject’
or the one that does the deed, for example: the lion in the lion caught the
tourist.
- Actor (subject), the participant who does the deed to the goal
- Goal (object), the participant who get the deed from the actor
2). Mental Processes: process of sensing: the clause that represented with
verb that expresses the feeling. Mental process in other hand can
express the process of feeling, thinking, and seeing. E.g. Marry likes
the gift
The mental processes are not kind of doing and cannot be substituted
Type
The writer also uses the theory of traditional grammar that stated by
term. Basically, traditional grammar observes the language based on the meaning,
the lexical categories, and the function of the lexical categories in the sentence, as
There are four lexical categories which are analyzed by the writer, they
a). Noun
e.g. I go to school
1). Proper noun: A proper noun is the name of some particular person,
b). Verb
predicate. Based on the action of subject, verb can be divided as two groups.
1). Dynamic verbs, on the other hand, usually refer to the actions of
2). Stative verb, a verb refers to states (e.g. experiences, conditions) rather
Loves (or loved) describes a state over which the mother has no control:
it is an involuntary feeling.
c). Adjective
use,
CHAPTER III
RESEACH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
Foster characterization from beginning until the end of story. The characterisation
mostly stated by the narrator perception. It controls the point of view of the
readers.
The writer finds out the lexical categories that build Amy Foster
technique can be implied based on the questions of character from the various
ways a character emerges. They are useful to identify the characterization of Amy
building of Amy Foster through description technique. Those are the particular
2 She asked in her soft and timid voice 374 Predicative Adj
1 she would drop whatever she had in her 563-564 Material Process
hand — she would leave Mrs. Smith in
the middle of a sentence — and she
would run out to his call.
B. Data Analysis
To find he data of lexical categories, the writer uses eight questions to find the
From the quotations above, the narrator is who in charge to describe how
26
Amy Foster speaks. He guides the reader by represent words are: hesitation and
stammer (abstract noun). They show that she is not outspoken person, because she
is reluctant to speak her mind and does not intend to socialize in the society.
The words soft (gently) and timid (easily frighten) are attributive adjective,
describing Amy Foster’s voice. She, with her sense of humane, shows her
sympathy by closing and greeting Yanko. She is the first one who regards him as
she wants to approach him but she is still shy to face a strange person.
“Precisely,” said Kennedy. “She is very passive. It’s enough to look at the
red hands hanging at the end of those short arms, at those slow, prominent
brown eyes, to know the inertness of her mind — an inertness that one
would think made it everlastingly safe from all the surprises of
imagination. And yet which of us is safe? At any rate, such as you see her,
she had enough imagination to fall in love.” L 48-51
She had even more ……to understand suffering and to be moved by pity L
86-87
How this aptitude….. is an inscrutable mystery L 90
It is the moment when narrator describes the way of Amy Foster thinks.
She is a plain person who does not want to improve her quality. It represents by
the word inertness (abstract noun). Her flat brain cannot surpass beyond the
ambition and hope of common people. But, she still has creative part of mind to
cognition process, show the mentality action of Amy Foster describing by the
narrator depicts that Amy Foster has incomprehensible ways of her thinking,
because she never verbalizes her thought and her movement to everyone.
I had the time to see her dull face, red, not with a mantling blush, but as if
her flat cheeks had been vigorously slapped, and to take in the squat
figure, the scanty, dusty brown hair drawn into a tight knot at the back of
the head. She looked quite young. L 40-42
The appearance is more fruitful with the author to painting verbal picture
condition of the character. The physical appearances of Amy Foster are described
through her face, hair, figure, and head (concrete nouns), followed by the
adjectives (dull squat, flat, scanty, dusty, and brown) that modify the quality of
nouns. So, she is figured as a massy woman. Young is predicative adjective that
“Mrs. Smith, a genteel person with a sharp nose, made her put on a black
dress every afternoon.” L70-71
Clothes distinguish the several strata of society. The dress black dress
(noun phrase) shows social status of Amy Foster that ordered by her employer.
She wears a maid uniform that dominated with black colour, used in the afternoon
and evening. This uniform was usually for light cleaning, working in the dining
“She’s the eldest of a large family. At the age of fifteen they put her out to
service at the New Barns Farm. L 69
Amy appears as the eldest (adjective predicative) of her family. She comes
from a lower class. She has responsibilities to help her parent. At the fifteen, she
must support her family income, so she makes living by becoming a maid in the
literary works are often answered “no”, but there are literary works in which the
names suggest the nature of the characters. Sometime, the names of characters put
French, from Old French amede, from Latin amāta, feminine singular past
participle of amāre "to love". The name may also originate from French Ami,
which means friend. The name Amy first appeared in English in the late 13th
Century. The English used the name so rarely that it had nearly vanished by the
Amy Foster was written by Joseph Conrad in 1901, and she also one of
major character in Amy Foster short story. Associated with the meaning of the
name of Amy, she got engaged with love experience. She loved and to be loved,
22
Lexical, accessed on July 21,2008 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy
29
New Barns is an isolated farmhouse a mile away from the road, and she
was content to look day after day at the same fields, hollows, rises; at the
trees and the hedgerows; at the faces of the four men about the farm,
always the same — day after day, month after month, year after year. L
92-95
She was born in the village, and had never been further away from it than
Colebrook or perhaps Darnford L 90-91
the isolated place, New Barns, Colebrook, Dartford (proper nouns), the narrator
described the place that is influencing by Amy Foster character. Those are places
that contributed to build her characterization. Because she grow up in the middle
of nature that makes her love animal and plant and feel harmony with the
circumstance. And also, she never goes away from this place. It means she likes to
she looked in and extended to him half a loaf of white bread — ‘such
The author put her as a kindest to every living creature. looked in and extended
(dynamic verb), The verbs in this part are the attraction acts of Amy Foster
compassion as a human to Yanko who gets suffer, and care. Obviously what Amy
3. Discussion.
Amy Foster includes into round character because she has experienced the
changes of orientation of her love. More specifically, the changes that we are
Amy Foster through her experience of life. Her experiences involve her
The analysis of lexical categories is the chosen from the clause and the
sentence that have relation into the characterization of Amy Foster. It is going to
describe Amy Foster condition with five restrictions that really influence to her
love engaging with three of developing love. They are description of Amy Foster
after having a birth, and description of Amy Foster after Yanko’s death. The
To show the place of words the writer put line (abbreviated L) to make
a. Adjective
Most of words describe Amy Foster condition before she meets Yanko. In
description of Amy Foster in natural character, the narrator uses the adjectives in
When sharply spoken to, she was apt to lose her head at once; but her heart
was of the kindest L 76-77
and she was tender to every living creature L 77
… She was devoted to Mrs. Smith, to Mr. Smith, to their dogs, cats,
canaries; and as to its peculiarities exercised upon her a positive
fascination L 78-79
How this aptitude….. is an inscrutable mystery L 90
she was content to look day after day at the same fields, hollows,
rises;……,. L92-93
express her opinion. Meanwhile, the word kindest (caring about the happiness) is
concern about the quality of Amy Foster’s heart that has sincerity to the others.
(feeling satisfaction with one has; not wanting more) are predicative adjective.
They describe Amy Foster’s personality in daily life. Those are her senses of
humanity. The word tender describes her feeling to everyone who gets pain and
suffering. The word devoted depicts her love and dedication to her employer. The
word content depicts her happiness to her job, life, and family and her
symbol of goodness. The narrator uses it to show her modesty, kindest, and loves
narrator depicts that Amy Foster has incomprehensible ways of thinking, because
she never verbalizes her thought and her movement to everyone. However, those
The narrator uses the adjectives in the text on the sentences below, they are:
Irresistible (so strong that one cannot help being influenced by it) and
They describe Amy Foster heart, influenced by overwhelming desire, which has
eagerness of possession to someone. Those words give the sight that Amy Foster
has changed her last characterization which has content and plain become
possessive.
The narrator more over describes with predicative adjective that she
person’s mind) by a person. She becomes someone who always remind and has
strong desired to Yanko. Thus, becoming uncontrolled one who feels affection to
33
from her firmness. She cannot utter it because the nervous attack has locked her
will. But her inner conflict makes her against public opinion and becomes a
trigger for her rebellion to the close people who oppose her firmness.
symbolize her psychological term. It signals of her emotion and she becomes
someone who is different from the past. She becomes indifferent to people
surrounding but she is consistent to her basic nature. It indicates to her introvert
imagination, which hides her expression and prefers to save it in her thoughts. She
is not an expressive and reactive woman, but love has change of her attitude. She
just only shows her dislike by ignoring her employer whom insults the condition
of her couple.
Those of them describe her attraction through her perception. They show the
describes Amy Foster eyes. It shows Amy Foster’s body language that has
interested to Yanko. It states that she gets passionate to him and captives to
performance.
The word frightened (in the state of fear) is predicative adjective in the
negation form. It shows the psychological term of the feeling toward something or
somebody. It has the similar meaning to calm. The narrator used that adjective to
show the state of Amy Foster when she meets and comes to close the stranger
man. She feels sympathy to him, although the people of Colebrook fear,
aggression or anger) angry (fill with anger) and frightened (in the state of fear)
followed by negation form are predicative adjective. They give the supporting
words the character of Amy Foster. Those are the first impression and perception
the conclusion of Yanko toward Amy Foster kinds. It forms of Amy Foster
him from the treatment that they got from the locals.
that Amy Foster has great quality of compassion to Yanko. She has extremely
cared to him compare than the others. She showed the quality of pity to Yanko
After having a son, Amy Foster’s love begins fade away because she put
suspicious to Yanko acts and make her think as same as what the impression of
the locals of Colebrook. At the time, she looked her husband had changed, Yanko
became strange because of the fever that he got and it made him become
somebody who back to his basic nature. So, her great love reduced by her
The word that use narrator to describe the uncomfortable feeling of Amy
Foster are uneasy (feeling anxious, uncertain, and uncomfortable in the mind), and
frightened (in the state of fear) are predicative adjective while strange
36
Foster when she gets a son and makes distance to avoid Yanko.
Contradistinctively, once in the first time when she met him, she looked him
compassionately. She did not complain to his weaknesses but she looked him as a
human being who needed to be appreciated and respected from anyone. And it
irrational suspiciousness of Amy Foster to him that makes her covered by the
feeling of frightened
The word Frightened is the word that Amy utters to the narrator in the
format of dialog. It indicates that she recognizes him becomes someone who is
different from the usual or strange. Implicitly, she realizes that she is scared to
Yanko’s behaviour. It becomes something different that makes she can not
tolerate it. And she fears when Yanko teaches his native cultures and values to
their son. She did not want her son become strange like his father. The word of
into attributive adjective. The word vacant is the expression of Amy Foster mind
when she is asked about the condition of Yanko. It shows that she does not have
any interest to him and she frightens him with inscrutable reason. The word ill
with negation, as predicative adjective, show the unbelievable word that Yanko in
the bad condition and become a trigger of his weirdness. She regards him pretend
Another Amy Foster turning point happens when she feels uncomfortable
with Yanko and never finds chemistry with their relationship anymore. Her love
as a mother has surpassed her love to her husband with the attributive adjective
In description of Amy Foster after Yanko death, the narrator uses the
……and his memory seems to have vanished from her dull brain L 705-
706
I have seen her hanging over the boy’s cot in a very passion of maternal
tenderness. P 710
I had the time to see her dull face L 40
…..her voice sounded low and timid L 42
“She seems a dull creature,” I remarked listlessly. L 47
She is very passive L48
After Yanko death, Amy Foster has omitted her memory about him from
her mind with the word Vanished that include into predicative adjective. The
narrator describes from her act that does not miss, regret because she never show
mother and she gives all of her love to her son (Johnny). She never disappointed
left her husband because her great love to be a mother wants to save her son from
time to show Amy Foster quality of thinking that tends to evaluation from any
sides. It signals the narrator impression to Amy Foster is an awful girl. This
impression appears when the first time narrator meets her. The narrator describes
38
her physical appearance and supports her personality; indicate that she is a simple-
of her voice are low and timid. Those words describe the physiological of Amy
b. Noun
Analysis of lexical categories of noun is divided into five parts, their role
In description of Amy Foster before meeting Yanko, the narrator uses the
She had never been heard to express a dislike for a single human being,...
L 77
….and she was tender to every living creature L 77-78
She was devoted to Mrs. Smith, to Mr. Smith, L 78
its peculiarities exercised upon her a positive fascination L 70
She had even more ……to understand suffering and to be moved by pity L
86-87
She fell in love under circumstances that leave no room for doubt ….L 87-
88
She never showed a desire for conversation, L 95
She would help her mother to give their tea to the younger children…. L
99-100
noun. The natural of Amy Foster shows her interaction to others. The narrator
shows Amy Foster sincere heart, not filling with any hate, and love to anybody.
With the words Pity (sympathy and sorrow for someone's suffering) and suffering
(pain), included into abstract noun, she described about her feeling of empathy to
39
Along with the abstract nouns love (an intense feeling of tender affection
followed by negation show that she is happy and take for granted for her live until
phrase a desire for conversation follow by negation, it tell that she did not have
intention to speak to the others because of she is unconfident and introvert person.
So, when she wants to convey something she reluctance to utter it. From her
attitude, it shows that she does not like to socialize in the middle of society.
Proper nouns Mrs. Smith, Mr. Smith, noun phrase living creature and
concrete noun mother are the people that accompany Amy Foster. She puts out
her dedications and loves to them. The word fascination (very strong attraction) is
abstract noun; it showed that her love to everyone becomes something special in
the eyes of narrator. He depicts Amy Foster has responsibility toward her
profession and humane sides. Even it sounds weird but it becomes her strength.
Amy Foster really concerned into the condition of her circumstance that
influences her love. She did not ever complain to her job and it makes her grateful
happened when she meets him. The narrator uses the adjectives in the text on the
Abstract nouns Love. It is the part of preface that given by the narrator for
abstract nouns impulse (a sudden wish to do something) and Possession (the state
concrete noun. Those of words tend to Amy Foster love to somebody who will
change her thought. Her introduction to Yanko becomes tuning point to her life in
the aspect of love. She becomes a possessive person that associates as a pagan
Furthermore the concrete noun that cause Amy Foster change her
makes changing into her love because his appearance always image in her
thought.
The concrete noun way (a path through life) describe of her free of will to
choose her life She opposes everyone who block her way and rejects any
suggestion that come to her. She even not cares and even leaves people
surrounding, because of different opinion about Yanko, to take her destiny with
her beloved.
41
relationship run at undestroyed point from any blocks. They keep stick on their
noun. From her nature that narrator describe that her love is just desire a youth
passion over her rational thought. She had really been blinded by her love. Thus,
she could not control her emotion and passion, even in silent action.
When she meets Yanko, Amy Foster falls in love to him and finds her new
orientation of love to the specific person the mere sexual longing for a member of
the opposite sex. The author uses the nouns to describe her love into the
Amy Foster’s stolid conviction held against the other’s nervous attack, that
the man ‘meant no harm’ L 282-283
….. . No wonder that Amy Foster appeared to his eyes with the aureole of
an angel of light. L 368-369
The girl had not been able to sleep for thinking of the poor man, L 369
she looked in and extended to him half a loaf of white bread L 371
He must have taken her for a ‘gracious lady.’ L 374-375
I wonder whether the memory of her compassion prevented him from
cutting his throat. L 471-472
He had found …….Amy Foster’s heart; which was ‘a golden heart, and
soft to people’s misery,’ L 543-544
…..or perhaps he was seduced by the divine quality of her pity. L 575-576
“Of course, after that no power on earth could prevent them from getting
married. L 598
Her infatuation endured L 603
The abstract nouns conviction (very firm and sincere belief) and harm
(followed by negation form) are the awareness of the existence of Yanko assumed
by Amy Foster as a human not as a stranger who bring a threatening for the
villagers.
42
of the way of her feeling of sympathy to him. Her feeling sympathy is blocked by
nervous attack which will not be realized by stolid reaction in front of the people.
nouns compassion and pity that encourage his spirit of live and not feel loneliness.
Compassion (sympathy for the sufferings of others) and pity describe her
he comes from out group their community, he is a foreigner who castaway in the
shore. Amy put her sympathy encourages his distress life to be more strength.
Noun phrase White bread is concrete noun as the proven of her sincerely
food as basic need for human. She sympathizes to his condition by approaching
the abstract nouns power, followed by negation, showing their relationship run at
undestroyable point from any blocks than they keep stick on their relationship run,
describe with word Infatuation (a foolish passion). From her nature that narrator
describe that her love is just desire a youth passion over her rational thought. She
had really been blinded and by her love. She could not control her emotion and
The noun phrases an angel of light and gracious lady describe Amy
Foster, in the eyes of narrator, associated as a great woman who helped Yangko in
the inhumane condition. Those phrases symbolize that she brings a light or save
43
for his life in the middle of unacceptable Colebrook residents. They show the
praises toward her kindest heart to help him at the time as an unidentified
foreigner.
Noun phrase a golden heart is describing that Amy Foster has precious
heart, Yangko realize that the true gold which sought by him finally found in the
heart of Amy Foster. It is because of her merits to him. Because his primarily goal
migrates to America is to work and find gold to support his family condition.
that show rejection to Yanko, the narrator uses the nouns in the text on the
She seemed to think he was doing it some harm. Women are funny. L 569-
570
………she asked in a sort of vacant trepidation. L 646
He wanted me just now to give him the baby. L 650
She…... watching every movement and every sound, with the terror, the
unreasonable terror…. L 659-660
There was nothing in her now but the maternal instinct and that
unaccountable fear. L 662
…..amazed at her silence and immobility, and then he shouted impatiently,
L 665
and his passionate remonstrance only increased her fear of that strange
man L 668
she simply opened the door and ran out with the child in her arms L 673
Ah! but you should have seen stirring behind the dull, blurred glance of
these eyes the spectre of the fear…. L 674-675
distrustful acts. The word Harm is abstract noun which describes Amy Foster’s
perception and raise it into negative assumption to her husband whom will do
mental or moral injury to her son by teaching him Yanko primordial values. She
44
regards it as a threat for growth of her son. Eyes, concrete noun, are her
perceptions picture from process of using the senses to acquire information about
the surrounding environment or situation. She examines Yanko from her eyes, but
the narrator describes negative side of Amy’s eyes that can not considerate
Even, Movement, terror, and sound are abstract nouns which show that
paranoid and suspicious to someone whom married her with her tenderness and
love. She becomes bored and selfish toward her commitment and chooses her son
love. The tolerances from the differences that are being built in the past have
faded away from her suspicion. Finally, she prefers to sacrifice her love for her
son future.
The assumptions to Yanko make her afraid that depict by the words
Trepidation, fear and Spectre (something seen in the imagination and caused fear)
are abstract nouns. Her fear indicates that she has alienated him with his
primordiality and upbringing culture comparing by her. She does not understand
in every acts of him anymore. Yanko makes her great worry and fear about
unpleasant thinks that might happen to her son. Because of her assumption seeing
the imagination and causing fear to him make rejection to the native culture of her
husband. It shows that her love undergoes degradation to him and at the point of
loss her sense of humane. Contradictory to salvation what she has done to
The one thing that makes her orientation of love is changed because of her
Baby or child (concrete nouns). It reflects that she prefer choose her child to her
husband as the result of her fears who will make her child contaminate with
strange values. Because of her love as a mother exceeds anything and her instinct
(abstract noun) has changed her attitude to her husband to save her child from any
threatening acts, she has ignored and has rejected her husband influence to her
child. That always we remember that every mother wants the best thing for her
son. But, she does not want her husband interferes in building the personality of
her child be like him whom will never be accepted by local of Colebrook.
from Amy to her husband. She has rejected to favour him because of the
In description of Amy Foster after Yanko’s death, the narrator uses the
described by the narrator from the nouns. She has forgotten her husband in her
mind. Even, the vivid memories do not remain into her head anymore. Neither
adoration nor terror feeling store and remind on her life. Abstract noun shadow
and noun phrase white screen are that used by the narrator as the symbol of her
mind. It indicated that her love has been vanished from her eyes that make her
Finally Amy Foster makes living and devotes as a maid in the Miss
Swaffer (proper noun) cottage and she return become someone who care to
Little John or Johnny is proper noun. It is Amy Foster’s son name, his
name is the same as his father name Yanko meaning little John. She has replaced
her love in the name of her son. And finally her love was given fully for her son
and her life. It is shown by the abstract noun phrase Passion of maternal
tenderness that describe of Amy Foster intense emotion as a figure of mother who
The narrator description of Amy toward her tragedy that she has Inertness
(lifelessness), abstract noun, on her mind that make her stuck on the noun phrase
Surprise of imagination in her life because of her motionless intention. But she
c. Verb
The verbs, that are analyzed, are description of Amy Foster development
of Amy Foster acts and the movement of her intention of love. They are in
following.
47
In description of Amy Foster before meeting Yanko, the narrator uses the
She had never been heard to express a dislike for a single human being…
L 77
She never showed a desire for conversation and, as it seemed to me, she
did not know how to smile L 95-96
She would help her mother to give their tea to the younger children, L 99
she never seemed to wish for anything more L 101
The dynamic verbs showed (to offer for seeing) and smile (to give a smile)
are material process, while and stative verb Know (to have knowledge of sth, in
the mind) is mental cognition, those are followed by negation. They tend to
physical appearance and psychological term of Amy Foster. And those of verbs
depict that she is plain and introvert person because she never shows her desire to
communicate with other, even any sign of her happiness feeling expression in her
mouth.
While stative seem (to give the impression of being or doing something)
included in relational process and wish is cognition processes that follow negation
form. From those words that she appears never have hope, dream, aspire, and
development to herself. Thus, heard (to perceive sound with the ears) is mental
perception process and dynamic verb express is material process. Those are
followed by negation form. They show the narrator assumption and guessing from
Amy Foster behaviour action that she is an introvert. Even though she is an
introverted person, she is put by her family to devote as a maid to help (to useful
to somebody) her employer and help anyone who needs her compassion around.
48
uses the verbs in the text on the sentences below, they are:
process. It shows her desire for conversation to Yanko. The change of Amy Foster
character happens from her sympathy to injustice of treatment that regard to him.
Her intention to Yanko become intensive and her relation reach at the peak
but her employer disapprove it. She disappointed to them and does some
ignorance action. Dynamic verbs Leave (to go away from a person or place), run
out (to abandon somebody), went on (to continue an activity without stopping),
and drop are material process. The narrator use betraying and ignorance verbs to
preserve her faith of love, but she opposes and betrays to her employer silently.
Love makes her blind; it encourages her spirit to have a gut to determine her way.
speak or tell somebody or something). Those verbs used in material process with
negation form. Those verbs indicate that she has great love to Yanko that fills her
hearth; therefore, she ignores anyone who blocks her love. Her silent is her protest
interest word to Yanko, the narrator uses the verbs in the text on the sentences
but Amy Foster sobbed piteously at the kitchen door, wringing her hands
and muttering, ‘Don’t! don’t!’ L 308-309.
. . . No wonder that Amy Foster appeared to his eyes with the aureole of
an angel of light L 368-369
The girl had not been able to sleep for thinking of the poor man,… L 369
she slipped out across the back yard. L 370
she looked in and extended to him half a loaf of white bread L 371
she had observed that he was good-looking 377
“People saw her going out to meet him in the evening. L 603
She stared with unblinking, fascinated eyes up the road….L 604
quality. She looks as a good one. Her appearance shows that she is friendly and
warm. She seems want to help Yanko who suffers from his castaway and abuses
by the locals.
Dynamic verbs going out (to leave one’s house to go to social event), and
meet (to come together in the same place) are material processes. Those word is
the action that involve another one to strengthen the description of narrator about
Dynamic verbs slipped out (escape from something), and sleep (to be in a
state of sleep) are with negation form, extended (to offer something to somebody),
sobbed, wring, and mutter are included into material process of ideational
function while Looked in (to make a short visit to somebody’s house or place) is
mental perception. The verbs in this part are the attraction acts of Amy Foster
compassion as a human to Yanko who gets suffer, even she always hiding her
50
expression, she stolidly struggles to approach Yanko who needs tenderness, help,
and care.
Dynamic verbs observe (to see and notice) and stared (to look steadily for
a long time) are mental perception while stative verb fascinated (to attract and
hold the interest) is mental affection. Those are the words make sure that Amy
Foster has feeling of passion to Yanko. Her infatuation shows through the way her
rejection word to Yanko, the narrator uses the verbs in the text on the sentences
His wife had snatched the child out of his arms ……... L 615-616
She seemed to think he was doing it some harm L 617
she had objected to him praying aloud in the evening. L 618
She sat on a chair and looked at him fixedly across the table with her
brown, blurred eyes. L 638-639
she said, ‘Oh! ah! I couldn’t sit with him upstairs, Sir.’ L 640
She wrung her hands. ‘I couldn’t. I couldn’t. L 641-642
I don’t know what. L 642
‘He doesn’t look very ill L 646
“‘I can’t help it, sir, 649
…nobody seems to care to come,’ she muttered, dully resigned all at
once.. L 653
He wanted me just now to give him the baby. I can’t understand what he
says to it.’ L 650-651
‘Oh, I hope he won’t talk!’ L 655
She exclaimed softly just as I was going away L 655
She could not understand creeping over her L 651
She had drawn the wicker cradle close to her feet L 661
….watching every movement and every sound, with the terror, the
unreasonable terror, L 660
She did not move. She had not understood, though he may have thought L
663-664
“She jumped to her feet, snatched up the child, and stood still. L 667
She says she bore it as long as she could. L 669
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…she simply opened the door and ran out with the child in her arms L 673
She heard him call twice after her down the road in a terrible voice — and
fled. . . . Ah! L 673-674
She had left him. She had left him L 688
The rejections of Amy Foster begin from her assumption. The stative
verbs seemed (to give the impression of being or doing something) include into
relational process of attributive quality. It shows that the narrator infers from the
perception of Amy Foster look. The narrator gives the impression that Amy think
(use the mind to form ideas and opinions), as mental cognition process. In the
from the cultural act of Yanko that want to educate to his child. Afterward, her
As well as the feeling of suspicious the dynamic verb watching and verb
process, Amy is lookout the movement of Yanko fixedly. And at the second Look
process of attribute of quality. His physical appearance does not give impression
unhealthy. So, Amy does not believe him sick and regard it as a pretending.
mental cognition process, show the mentality action of Amy Foster describing by
Stative verbs understand (to know the meaning words) and know (to have
knowledge of sth) are concluded into mental cognition processes. Those are in
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negation form, which describes Amy Foster does not recognize every single that
Yanko talking. Because of his fever makes Yanko unconsciousness and makes
him lose of his English words. Back to his native language makes him awkward in
the eyes of Amy Foster. She does not make a sense to him, because Yanko’s
misunderstanding between them. She does not comprehend him as matter of she
had helped him in the alienation from Colebrook people several years ago.
her hope that exclaimed softly to her husband show her reluctance to
communicate to him.
affection process. From her assumptions make her disapproval to his way. From
her disapproval make the reaction are shown in dynamic verbs sit and move. They
are included into material process with negation form. Those are the actions of her
describes Amy Foster take the child roughly. It is the kind of rejection that the
goal wants to separate her child from the influence of her husband when he sings
his native baby song. Thus, drawn is included into material process. Amy pulls
her child, take a close to her, and make a distance to Yanko. The distrustful verbs
is describing that she does not understand with the condition of Yanko who get
sick. She acts salvation to her son from his father‘s strange values that will
contaminate him. Although, for the beginning, she accepted the differences and
53
The verbs give negative respond obviously or hiding her objection by not doing
outspoken action. They show Amy nature treats who introvert and showing
passive action.
Dynamic verbs wrung and clapped are material processes. The deeds of
Amy (actor) do the process to her hand (goal) that showing her panic. The verb
wrung (squeezes and twist one’s hand) just signal that she try to calm down and
overcome his frightened but when the verb clapped, she cannot hold it again and
try to look for her child and stay away from Yanko hand.
jerk. Because of Amy had regarded him a stranger, she reacted to make distance
to him. It obviously support with the stative verb bore (make somebody lost
interested) included into mental affection process that focuses on her feeling to
Dynamic verbs help, run out and fled are included into material process
with negation form. The narrator uses the verbs that she does not recognize him
anymore, so she does not want to do something or ignore to him. She chooses to
go away and it strengthens with the dynamic verb left which put into material
process. The narrator put in the repetition to reinforce of his leaving. She in the
frightened condition that makes her takes a simple way that needs to sacrifice her
husband. It also means that she does not have intention to him anymore and leave
Stative verb heard (to perceive sound with the ears) is included into
mental process of perception. The verb using sense of ears, she neglects the
symptom from Yanko whom call her to come back. From the rejection it assumes
In description of Amy Foster after Yanko’s death, the narrator uses the
And she says nothing at all now. Not a word of him. Never. L 703
He is no longer before her eyes to excite her imagination into a passion of
love or fear. L 705
……and his memory seems to have vanished from her dull brain as a
shadow passes away upon a white screen. L 706
With several of negation, the narrator want to give a pressure that she does not
memorize him again. The stative verb excite (to cause strong feelings of
neither love nor fear to Yanko is exist on her mind. She has thrown her feeling to
Stative verb seems (to give the impression of being or doing something)
includes into relational process of attributive quality. It shows that the narrator
describe from his perception to Amy. Stative verbs vanished (to disappear
completely), and verb phrase passes away (to stop existing) are included into
mental affection clauses. Those are the stative verb that dealing the state the
CHAPTER IV
A. Conclusions
contains the texts that can be analyzed by linguistics domain. The stylistics
research in this thesis is the research which deals with the author diction to get the
aesthetic function in the literary work. In this case, aesthetic function written by
author through diction of lexical categories that used to support the character.
adjectives, verb, and noun, support the building of character by the description of
identified through: how Amy Foster speaks, how Amy Foster thinks, the
appearance of Amy Foster, how Amy Foster dresses, the social standing of Amy
Foster, the name of Amy Foster, the company of Amy Foster, and what Amy
Foster does.
her love. Her love is divided into three parts, they are: to her surroundings, to her
husband, and to her child. As a result, the changing of her orientation love in this
short story is divided into five parts, they are: description of Amy Foster before
Amy Foster before having a birth, description of Amy Foster after having a birth,
and description of Amy Foster after Yanko death. The five parts have different
2. After meeting Yanko she becomes frees to choice her live, aggressive,
3. Before having a birth she has a grant love, sympathy, passionate, tolerant and
pity to Yanko.
4. After having a birth her love to Yanko fades away, she become fear, intolerant,
5. After Yanko’s death, her love has vanished to him and all love just aimed at her
son. So, the narrator describes her as a dull, plain, and inertness woman.
B. Suggestions
Though Joseph Conrad short story the writer gives suggestions as follows:
Foster in Amy Foster short story. So the reader can understand this story easily.
For the student English letters who are interested in short story, Amy
Foster is short story written by Joseph Conrad is good to be read and analyzed.
Because his works offer an adventure and voyage story that is inspired from his
experience as a sailor.
For the researchers who are interested in stylistics analysis to focus on the
way of the authors to send their message by the diction make something curious to
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1972
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/whatisalexicalcategory.htm,
July 21,2008
