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Geog Bk4 - Ogoti Senior-1
Geog Bk4 - Ogoti Senior-1
Geog Bk4 - Ogoti Senior-1
1. Age-sex pyramids.
- Age-sex pyramid is a graph used to present population data showing the different age
groups for males and females.
- Age-sex pyramid consists of bars which are drawn horizontally. The length of each
bar indicates the number of persons in each age-group in a population.
Example.
The Population of Kenya (1999 census)
Age-group Males 000,000 Females 000,000 % Males % Females
0-4 2291936 2242966 16.13 15.49
5-9 2000580 1962556 14.08 13.55
10-14 2034980 2003655 14.32 13.83
15-19 1681984 1721194 11.84 11.83
20-24 1328529 1504389 9.35 10.38
25-29 1094909 1164594 7.70 8.04
30-34 840692 845230 5.91 5.83
35-39 695263 723749 4.89 4.99
40-44 516502 516989 3.63 3.57
45-49 419844 418987 2.95 2.89
50-54 344639 340167 2.42 2.34
55-59 223691 236325 1.57 1.63
60-64 194513 214715 1.36 1.48
65-69 140969 160364 0.99 1.10
70-74 118601 135524 0.83 0.93
75-79 79166 81620 0.55 0.56
80+ 103487 86956 0.72 0.60
Total 14205589 14481081
Hint:
- Calculate the number in each age group as a percentage of the total population i.e.
1|P age
Advantages of Age-sex pyramid.
i. It gives a clear visual impression of population data.
ii. It is easy to construct/ draw.
iii. It is easy to read/ interpret.
iv. It has a variety of useful information for planning purposes by the government.
v. It can easily enable comparisons of population for various countries.
2|P age
Disadvantages of Age-sex pyramid.
i. It is tedious to construct/ time consuming.
ii. It represents a few variables/ items.
iii. It is difficult to choose a suitable horizontal scale.
iv. It is difficult to tell the exact values at a glance.
v. The reasons for differences in population figures cannot be gotten directly from the
pyramid.
vi. If age-groups are many, the graph can take much space.
The size of each dot – Dot size must be considered alongside the dot value
and dot location. Extremes of dot sizes too large or too small should be
avoided.
Example.
The table below shows the number of livestock per sub-county in Bungoma County.
3|P age
Advantages of a Dot map.
i. It gives a clear visual impression of comparative densities and distribution of
phenomena.
ii. If the key is given, it is easy to calculate the total population.
iii. It has a wide use i.e. showing rainfall patterns and population distribution.
iv. It can be used to show the distribution of different phenomena in the same
geographical unit.
v. If the dot value is known, it is easy to calculate the total population.
vi. It easy to interpret/ read.
vii. It is easy to draw/ construct.
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vii. Rounding off of fractions, say 3.8 to 4 dots leads to wrong number of dots plotted on
the map.
3. Choropleth maps/ density or shaded maps.
- Choropleth maps show the relationship between quantities and area.
- In a choropleth map, densities, say of population, crop yields, animal numbers or
settlements per hectare in different areas are shaded differently in colours or patterns.
5|P age
TOPIC TWO: LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION
ii.) Irrigation in order to provide water required for crop growth. Types of irrigation
practised in Kenya are; -kcse 2018
Use of lifting devices.
Drip irrigation.
Overhead/ sprinkler irrigation.
Furrow/ canal irrigation.
Flood/ basin irrigation.
Trickle irrigation.
iii.) Control of pests like tse tse flies, mosquitoes and rodents. This is done through;
Bush clearing.
Trapping.
Spraying using insecticide.
Sterilisation of the males.
Draining of stagnant water.
Construction of buffer zones.
iv.) Filling open pits/ landscaping in order to be used for farming and settlement.
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Characteristics of land reclamation in Kenya –kcse 2018
Simple methods of reclaiming land are used like digging canals/ ditches to drain
water.
Land is reclaimed mainly from swamps/ marginal lands.
Irrigation is used where there is low rainfall/ in arid areas.
Drought resistant crops are planted.
Trees are planted.
There is high evaporation of irrigation water due to high temperature.
.
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Crops grown –kcse 2014
i. Main crop- rice
ii. Subsistence crops- maize, beans, peas, watermelons, onions, tomatoes, chillies,
vegetables, bananas and green grams.
Physical factors that influenced the location of Mwea Irrigation Scheme –kcse 2017
i.) Presence of rivers Nyamindi and Thiba which provide water for irrigation
throughout the year.
ii.) Presence of black cotton/ clay soils which is suitable for rice cultivation –kcse 2010
iii.) The area is gently sloping which allows mechanization and flow of water by gravity.
iv.) Availability of extensive land which enables expansion of growth of rice.
v.) Hot climate conditions suitable for growth of rice.
vi.) Presence of loamy soils ensured cultivation of other crops to support the families
settled.
ii.) Mwea plains were sparsely populated enabling large area to be put under
cultivation. The cost of resettling the few people was low –kcse 2010
iii.) Strategic location near major urban centres like Nyeri, Nairobi and Embu that
provide immediate market for rice.
iv.) Labour was readily available due to presence of former detainees/ high population
in the surrounding regions.
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- Grains are taken to the milling centres.
- Yellowish husks are removed from the paddy to obtain white/ polished rice.
- The rice is then graded and packed into bags for sale.
- Marketing of rice is done by the National cereals and produce Board (NCPB)/
National Irrigation Board (NIB).
ii.) Shortage of labour during the planting and harvesting season which forces the
farmers to hire labour at high cost.
Solution- Improved marketing by NCPB to resume so that farmers can earn more
money to meet their expenses.
iii.) Fluctuating water levels due to excessive drought and diversification of water into
‘Jua Kali’ rice farms.
Solution (kcse 2008) - Construction of dams to store water for use during dry season.
- Continuous dredging of canals/ deepening of canals.
- Government to enforce laws on proper land use in the
catchment areas of the rivers that supply water to the
scheme.
iv.) Pests like quelea birds attacks the crops lowering the yields.
Solution- Use explosives to scare birds.
v.) Diseases like leaf minor reduces the crop yields lowering the profit margins.
Solution- Using clean planting seeds.
vii.) Decline in rice quality due to recycling of seeds lowering production and
profits.
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Solution- Using clean planting seeds.
viii.) Due to siltation, farmers incur a lot of costs hence reducing their profit
margins.
Solution- Farmers to avoid cultivating on the river banks.
ix.) Growth of weeds which compete with rice for nutrients resulting to low crop yields.
Solution- Control weeds using herbicides.
x.) Poorly constructed roads which make transport expensive reducing profit margin.
Solution- Government to improve the existing roads/ construct new ones.
xi.) Inadequate health centres which necessitates travelling for long distances losing
many working hours.
Solution- Construction of more health centres.
xii.) Inadequate capital on the part of farmers since the cooperatives collapse
making them unable to acquire farm inputs.
Solution- Take policies out of co-operatives so that they can be empowered to supply
inputs and credit to farmers.
Source of water.
- R. Perkerra
Crops grown.
- Watermelons, onions, chillies, seed maize, pawpaws, kales, tomatoes,
beans, cotton.
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Physical factors that influenced the location of Perkerra Irrigation Scheme –kcse 2016/
2021
i. Availability of water from R. Perkerra.
ii. Presence of gently sloping land/ undulating land that allows water to flow by gravity/
easy mechanization.
iii. Presence of soils rich in minerals nutrients/ clay/ loamy soils for the growth of a
variety of crops.
iv. Availability of large tracts of land for irrigation.
v. Inadequate rainfall/ semi-arid/ dry condition making it necessary to irrigate the area.
Human factors that influenced the location of Perkerra Irrigation Scheme –kcse 2016
i. Area was sparsely populated due to the pastoral lifestyle of the inhabitants.
ii. The large population of ex-detainees needed to be occupied in a productive way.
iii. Desire of colonial government to start a project to occupy political detainees.
ii. Livestock- human conflict when farmers go to graze in the region due to attractive
vegetation.
Solution- Solving the conflicts through elders.
iii. Intense ethnic conflict between Tugen and Njemps tribes because the scheme lies
on the Njemps’ land while Tugens are the majority.
Solution- Government to issue farmers with title deeds.
iv. Financial problems causing the farmers to be unable to prepare the land.
Solution- Start co-operatives to offer affordable credit facilities.
vi. Limited market for products because the surrounding areas are sparsely populated.
Solution- Transporting produce to distant markets with dense population.
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Conditions that favour irrigation farming in Kenya –kcse 2018
a) Gently sloping land which permits flow of water by gravity hence reducing pumping
of water to the fields.
b) Presence of rivers/ reservoirs/ lakes which provide regular water supply making it
possible to irrigate land throughout the year.
c) Presence of clay soils/ black cotton soils which retain water for longer use by crops.
d) High temperatures throughout the year which allows multiple cropping/ continuous
farming activities throughout the year.
e) Availability of uninhabited extensive areas to provide adequate land for irrigation.
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Irrigation schemes in Kenya.
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- The areas infested are extensive therefore costly to spray.
Stages of reclamation of land from the sea in the Netherlands –kcse 2017
- Protective dykes/ sea walls are constructed to enclose the part of the sea which is to
be reclaimed.
- Ring canals are constructed on the interior sides of the dykes to carry away excess
water.
- Pumping stations are installed to pump water from enclosed area.
- Water is pumped out of the area enclosed by the dyke.
- Reeds are planted to drain excess water and use up the excess salt.
- Drainage ditches and more pumping stations are put on the land being reclaimed.
- Drainage pipes are laid below the soil.
- Inner dykes and ring canals are used to divide area into regular portions.
- Soils are treated with chemicals to lower salinity.
- The drained land is flushed with fresh water to remove salt from the soil.
- Water is pumped from the polders regularly to avoid its accumulation in the reclaimed
land.
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Flowers
Benefits of the Zuider Zee project/ land reclamation in the Netherlands –kcse 2017
a.) Reclamation has created more land for agriculture/ settlement.
b.) Reclaimed land has improved agricultural output.
c.) Land reclamation has resulted in improved fresh water supply for domestic/
industrial use.
d.) Construction of dykes around the polder has helped to control floods/ sea invasion.
e.) Construction of dykes/ canals has improved transport network.
f.) Reclamation has created sceneries for tourists’ attractions.
g.) Reclamation and associated activities have created job opportunities.
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2. Delta plan project.
- It involved land reclamation in the South West of Holland.
- It involved the closure by means of dams with sea inlets to prevent flooding.
- Areas that make up Delta plan project are;
Haring Vliet
Gawtern sheldt
Bronwershavensche Gent
Veersche Gat
Differences between land reclamation in Kenya and the Netherlands –kcse 2010
i) In Kenya, the area that is reclaimed is relatively small while the areas reclaimed
in the Netherlands are large.
ii) In Kenya, land is mainly reclaimed from swamps/ marginal areas while in the
Netherlands, reclamation is from sea.
iii) In Kenya, the methods used for draining water from marshy areas is digging of
canals/ ditches while in Netherlands, methods are advanced/ use of wind pumps to
drain sea water from the polders.
iv) In Kenya, irrigation is used in reclaiming dry areas while in the Netherlands,
irrigation is used to lower salinity of the soil in reclaimed lands.
v) In Kenya, the methods of land reclamation are simple like digging canals/
ditches to drain water from land while in the Netherlands, method used are highly
advanced like creation of polders.
vi) Furrow/ ridges in Kenya are used to control river floods while in the
Netherlands, dykes protect the reclaimed land from invasion by the sea.
vii) In the Netherlands, the methods employed are more capital intensive while in
Kenya, the methods are less capital intensive.
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viii) In the Netherlands, the main method of land reclamation is the draining of the
seas while in Kenya a variety of methods are used e.g. irrigation/ tse tse fly
control.
ix) In the Netherlands, advanced technology are employed in reclaiming land e.g. use
of underground pipes/ pumping stations while in Kenya, low technology that uses
only canals and dykes.
TOPICAL QUESTIONS.
1. a) What is irrigation?
b) Explain the factors that determine amount of water needed for irrigation.
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TOPIC THREE: FISHING.
By Prof. Ogoti Robert Maxwell
- Fishing is the exploitation of water resources/ aquatic animals like fish –kcse 2020
- Fisheries are the water bodies that contain fish and other related resources that merit
fishing –kcse 2020
- Fish farming is the artificial rearing of fish in ponds.
- Areas practising fish farming are Kibos, Sagana, Bamburi, Homa bay, Lake Jipe
and Kabaru.
- Types of fish reared in fish ponds are Tilapia, Mudfish, Trout, Dagaa, Carps, Prawn
and Oyster.
Measures taken by Kenyan government to promote fish farming.
i. Government has set up fish pond/ hatcheries in different counties.
ii. Fisheries ministry send extension officers to advice farmers of fish farming skills.
iii. The government has budgetary allocation for financing fish farming activities in
Kenya.
iv. Campaign to encourage people to eat fish.
v. Encouraging establishment of cooperatives that offer credit facilities to fish farmers.
vi. Allocating finance to construct factories producing fish feeds.
vii. Establishment of research institutions to investigate aspects of fish farming.
Reasons why fish farming is being encouraged in Kenya –kcse 2020
Fish farming is free from inter territorial conflicts/ disputes.
Some fish from fish farms are exported earning foreign exchange.
Fish farming occupies small space.
Fish farming creates job opportunities.
Fish contributes to supply of animal protein.
The fish farming activity has stimulated development of related industries.
Source of income to the farmers.
Helps to conserve the countries natural fisheries.
To make use of unproductive land.
To reduce fish importation/ save foreign exchange.
Generate revenue to the government in form of taxes.
Factors influencing fishing.
i. Presence of fishing grounds like lakes, oceans with fish food/ planktons.
ii. Cool climate/ waters are ideal for fish breeding because of abundant supply of
plankton/ fish food.
iii. Convergence of ocean currents which helps in moderating water temperatures,
bringing to the surface fish nutrients and supply more oxygen for plankton growth.
iv. Nature of the coastline i.e.
Indented coastlines provide sheltered breeding grounds for fish and for
development of ports/ fishing villages –kcse 2003
Wide, shallow and long continental shelf provides ideal conditions for fish
breeding.
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Constriction of the coastline allows the convergence of ocean currents
increasing mineral nutrients for planktons.
Coastlines sheltered from strong winds and ocean currents are popular
breeding grounds for fish.
v. Availability of capital to purchase fishing equipment / vessels.
vi. Advanced level of technology to allow deep marine fishing.
vii. Readily available market to buy/ consume the fish.
viii. Availability of labour e.g. fishermen.
ix. Well-developed roads to link fishing grounds to the market/ factories.
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Factors favouring fishing in North-West Atlantic fishing grounds –kcse 2008
i. Convergence of cold Labrador current and warm Gulf stream current –kcse
2014
It causes upwelling of water which increases supply of oxygen/ planktons/
minerals required for growth of fish hence presence of a lot of fish/ many
species of fish.
The warm current raises the temperature of the ocean water making it ice-free
thereby encouraging fishing throughout the year.
The cold current carries minerals which encourage growth of planktons/ food
for fish thus a lot of fish.
It causes cool conditions/ moderate temperatures thereby favouring the growth
of planktons/ food for fish thus a lot of fish.
ii. The area has a broad shallow continental shelf which provides suitable conditions
for the growth of plankton used by fish as food.
iii. The region experiences low temperatures that are favourable for the survival of fish/
for preservation/ storage of fish.
iv. The ruggedness of the land bordering the area hinders agriculture hence fishing
becomes an alternative.
v. The hinterland is densely populated thus providing ready market for the fish/ labour
for fishing.
vi. Advanced technology has resulted in highly developed ship building/ fishing vessels
are equipped with modern preservation facilities thus making it possible for fishermen
to carryout large scale fishing.
vii. The indented coastline provides ideal fish breeding sites/ sheltered bays are ideal for
setting up fishing villages and ports –kcse 2003
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c) Fishing grounds in the southern Atlantic Ocean.
- They include;
The West Coast of South America.
The Namibian Coast/ South West Africa. Refer to Klb bk 4 pg 41
The Mauritian coast.
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iv. The ruggedness/ mountainous landscape limits agricultural development therefore
people practice fishing as an alternative source of food/ earning.
v. Cool waters favours the survival of numerous fish species.
vi. Dense population in the Asian countries provide labour and ready market for
fishing and fish.
vii. Advanced technology in modern fishing equipment, refrigeration and processing.
viii. Presence of modern ports like Osaka, Hakodate and Nagasaki with modernised
storage and processing facilities.
b) Inland fisheries.
- They are waterbodies like rivers, lakes and ponds where exploitation of aquatic life is
carried out.
- Categories of inland fresh water fisheries in East Africa –kcse 2022
Fresh water lakes
Reservoirs
Rivers
Fish ponds
Swamps
- Main fish reared in the ponds are Tilapia, Trout, Black Bass, Eels
Types of fishing.
i. Pelagic fishing
ii. Demersal fishing
iii. Inshore fishing
iv. Freshwater fishing
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i. Pelagic fishing
- This involves the exploitation of fish that live close to the water surface.
- Pelagic fish are fish that mainly live near the surface/ in shallow waters/ lakes/ seas/
oceans –kcse 2023
- Examples of pelagic fish are mackerel, menhaden, herring, sardines, tuna
- Characteristics of pelagic fish;
They live in large groups.
They move in shoals.
They mainly live near the surface/ shallow depth of lakes/ seas.
They have migratory habits.
ii) Demersal fish are fish that live close to the bottom of waterbodies/ deep waters –
kcse 2023
iii) Salt water fish/ marine fish are fish that live in saline waters like oceans and seas
e.g. herring, mackerel, sardines
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iv) Fresh water fish are fish that live in fresh inland waterbodies e.g. perch, trout,
tilapia, Nile perch, sardines
v) Anadromous fish are fish species that are migratory in nature. The fish move up
and down a river course to breed or allow the young to mature. They include the
salmon, pilchard, sturgeon, shad and sardines.
Methods of fishing
- The methods of fishing are largely determined by;
The type of fish to be caught.
The fishing environment.
The depth of water.
The level of technology
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- The net is pulled out of the water and fish hauled into the large boat for preservation
and transportation to the shore. This method is purse seining.
b) Trawling.
- A bag shaped net is attached to a trawler/ ship.
- The net is cast into water by the trawler.
- The net’s mouth is kept open by otter boards/ head beams.
- The upper part of the net is kept afloat by corks/ floats.
- Weights are used to keep the lower parts of the net at the sea bed.
- Trawler drags the net along the sea bed.
- After sufficient fish has been caught, the net is hauled into the trawler to empty the
fish. This method is Trawling.
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c) Drifting
- Nets are hang vertically in water.
- They are attached to a drifter/ boat.
- They are kept afloat by floats on the upper side.
- The lower side is held by weights.
- Several nets can be joined together to form a fleet of nets.
- Fish swim through the nets and get trapped by the gills due to small mesh.
- The nets are dragged to the shore.
- The fish are removed from the nets.
- The nets are then returned back to the sea for more catch. This method is Drifting.
d) Line fishing.
- In calm waters, fishing boats spread out long lines with several hooks on them.
- The floats keep the lines suspended to show the fishermen where the lines are.
- The baited hooks then catch the fish as they compete to feed.
- It is used to catch demersal fish like cod. This method is longline fishing.
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Fisheries in Kenya.
- Fisheries in Kenya are divided into Marine (Ocean) and inland (freshwater fisheries).
a) Marine fisheries.
- They are concentrated off the coast of Kenya in the Indian Ocean.
Problems facing marine fishing in Kenya.
Small market for fish.
Inadequate refrigeration facilities hindering transportation of fresh fish to the market.
The high price of fish discourages people from eating fish regularly.
Stiff competition from foreign fishermen.
Strong Ocean tides causes boat to capsize.
Inadequate technology like absence of specialised ships with refrigerators.
- Fishing methods used are use of handlines, use of traps, use of baskets, use of herbs
- The main fish caught are salmon, catfish, tilapia, Nile perch
Factors influencing the development of fishing in Lake Victoria.
1. The lake has many landing beaches which have formed fishing ports such as Mbita
point, Usenge, Luanda K’Otieno, Misori, Port Victoria, Remba and Dunga Beach. This has
promoted fishing along the lake.
2. The dense population around the lake has offered cheap labour to the fishing industry
and provided a ready market for the fish.
3. The lake has many fish species of commercial and domestic value such as dagaa, Nile
perch, and tilapia.
4. High demand for fish around the lake region. This is because fish is a major
traditional diet for most of the people who live around the lake.
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Problems facing fishing in Lake Victoria –kcse 2003
1. There are impassable feeder roads linking the beaches. This has slowed down the
transportation of fish to the market.
2. There are inadequate refrigeration facilities. This has led reliance on indigenous
methods of fish preservation like salting, sun drying, and smoking.
3. The local people engaged in fishing are exploited by large scale traders. They are thus
forced to sell their catch at a throw away price due to lack of preservation methods.
4. Inadequate labour force which has been aggravated by the spread of HIV/AIDS along
the fishing beaches. This has interfered with fishing activities.
5. There has been conflict over fisheries between Kenya and Uganda. This has led to
loss of fishing gear and the capture of those involved.
6. Over fishing due to the use of trawlers has led to drastic reduction of fish species of
commercial value.
7. Water weeds such as water hyacinth that block the landing beeches. Water weeds also
harbour dangerous animals.
8. Frequent accidents in the lakes due to strong winds/ strong water currents leads to
death of fishermen/ destruction of boats/ nets.
Reasons why there is widespread fresh water fishing than marine fishing in East
Africa –kcse 2023
There are several waterbodies/ rivers/ ponds/ lakes that host a variety of fish which
are exploited.
High demand for fresh water fish which are easily available/ low demand for Ocean
fish.
Inland fishing grounds allow use of low technology/ traditional methods as most
fishing grounds are shallow/ most fishermen have less sophisticated instruments.
High population around the fishing grounds offer market for the fish.
Fresh water fish provide an alternative source of cheap protein.
Fresh water fishing requires low capital investment.
Significance of fishing to the economy of Kenya –kcse 2023
Fishing provides fish which is a source of income to the fishermen.
Fishing creates job opportunities to people raising their living standards.
Fishing stimulates growth of other related industries/ fish provides raw materials for
industries.
Taxation of fishing activities bring revenue to the government.
Fish products are exported earning Kenya foreign exchange.
Has led to development of transport/ communication networks/ landing ports.
Fish is a source of food/ protein.
Sport fishing promotes tourism.
Has led to development of fishing ports and towns like Usenge, Asembo
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Problems facing fishing in Kenya.
1. Over-fishing/ over exploitation – Indiscriminate harvesting of immature fish
through the use of undersize nets and uncontrolled trawling have led to depletion
of various fisheries leading to the exhaustion of fish resources.
2. Pollution – Both marine and fresh water fisheries in Kenya have been polluted
through discharge of toxic effluent from factories, raw sewage and oil spillage
from marine vessels. This has led to death of aquatic life hence decline in fish
resource –kcse 2014
4. Inadequate transport network – most of the roads leading to the fishing grounds
are poorly maintained and are mostly impassable during the rainy seasons.
6. Limited market – the demand for fish in the country is small because fish eating
is not popular among the majority of the communities in Kenya. This has limited
the internal market for fish thus hindering the development of the fishing industry.
8. Accidents – during certain periods of the year, the fishermen’s canoes and boats
capsize in the lakes and oceans due to the strong wind and storms prevailing in the
area. The fishermen lose their fishing gear and equipment as some of them drown.
11. Poaching and competition from developed fishing nations uses advanced
equipment reducing amount of fish.
12. Inter boundary conflicts leads to arrest of Kenya fishermen leading to loss of
fish and fishing equipment.
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Problems experienced in the marketing of fish in Kenya –kcse 2006
Some fishing grounds are far from the markets/ inaccessible due to impassable roads.
Fishermen have inadequate storage and preservation facilities.
There are limited local markets due to cultural beliefs.
The external markets are limited due to tight restrictions/ competition from other
producers.
The limited number of fish species limits the market.
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Fishing methods used in Japan.
Trawling
Seining
Long lines
Problems facing fishing in Japan.
Industrial pollution of the ocean has rendered the water unsuitable for fish breeding.
Overfishing leads to depletion of certain fish species.
Control of territorial waters has hindered expansion of fishing in Japan waters.
Similarities between fishing in Kenya and Japan –kcse 2017
In both countries fresh water and marine fishing are practiced.
Inshore marine fishing is practiced in both countries.
Both countries practice fish farming.
Overfishing is a problem in both countries.
In both countries, modern methods of preserving and processing fish are used.
In both countries, fish caught is consumed both locally and exported.
In both countries fish is used as a raw material in the manufacture of fertilizers,
cosmetics and medicine.
Differences between fishing in Kenya and Japan –kcse 2014
In Kenya there is low level of technology/ less mechanization while in Japan there is
advanced/ efficient technology/ high mechanization-kcse 2023
In Kenya fishing is done on small scale while in Japan fishing is done on large scale.
In Kenya there is a small domestic/ external market while in Japan there is large
domestic/ eternal market-kcse 2023
In Kenya few people market their fish through cooperatives while in Japan marketing
is mainly done through co-operatives.
In Kenya fishing is mainly done near the continental shelf/ shallow ocean waters/
lakes while in Japan fishing is mainly deep sea fishing.
In Kenya fishermen face stiff competition from foreigners while in Japan there is
little competition from foreigners.
In Kenya there are few varieties of marine fish species while in Japan there are many
varieties of marine fish species.
In Kenya fish eating culture is limited while in Japan it is widespread.
In Kenya fish farming is less developed while in Japan it is more developed.
In Japan, extensive research on fishing has been done while in Kenya little research
has been done on fishing.
Management of fisheries.
- This refers to effective planning and control of fish resources and waterbodies.
Conservation of fisheries.
- This refers to the careful use and protection of fish resources to ensure little or no
wastage.
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Methods of managing and conserving fisheries –kcse 2022
i. Restricting the disposal of untreated wastes into the fisheries/ enforcing anti-pollution
laws to ensure that water remain clean for survival of fish.
ii. Restricting fishing to specific seasons to allow for breeding/ maturing of fish.
iii. Breeding fingerlings to restock overfished areas.
iv. Standardizing the mesh/ net hole size of nets used in fishing to ensure that only the
mature fish are caught.
v. Limiting the number of fishermen through issuance of licences.
vi. Fish farming is being encouraged to ensure that there is sufficient supply of fish from
other sources other than the natural fisheries.
vii. Carrying out research to improve the quantity of fish.
viii. Setting up institutions to train personnel to manage fisheries.
ix. Enforcing the international conventions to protect the endangered species.
x. Setting up special hatcheries for artificial fertilization of eggs to be used in restoring
overfished areas.
xi. Monitoring/ discouraging the entry of foreign fishermen off the Indian Ocean waters.
Topical Questions.
1. State three ways in which the government of Kenya is promoting the fishing
industry –kcse 2016
Encouraging fish farming.
Restocking overfished areas.
Establishing research stations.
Dredging of silted lakes.
Establishing feeder roads to fisheries.
Banning indiscriminate fishing/ enforcing the use of standardized nets/
seasonal ban on fishing.
Controlling water hyacinth.
Looking for external markets for fish/ encourage fish eating culture.
Controlling water pollution.
Establishment of ministry of fisheries.
Encouraging formation of fishing cooperatives.
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4. Give three reasons why fish migrates.
Different ocean currents in different parts of the ocean.
Predators
Breeding
Food
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TOPIC FOUR: WILDLIFE AND TOURISM.
By Prof. Ogoti Robert Maxwell
iii. Drainage
- Drainage supports a wide variety of plants and animals.
- Rivers, lakes and oceans hosts a variety of organisms like birds e.g. flamingos and
animals e.g. crocodiles/ hippos.
- Waterbodies also contain a variety of fish e.g. sharks/ whales.
- Waterbodies also influence growth of plants like mangrove trees that contain crabs/
snakes.
v. Relief
- Varied relief will influence varied wildlife.
- Hunting animals like cheetah are found in plains/ plateaus which are relatively flat.
- Windward sides of mountain receive high relief rainfall supporting large forests with
a variety of wild animals.
- Leeward sides of mountain receive low rainfall favouring grassland supporting
carnivores/ herbivores.
- Low altitude areas are warmer than high altitude areas favouring variety of animals.
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vii. Human factors
- Human activities are largely responsible for survival and distribution of wildlife.
- Man can promote existence of wildlife in an area through various management and
conservation measures of wildlife.
Quiz: Explain four ways in which human activities interfere with wildlife (8mks) –kcse
2020
Vegetation cover is destroyed through cutting trees for timber/ wood fuel.
Animal habitat is destroyed through clearing/ burning of vegetation.
In some game reserves people graze their livestock which leads to shortage of
pasture/ habitat for some wild animals.
In some areas vegetation cover is cleared for cultivation/ settlement.
Setting up industries has led to pollution of some waterbodies causing death of
aquatic animals/ migration of some animals.
Noise pollution from the tourist vehicles in the parks scare away the animals.
Fire outbreaks destroy vegetation cover/ cause migration of animals.
Overfishing may deplete certain marine species.
Overuse of water for irrigation reduces habitat for quatic organisms.
Mining activities destroys plants and animal habitats.
Illegal hunting/ poaching lead to extinction of some animal species.
Definition of terms.
Game parks.
- Game parks are areas that have been set aside for wildlife to live in.
- They include;
National parks
Game reserves
Wildlife sanctuaries
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- Characteristics;
Hunting is not permitted.
Predators are controlled.
Breeding and keeping young ones until they are fit for release.
Note: A game range is a protected large tract of land for rearing specific kinds of animals for
meat/ game products.
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Major marine parks.
1. In Kenya- Mombasa, Malindi, Mpunguti, Diani, Watamu, Kisite, Kiunga
2. In Tanzania- Sadaani, Mtwara, Lindi, Tanga, Pande, Mafia
Quick Quizs.
1. Give three factors that favour the establishment of national parks in semi-arid
areas of East Africa (3mks) –kcse 2022
Availability of large tracts/ sparsely populated land.
Availability of a wide variety of vegetation/ savanna grassland/ scrub land/
shrub which provide food for the wild animals.
The harsh climatic condition/ dryness that discourage farming/ settlement/
makes wildlife conservation the best alternative use.
The type of vegetation/ savanna found in such areas provide suitable habitat
for wild animals.
2. State four ways in which game reserves are of benefit to the communities living
near them (4mks) –kcse 2011
The game reserves offer employment opportunities to the communities
living near them.
The management of game reserves provide social amenities to the
communities.
The communities are allowed to graze their animals in the game reserves.
Access roads to the game reserves benefit the communities.
The income earned from the game reserves by the local authorities is used to
provide services to the communities.
Sometimes members of the communities are given meat when the animals
have been culled.
Educational institutions located near the game reserves have easy access for
educational tours.
Significance of wildlife.
a. Wildlife attract tourists earning a country foreign exchange used to develop
other sectors of economy.
b. Wildlife creates employment opportunities to people e.g. tour guides/
drivers/ game wardens improving their living standards.
c. Wildlife encourage tourism diversifying the economy instead of relying on
agriculture as a major source of revenue for the country.
d. Wildlife leads to protection of endangered species ensuring their survival for
future tourism/ future generations.
e. Wildlife leads to development of roads leading to game parks opening up
remote areas.
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f. Wildlife ensures proper utilisation of marginal areas through creation of
game parks on ASALs.
g. It promote education and research on wildlife.
h. It is source of food e.g. game meat.
i. It leads to growth of hotel industry e.g. game lodges to cater for the tourists.
j. It is source of medicine e.g. neem tree.
k. It leads to modification of climate e.g. forests increases rainfall and moderate
temperature.
l. It provides water catchment areas e.g. forests are source of rivers.
Quiz: Explain four ways in which wild animals are of significance to the Kenya economy
(8mks) –kcse 2020
Wild animals are a major tourist attraction earning the country foreign exchange
used to develop Kenya’s economy.
Conservation of wild animals creates job opportunities to people improving their
living standards.
Wild animals in the privately owned game ranches are slaughtered/ culled for game
meat and sold in some hotels/ exported earning foreign exchange.
Wild animals promote research/ knowledge which helps in management and
conservation of some species.
Wild animals promote agricultural development since tourists create a high demand
for food.
Some wild animals promotes industrial growth by providing raw materials.
Conservation of wild animals leads to utilization of marginal areas which receive
little rainfall unsuitable for crop growing.
Park entry fees are source of government revenue.
Roads built to parks/ reserves ease transport/ open up the remote areas.
Wild animals provide a balanced ecosystem in Kenya/ ecological balance.
b.) Human encroachment into wildlife habitats in search of land for settlement and
farming leads to;
Killing/ dying of some animals.
Extinction of some animals/ plants.
Wildlife predation/ competition may set in.
Land fragmentation/ reduction of the habitat.
Increased human-wildlife conflicts.
Migration of some animals.
c.) Civil wars causes insecurity leading to migration of wild animals due to gunfire,
killing of animals and also discouraging tourists from visiting such areas.
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d.) Adverse climatic conditions –kcse 2020
Prolonged drought leads to migration of animals to areas that have supply of
water/ pasture.
Prolonged drought leads to drying up of some plant species/ starvation/ death of
some wild animals.
Excess rain leads to flooding of some areas where wild animals are drowned/
destruction of plants.
After the floods there is shortage of pasture causing starvation of animals.
When there is prolonged drought, fire outbreaks are common leading to destruction
of habitats of wild animals.
Prolonged drought cause wild animals to invade farms destroying the crops.
Very low/ very high temperatures limit plant/ animal variety.
e.) Pests like tse tse flies attack wild animals transmitting diseases to animals leading to
their death.
f.) Diseases like nagana affect the wild animals leading to death hence reduced
population.
g.) Bush fires –kcse 2022
The fires destroy the habitats of animals.
Animals/ plants are destroyed/ killed/ damaged/ injured by the bush fires.
Fires leads to reduction of food/ water for animals.
The fires pollute the environments/ water resources.
Fires lead to migration of wild animals to other places/ farm lands.
Fires interrupt the ecosystems.
QUIZ: Explain three ways in which human activities interfere with wildlife –kcse
2020
Vegetation cover is destroyed through cutting trees for timber/ wood fuel.
Animal habitat is destroyed through clearing/ burning of vegetation.
In some game reserves people graze their livestock which leads to shortage of
pasture/ habitat for some of the wild animals.
In some areas vegetation cover is cleared for cultivation/ settlement.
Setting up industries has led to pollution of some water bodies causing death to
aquatic animals/ migration of some animals.
Noise pollution from the tourist vehicles in the parks scare away the animals.
Fire outbreaks destroy vegetation cover/ animals/ causes migration of animals.
Overfishing may deplete certain marine species.
Overuse of water for irrigation reduces habitats for aquatic organisms.
Mining activities destroys plants/ animal habitats.
Illegal hunting/ poaching lead to extinction of some animal species.
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Problems associated with wildlife in Kenya.
a. Wild animals stray from parks killing livestock of the locals causing losses.
b. Wild animals occupy large tracts of land causing shortage of land for agriculture and
settlement.
c. Some disease from wild animals are spread to livestock and humans threatening their
lives.
d. Wild animals destroy crops reducing harvests causing food security.
Conservation of wildlife.
- This is the protection of wildlife against interference and destruction by people.
- Wildlife conservation measures are;
a. Establishing national parks and reserves to protect the wildlife from
destruction by people.
b. Setting up the Kenya wildlife service/ anti-poaching units which conserve
wildlife.
c. Creating the ministry of Tourism to coordinate management of wildlife.
d. Legislation/ banning/ controlling game hunting/ trade in wildlife products.
e. Creating public awareness of wildlife conservation through media/ wildlife
clubs/ education centres.
f. Establishing Kenya rangeland ecological monitoring unit (KREMU).
g. Encouraging individuals/ communities to set up game ranches/ conservancies/
sanctuaries.
h. Recognizing/ supporting NGOs which support protection/ conservation of
wildlife.
i. Intensifying research on wildlife conservation.
j. Gazetting forest reserves/ establishing forest reserves/ orphanages.
k. Offering veterinary services to wild animals.
l. Joining and enforcement of charters on animal protection internationally e.g.
Convention on International Trade on Endangered species of flora and fauna
(CITES).
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Reasons for wildlife conservation.
To protect the endangered animal/ plant species.
To promote tourism.
To generate foreign exchange.
To sustain the raw materials for supply of drugs.
For education/ Research purposes.
For aesthetic value/ natural beauty.
To keep them for posterity/ future generations
NOTE: Failure to conserve wildlife in a country may lead to the following consequences;
Increased soil erosion due to exposed surface.
Landslides and floods.
Loss of biodiversity.
Extinction of some species of plants and animals.
Lead to increased aridity and desertification.
Shortage/ Lack of forest products e.g. Timber.
Decreased vegetation cover reduces transpiration and leads to reduced
rainfall
TOURISM.
- Tourism is an activity where people travel to visit places of interest either for leisure,
business or education.
Eco-Tourism
- It is derived from ecology and tourism.
- Ecology is the study of relationships between the living things and their environment.
- Eco-tourism is the development and management of tourism while conserving the
environment. It is enjoying what nature provides while protecting it -Kcse 2011
QUIZ: State ways in which ecotourism has led to sustainable tourism industry in Kenya
–kcse 2022
Conservation of the environment/ preservation of scenic beauty.
Respect of rights/ active partnership with stakeholders.
Equitable distribution of benefits accrued from tourism.
Respect/ safeguarding of local customs/ culture.
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Harmonious development of tourism sector alongside other economic sectors.
Types of tourism.
i) Domestic tourism.
ii) International tourism.
1. Domestic Tourism.
- This is the visit by people within their country for pleasure –kcse 2015
2. International tourism.
- This is the visit by people away from their mother country to a given country for
pleasure –kcse 2015
- The origin of tourists to Kenya are Dubai, India, USA, Uganda, UK, China,
Tanzania, South Africa
Measures being taken by the Kenyan government to attract more tourists –kcse
2006
i) Improving roads to tourist sites to make them accessible even during the rainy
seasons.
ii) Building of more hotels to increase bed capacity.
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iii) Improving air links with other countries so as to facilitate direct movement of
tourists to Kenya.
iv) Preservation of wildlife/ eradication poaching/ maintaining tourist sites to attract
more tourists.
v) Improving security by establishing the tourist police unit to deal with tourist
related crimes.
vi) Traditional culture is being promoted so as to attract more tourists.
vii) Advertising abroad by opening tourist offices to give information about tourist
attractions in Kenya.
viii) Providing package tours for the tourists to make it cheaper for them to visit the
country.
ix) Lowering the rates charged during low tourist seasons to attract domestic
tourists.
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Mangroove swamps with unique plants and animals.
The Halter Park.
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vi) It promote development of roads leading to game reserves/ parks hence opening
up remote areas.
vii) Tourists provide a ready market for trade items such as handcrafts hence source
of income to the locals.
viii) It encourages cultural exchange which promotes international understanding.
ix) It enables people to appreciate wildlife as they visit game parks reducing human-
wildlife conflict.
x) It promotes conservation of wildlife and historical sites since they attract
tourists.
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viii) Tourism has led to international terrorism/ piracy.
ix) Erosion of some social values/ culture.
QUIZ: Explain four ways in which the county governments in Kenya would promote
sustainable tourism –kcse 2015
Involving local communities in decision making to enhance positive perception on
wildlife conservation.
Compensating persons aggrieved by wild animals, fencing parks to minimise
human-wildlife conflicts.
Encouraging the use of alternative sources of energy/ management of energy to
reduce the destruction of natural ecosystem/ animal habitat.
Improving waste management to reduce contamination of the environment.
Encouraging local tourism/ lowering rates during the low season inorder to have
continuous use of tourist facilities.
Conserving water to meet the needs of local communities/ wildlife/ tourists.
Improve transport systems within their counties to facilitate movement of tourists.
Advertise tourism activities within their county to increase awareness/ strengthening
marketing.
Enforcing by-laws to strengthen security in game reserves/ tourists sites.
Planting trees to help in the conservation of the environment.
Encouraging community tourism/ home stays in order to benefit from the tourism
industry/ enhance hospitality.
Encouraging collaboration with the private sector to finance tourist activities.
Establishing new tourist attractions to create diversity.
Modernizing existing tourist facilities to attract more visitors/ tourists.
Tourism in Switzerland.
- Tourists who visit Switzerland come from Netherlands, Canada, Japan, USA,
Belgium, UK and France.
b) Human factors.
i) Political neutrality i.e. Switzerland is non-aligned to any political blocks in the
world. This removes any restrictions to the country as a tourist destination hence it
attracts tourists from any country in the world –kcse 2019
ii) Well-developed transport network system e.g. electric trains, good roads which
enable tourists to travel easily to centres of attraction.
iii) Language diversity where several major languages of Europe are spoken
making it possible for tourists to get excellent services in the country.
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iv) Headquarters of various international organisations like ILO, Red Cross and
UN hence people who go for meetings take time to tour various parts of the
country.
v) Excellent accommodation facilities which are fairly priced and offer discounts to
mass tourists.
vi) Hospitality i.e. the Swiss people are highly trained and efficient thus offering
high quality service.
vii) It is highly industrialised hence many people are employed earning good income
enabling them to save for holidays.
viii) It has one of the lowest crime rates in the world which attract many tourists since
security is guaranteed.
ix) Package tours is availed to people hence attracting many tourists.
x) Presence of many tourist resorts e.g. Geneva, Bern which attract many tourists.
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Differences between tourism in Kenya and Switzerland.
i) Kenya has tropical climate which is warm and sunny most of the year encouraging
sun-bathing while Switzerland has temperate climate with cold winters which
encourage winter sports.
ii) Kenya has varied and beautiful coastal scenery/ Rift valley/ volcanic mountains
while Switzerland has varied scenery consisting of snow-capped mountains/
glaciated landscape.
iii) Kenya being far from Europe gets fewer tourists while Switzerland which is
centrally located in Europe gets more tourists.
iv) Kenya’s reports of insecurity scare away potential tourists while the reports of
peaceful atmosphere in Switzerland encourage more tourists.
v) Kenya has inefficient transport network making it difficult to access some
tourist sites while in Switzerland transport network is efficient.
vi) Kenyans are not able to speak a variety of international languages hence
communication with tourists is sometime limited while the diversity of languages
spoken in Switzerland make it possible for tourists to communicate with ease.
vii) The training of personnel in tourism industry in Switzerland is more advanced
hence higher quality services to the tourists while in Kenya it is less advanced.
viii) The accessibility to financial facilities and services like use of credit cards by
tourists is widespread in Switzerland promoting easy transactions by tourists while
in Kenya access to financial facilities/ services is limited.
ix) Kenya’s low purchasing power limits their ability to travel as tourists while in
Switzerland, the high purchasing power enables people to travel as tourists.
x) Kenya has coastal beaches while Switzerland has lakeside beaches.
xi) In Kenya, wild animals are found in their natural habitat while in Switzerland,
they are kept in zoos.
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Topical Questions.
1. Explain three ways in which the Kenyan government protects her wildlife (6mks).
2. Explain four features of tourism that Kenya can learn from Switzerland (8mks).
3. Explain four factors which hindered the development of domestic tourism in Kenya
(8mks).
4. Explain three problems experienced by the Kenya government in its effort to conserve
wildlife (6nks).
5. State three reasons why national parks have been established in Kenya (3mks) –kcse
2003
6. Give three reasons why it is necessary to preserve historical sites (3mks) –kcse 2004
7. Explain four reasons why Switzerland gets more tourists than Kenya (8mks) –kcse
2001
8. Explain the difference between tourist attractions in East Africa and Switzerland
under;
Climate
Culture
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TOPIC FIVE: ENERGY
By Prof. Ogoti Robert Maxwell
Sources of Energy.
Sun
Wind
Fossils
Plants
Animals
Water
Types of energy.
- This refers to the different forms of energy that are derived from the various sources.
- Sources of energy are classified into two types namely;
a) Renewable sources of energy.
b) Non- renewable sources of energy.
i) Solar Energy.
- This is the power from the sun.
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Solar energy has limited use.
Solar technology is new hence used by few people.
QUIZ: State three factors that have hindered the development of solar energy in Kenya
–kcse 2023
Solar energy has low energy output.
The short life span of storage batteries.
Competition from alternative sources.
High cost of purchasing/ installation of solar panels/ low purchasing power of
people.
Inadequate technology.
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Advantages of wave energy.
It is inexhaustible/ renewable.
It is cheap as it is freely available.
It is clean/ environmentally friendly.
v) Hydro-electric power.
- This is the energy derived from falling water.
- It is produced by rotating turbines connected to generators.
Advantages of H.E.P.
It is inexhaustible/ renewable.
It is clean/ environmentally friendly.
It can be transmitted over long distances using cables.
It can be put into many uses e.g. cooking, lighting
It is relatively easy to use i.e. switching on/ off.
Dams for HEP creates lakes used for fishing/ irrigation/ recreation.
It is reliable since significant levels of energy are produced.
Disadvantages of H.E.P.
Fluctuation of water levels in the reservoirs may lead to shortage of power.
It requires high capital for investment.
It cannot be stored once generated.
Construction of dams may lead to resettlement of people.
It causes inconvenience to migratory fish species downstream.
vii) Biomass.
- This is the energy produced from organic matter/ plant and animal waste (Biogas).
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- Sources of biomass;
Wood
Animal waste
Agricultural waste
Molasses produce gasohol
Advantages of biogas.
It is inexhaustible/ renewable.
It is cheap as it uses waste products.
It is readily available in many places.
Simple technology is used in its production.
Disadvantages of biogas.
It requires a lot of space.
It cannot be transported to far places.
It contributes to pollution which causes global warming.
Advantages.
They are readily available all over the world.
It is cheap to maintain animals.
Animals are flexible i.e. can pass over rugged terrain.
Some animals can be used in ASALs.
It is inexhaustible/ renewable.
Disadvantages.
Animals are prone to diseases and fatigue.
Their use is restricted only to rural areas.
They need regular rest as they tire easily.
They can die as a result of too much work.
They can only do limited work.
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2. Non-renewable sources of energy.
- They are sources which are exhaustible if they are not well managed.
- Non-renewable sources of energy include; -kcse 2020
Petroleum
Natural gas
Coal
Uranium
Peat
i) Petroleum.
- It consists of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons from animals and vegetation matter
laid in sedimentary rocks.
Conditions that are necessary for the formation of petroleum –kcse 2022
Deposition of remains of flora and fauna/fossils/ organic remains over a long
period of time.
Presence of non-porous rocks underneath the deposits of flora and fauna.
Deposition of other layers of rocks/ non-porous over the remains of flora and
fauna.
Compression of the remains of flora and fauna due to folding of the layers of the
rocks.
Presence of porous rocks in between two non-porous rocks.
Presence of sedimentary rocks.
Advantages of petroleum.
It is convenient for a variety uses.
It can be easily transported to far areas.
It can be stored in tanks.
It can be used to generate thermal electricity.
Free of the effects of weather changes.
Transport and maintenance costs are low.
Disadvantages of petroleum.
Crude oil is bulky to transport.
It is non-renewable source of energy.
It pollutes the environment causing global warming.
It is expensive for low income groups.
Exploration of petroleum is very expensive.
It is highly inflammable and causes fire accidents.
ii) Coal.
- Coal is made up of vegetable matter laid down in a swampy area and buried under
other materials.
Advantages of coal.
It is most suitable in the smelting of iron and steel.
It is more efficient in thermal generation of electricity.
QUIZ: Give three reasons why use of coal as an industrial fuel has declined –kcse 2020
It is bulky/ costly to transport.
It is difficult/ expensive to mine.
It is an exhaustible source of energy.
It is dirty/ sooty/ dusty/ pollutes environment when used.
It produces very little energy when burnt/ low calorific value.
Adoption of new technology in steel production.
Competition from other efficient sources of energy.
The deepening of coal mines.
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iii) Peat.
- It is young coal consisting of partially decomposed organic matter and inorganic
minerals that have accumulated in water-saturated environment.
- It is produced in Russia, Ireland, Finland and USA.
Advantages.
It occurs in huge reserves.
It produces large amounts of energy.
It has a longer lifetime.
It is relatively cheap.
It does not produce greenhouse gases.
Disadvantages.
It is expensive to construct a nuclear reactor.
Nuclear wastes are highly radioactive.
It is exhaustible/ non-renewable.
It requires heavy capital investment/ expertise.
v) Natural gas.
- It occurs in association with petroleum i.e. normally found on top of upper layers of
crude oil.
- Composed of mixture of hydrocarbons with methane making the highest percentage.
Advantages.
Clean
Cheap to transport in pipelines
Free from weather changes
Disadvantages.
Accidental fires may occur due to gas leakage/ damaged pipes.
Pollution of environment through gas leakage.
Expensive for low income earners.
It is exhaustible/ non-renewable.
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Physical factors that favoured the development of the seven forks hydro-electric power
projects –kcse 2021
i) Presence of large volume of water from River Tana and its tributaries to
provide water to drive the turbines.
ii) Regular/ constant flow of River Tana which enabled continuous production of
electricity.
iii) Presence of hard basement rock along the site which provided a firm foundation
for the dams.
iv) Availability of enough space for construction of dams/ reservoirs due to low
population in the area.
v) Presence of waterfalls/ rapids/ steep gradient which provided sufficient
hydraulic force to turn the turbines.
vi) Presence of impervious rock which prevents seepage of water underground.
vii) Presence of a gorge/ deep valley which reduced the cost in construction of dam.
Human factors that favoured the development of the seven forks hydro-electric power
projects.
i) Adequate capital for construction and maintenance of HEP projects.
ii) High demand for electricity for industrial and domestic use.
iii) Sparse population in an area to minimize the cost of relocating people.
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Problems that affect the production of power along river Tana –kcse 2016
Fluctuations of water levels in the reservoirs leads to the rationing of power.
Inadequate capital for maintenance/ high cost of dredging/ expansion.
Siltation of the reservoirs reduces its capacity and makes it expensive to desilt.
Inadequate skills/ technology in power generation and maintenance of machinery.
Relocation of people for the construction of dams is expensive.
Reasons why the geothermal power has not been fully exploited in Kenya –kcse 2014
Inadequate capital required for exploitation.
There is shortage of skilled personnel as the country relies on expatriates.
The country faces low level of technology which hinders exploitation of the energy.
Most of the potential sites are found in remote/ inaccessible areas which makes it
difficult/ expensive.
Danger of land subsidence as tectonic fluids is withdrawn.
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Ways in which Kenya has benefited from the development of geothermal power. -kcse
2010
It has provided alternative source of energy.
It has increased Kenya’s energy output.
It has helped stabilize the cost of electricity for consumers.
It has helped in opening up of formely remote areas.
It has increased employment opportunities.
It has led to the reduction of importation of hydro-electric power from Uganda/ has
saved foreign exchange.
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Significance of Energy.
i) Energy is used for domestic purposes e.g. cooking/ lighting/ heating
ii) Energy is used in industrial sector e.g. to run the machines/ lighting/ heating.
iii) Energy is used in transportation e.g. diesel and petrol used in Motor vehicles.
iv) Energy is used in agriculture by powered tractors/ drying grains.
v) Energy is used in water supply where wind mills/ solar power/ diesel engines are
used to pump water.
vi) Energy is used for medical purposes by diagnosing equipment like X-Ray uses
electricity.
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Measures Kenya may take to manage energy crisis.
i) Developing alternative sources of energy like solar to reduce overdependence
on oil.
ii) Encouraging Kenyans to use energy-saving devices so as to reduce the amount
of oil used.
iii) Control the importation of vehicles with high engine capacities to reduce the
consumption of oil.
iv) Improve the flow of traffic in urban centres to avoid delays that lead to high
fuel consumption.
v) Encouraging industries to use coal which is slightly cheaper than petroleum.
vi) Developing nuclear energy to enhance self-sufficiency in energy provision.
Measures the government of Kenya has taken to conserve energy –kcse 2016
i) Encouraging people to use renewable sources of energy in order to reduce the
overreliance of fossil fuels.
ii) Developing energy saving technologies in order to reduce the high consumption
of energy.
iii) Enforcing the legislation against indiscriminate cutting down of trees for fuel
thus conserving existing resources.
iv) Educating the public on the careful use of energy in order to save it.
v) Progress taxation on energy consumption in order to discourage the misuse of
energy.
vi) Proper planning of road networks in urban areas to reduce traffic jam hence
saving on fuel consumption.
vii) Encouraging the use of public transport/ walking/ cycling/ railway in order to
reduce the number of vehicles on the roads/ reducing energy consumption.
viii) Discouraging importation of high fuel consumption vehicles to reduce amount
of fuel used.
ix) Encouraging afforestation/ reafforestation for continuous supply of wood fuel.
Topical Questions.
1. Explain four effects that the increase in oil prices has had on the economies of the oil
importing countries in Africa (8mks)-kcse 2006
2. State four ways in which Kenya can reduce the use of petroleum as a source of energy
(4mks)-kcse 2006
3. Give three effects of liberalization of the oil industry in Kenya (3mks)–kcse 2001
4. Explain three benefits that would result from rural electrification in Kenya (6mks)-
kcse 2002
5. State three benefits Kenya will achieve after drilling oil in Turkana County (3mks)
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TOPIC SIX: INDUSTRY
By Prof. Ogoti Robert Maxwell
Definition of terms.
Industry is an enterprise that enables the production of goods/services for consumption /
sale- kcse 2019
Industrialization is the process and pace at which a county establishes enterprises that
produce goods and services for consumption /sale.
Industries that require intensive labour are located in areas that are highly populated
/adequate supply of needed labour.
Industries require personnel with managerial skills to ensure maximum output at low
production cost.
Industries that require personnel who are semi-skilled are located in areas with high
population.
Industries requiring highly skilled labour force tend to be located in major towns
where there are adequate skilled personnel/ training facilities.
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c) Market –kcse 2020
-Some industries are located near source of water e.g. river because:-
Some industries are located near large rivers that may provide H.E.P.
e) Capital
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g) Availability of power
Industries are located near main power supply points to reduce the cost of transmitting
power.
Government may set aside land for the location of certain industries.
i) Personal decisions.
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j) Industrial inertia
-It is the tendency of an industry to remain in a particular place even when the original factors
for its location no longer exist.
Established markets.
Well-developed roads.
Types of industries
a) Primary industry
b) Secondary industry
c) Tertiary industry
-Heavy industries.
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i) Light Industries
- They process light raw materials to make goods with little volume /weight.
- They include:-
Textile Making
Coffee Processing
Tea Processing
Sugarcane Processing
Milk Processing
Pharmaceutical
Shoe Making
- They process heavy /bulky raw materials to make heavy bulky products. .
- They include:-
Glass making.
Cement factories.
Oil Refining.
Car Manufacturing.
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DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIES IN KENYA
Tea processing.
Sugar refining.
Milk processing.
Coffee processing.
Brewing.
Bakeries.
Grain milling.
Pyrethrum processing.
Soap making.
Glue making.
Glass making.
Oil refinery.
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Cement factories.
Pharmaceuticals industry.
Plastic manufacturing.
Decentralization
5. To enables people in the rural areas sell their products /raw materials to the industries.
Cottage industries.
- They are involved in making products particularly in homes using hands and simple
tools.
Wood carving.
Stone carving.
Weaving of baskets.
Boat making.
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Those using scrap metals.
Factors that have promoted the growth of Jua kali industry in Kenya
iv) Its products are cheap and target the local market.
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Ways in which the government is encouraging development of Jua kali industry.
i) The ministry of trade and industry has set up a department to promote this
industry.
ii) It provides loans to Jua kali artisans to purchase raw materials and build sheds.
iii) It has set aside land for use by Jua kali artisans.
iv) It has encouraged Jua kali artisans to form cooperatives to assist in marketing of
their products.
vi) It sources for funds and machinery from donors and NGOs to support Jua Kali
artisans.
vii) It offers training through seminars and workshops to improve their skills.
viii) It has established permanent structures /sheds where the artisans can operate at
low costs.
ii) It earns a country foreign exchange through the exportation of her products.
iii) It saves a country’s foreign exchange that would have been used to import
goods.
vi) It produces cheaper goods than those produced in the formal industries.
vii) It utilizes the locally available raw materials that would have been thrown
away.
iii. Exploitation by middlemen/ business people who offer low prices which discourages
people in industries.
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iv. Poor working conditions as most work is done in the open sun/rains/ easily affected
by weather changes.
vi) It leads to diversification of the economy thus reducing over reliance on the
agricultural sector.
vii) It leads to improvement in the balance of trade since there is added value to the
export exchange.
viii) It leads to development of urban centers which are focal points for economic
development.
ii) Some industries emit gases that are toxic causing harm to human/animals.
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iv) Uncontrolled disposal /dumping of industrial wastes leading to land
degradation /pollution.
v) Industrial wastes /effluents pollute water sources making it unfit for human
/animal consumption.
vi) Fumes emitted by chemical industries corrode metallic roofs hence destroying
them.
- Some industries relying on natural resources suffer closure/low production when the
natural resources get exhausted.
- Industries relying on imported materials face shortage when the allocation for
importation is restricted.
- Political differences between /within countries may lead to limited supply of raw
materials to the rival/ in the country leading to shortage.
- Kenya has limited industrial culture /education to impart relevant skills for
industrialization.
- Kenya suffers from brain drain that slows down industrial development.
- Inadequate capital for industrial development forces a country to get loans from
IMF/world bank whose interest rates are very high.
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iv) Limited markets
- Local market for industrial goods is not sufficient to sustain production due to low
purchasing power.
- Locally produced goods compete with imported goods which are cheaper leading to
the decline/closure of local industries.
- Workers may strike due to poor working conditions /low pay interfering with
production.
A cottage industry is one whose labour force consists of people working at home with their
own tools /simple machinery.
iv) Raw materials are mainly locally sourced/ locally available/ recycled.
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v) Products are for domestic/ external market.
ii) India has a huge population which ensures a steady supply of cheap labour.
iii) India has abundant supply of locally available raw materials which are used in
the cottage industry.
iv) Availability of H.E.P which is well distributed within the rural towns.
v) The industry can be established anywhere e.g. people’s homes or small rented
rooms.
vi) Majority of Indians are skilled weavers and ornamental ware workers.
viii) The high demand for products in the popular sub-continent has led to the
development of the industry.
ix) The urge of the people to earn an income in order to uplift their living
standards.
iii) It earns a country foreign exchange through the exportation of her products.
iv) It reduces rural –urban migration hence helps to check the influx of people to
urban areas.
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Problems facing cottage industries in India.
i) Inadequate capital to purchase raw materials and run the industry has affected
the industry.
iii) Exploitation of the artisans since middlemen sell the raw materials at high prices
to the artisans.
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Raw materials for iron and steel industry.
Coal
Iron ore
Limestone.
Factors which influenced the location of iron and steel industry in the Ruhr region of
Germany –kcse 2009
i) Availability of coal /iron ore /limestone from the Rhine valley provided raw
materials needed in the industry.
ii) Presence of rivers Rhine /Ruhr/ Lippe provided water required for industrial
use e.g. cooling of machines.
iii) Presence of navigable Rhine /Ruhr Rivers and EMS canals provided cheap
water transport for the bulky raw materials/finished products.
iv) Coal from Ruhr region/imported petroleum provided power required in the
industry.
v) The local population had acquired skills on iron working and this formed the
foundation of iron and steel industry.
vi) Presence of rich companies /families like Ruhr khlet krupp which provided
capital for the development of industries.
vii) The region is centrally located in Europe which offers easy access to all parts of
the Europe.
viii) The dense and affluent population in (central and western) Europe/Germany
provided ready market for iron and steel.
ix) Availability of plenty of flat land for the construction of the industry.
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Significance of iron and steel industry in the Rhur region.
i) It led to the improvement of transport network like roads, rail and waterways.
ii) It led to the growth and expansion of towns like Dortmund, Essen, Duisburg,
Bochum and Obehausen.
iv) It led to promotion of agriculture due to the need to feed the huge population in
the industrial towns.
v) It led to provision of social amenities like schools and hospitals to cater for
workers.
ii) There is congestion and overcrowding in housing and social amenities due to large
influx of people.
Car models from Japan in Kenya –Toyota. Honda, Mitsubishi, Daihatsu, Isuzu, Datsun,
Suzuki.
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Major car manufacturing zone in Japan- kcse 2019
i) Tokyo-Yokohama zone
Has cities like Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, Nagasaki, Otsu, Akashi and Wakayama.
Factors which have favoured the development of car manufacturing and Electronic
industries in Japan -kcse 2019
i) The country has adequate capital from rich families / companies to invest in the
car manufacturing and Electronic industries.
ii) The advanced technology has increased efficiency leading to mass production of
high quality products.
iii) Advanced scientific research which has led to diverse / high products.
iv) Highly developed sources of energy i.e. HEP / nuclear power provide the power
required in the industries.
v) Large population with high purchasing power provides a large local market for
cars and electronics.
vi) The government policy / peace and stability has encouraged industrialization.
vii) Japan has highly skilled and industrious work force which has promoted
massive production of quality cars/ electronics.
viii) The efficient transport system which eases the transportation of raw materials
for industries.
ix) The rise of Empire Meiji who promoted industrial development in Japan.
x) The education system which has given rise to skilled man power / advanced
technology.
xi) Japan produces fuel saving vehicles / cheap and affordable leading to high
demand for them in the world market.
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xiii) Strategic location of Japan in relation to other countries makes it accessible to
leading sea routes.
xiv) Japan has many sea ports which make importation of raw materials and
exportation of goods easy.
i) Environmental pollution i.e. air/ water / noise pollution and this has a negative
effect.
ii) Land pollution has occurred due to dumping of industrial waste on land.
iii) Traffic congestion i.e. there is shortage of packing space due to increased number
of cars produced.
iv) Over exploitation of the limited raw materials e.g. coal due to increased number of
cars produced.
v) Inadequate housing facilities due to high demand of houses caused by large
manpower attracted to the many industries.
FIELD WORK
Form 4 geography class of EGSS carried out a field study about Mumias Sugar Company.
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TOPICAL QUESTIONS.
1. Explain three causes of the decline in the textile industry in Kenya (6 mks) –kcse 2003
Large scale importation of second hand clothes has reduced demand for locally
produced textile products.
There is decline in the production of cotton which has led to limited supply of raw
materials for the textile industry.
Mismanagement of textile factories has led to closure of such operations.
Belief that imported garments are superior to locally produced ones has reduced
demand for local garments.
Decline in economy has discouraged investors who would set up textile industries in
Kenya.
2. State four ways in which Kenya has benefited from the motor vehicle assembly
industry (4 mks) –kcse 2009
It is easier to transport refined petroleum products than crude hence the need to
process crude oil at the point of entry.
Crude oil – the raw material for the refinery comes by sea / cheaper to transport to the
port of Mombasa.
Nearness to the source of raw material.
Mombasa is the only port of entry.
This is a big industrial landscape formed due to joining together of many industrial towns.
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The Moscow area of Russia.
7. Explain three ways through which industries will contribute to achievement of vision
2030 in Kenya.
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TOPIC SEVEN: TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION.
By Prof. Ogoti Robert Maxwell
- Transport is the physical movement of goods/ people from one place to another –kcse
2022
- Communication is the transmission of ideas/ information from one person to another –
kcse 2019
Modes of Transport.
- They are medium on which movement of people/ goods take place.
- They include;
Land transport.
Water transport.
Air transport.
1. Land Transport.
- It involves movement of goods/ people using units of carriage that move on dry land.
- Means of transport are; -kcse 2021
Human/ animal transport.
Road transport.
Railway transport.
Pipeline transport.
Road Transport.
- It is the movement of goods/ people on roads using means like vehicles/ bicycles/
motor cycles.
Types of roads.
i) All weather roads- Are used all year round i.e. tarmac and murram roads.
ii) Dry weather roads- Are used/ reliable during dry seasons.
iii) Motorable trucks- Are used by people on foot and by vehicles on dry season.
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- A one way road is a double carriage where roads are built parallel to each other and
on each road traffic flows in one direction.
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Key:
A- The Great North Road- connects Capetown and Cairo.
B- Trans- African highway- connects Port of Mombasa and Dakar.
C- Trans- Saharan highway- connects Lagos and Tripoli through Algeria.
D- West-highway- connects Lagos and Nouakchatt
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viii. Some roads are narrow which may lead to heavy traffic limiting ease of movement/
overtaking.
Reasons why road transport is more developed than railway in Africa/ Kenya/ East Africa
–kcse 2004
i. Roads are cheaper to construct/ maintain than railways.
ii. Roads are more flexible/ provide door to door services unlike railways that use a
rigid line.
iii. Roads can be used by a wide range of transport agents/ they are versatile.
iv. Roads are a faster means of transporting goods/ people than railways.
v. There is a high demand for road transport than railway transport.
vi. The high cost of constructing railway in comparison to roads discourage railway
transport.
vii. Skills of road construction are less involving as compared to railways where
different gauges are constructed.
viii. Roads carry small quantities of goods, this promotes small scale business to most
areas as opposed to railway.
ix. Roads are more suitable for short distances than railways.
Benefits that would result from improving the conditions of roads in rural areas in Kenya –
kcse 2022
i) It would encourage setting up of industries/ growth of tourism.
ii) It would encourage the setting up/ improvement of social amenities.
iii) It would attract investors/ encourage diverse investments/ improve trade.
iv) It would encourage effective exploitation of agricultural/ mineral forest resources.
v) It would lead to growth/ development of urban centres.
vi) It would enhance access to security services.
vii) It would lead to creation of more employment opportunities.
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Factors hindering development of road transport.
i. Limited advanced technology causes substandard works on roads causing potholes
on roads.
ii. Inadequate capital for the construction of new roads/ maintain existing roads.
iii. Harsh weather conditions during rainy season causes floods/ make dry weather
roads muddy hence impassable.
iv. Presence of physical barriers like mountains/ escarpments that make road
construction difficult/ expensive.
v. The absence of resources in some parts of Kenya/ sparse population with few
economic activities making road construction non-viable.
Railway Transport.
- It is the movement of goods/ people on rails using trains.
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Examples of Railway lines in Africa.
i. Tazara Railway- connects Zambia copper belt with the sea port of Dar-es-salaam.
ii. Benguela Railway- run from Zambia copper belt to Angola.
iii. Kenya- Uganda Railway- runs from Mombasa to Kisumu with an extension from
Nakuru through Eldoret to Malaba then through Tororo to Kampala.
iv. Kenya’s other railway branches are Voi to Taveta, Konza to Magadi, Nairobi to
Nanyuki, Gilgil to Nyahururu, Nakuru to Eldoret and Kisumu to Butere.
Factors that hinder development of railway links among African countries –kcse 2001
i. African countries have railways of different gauges which makes it difficult to link
them.
ii. Administration by different colonial governments who constructed railway lines only
within areas of their jurisdiction.
iii. Different political ideologies/ political instability among African countries hinder
efforts to construct railway lines to link them.
iv. Inadequate capital limits the construction of new railway lines/ maintenance of
railways.
v. Most parts of Africa are economically unproductive thus it would be uneconomical to
link railways.
vi. Competition from/ presence of other means of transport has led to neglect of railway
transport.
vii. Limited trade links due to production of similar goods makes it unjustifiable to
construct railway lines.
viii. Variation in the terrain like mountain landscape has hindered the linkage of the
railways due to high cost involved.
Quick Quizs.
1. State five benefits of standard railway gauge (SGR) construction in Kenya (5mks).
2. Explain four advantages of railway transport over road transport (8mks).
Pipeline Transport.
- It is the movement of fluids/ gas products like water/ gas/ oil/ petrol/ diesel through
pipes from one place to another.
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Advantages of pipeline transport.
i) It is a cheap means of transport as it requires little maintenance.
ii) It is a safe means of transporting liquids.
iii) It does not suffer from traffic congestions/ delays.
iv) It is a reliable and convenient means of transporting highly inflammable products
like petroleum.
v) It is not affected by any weather conditions.
vi) The cost of maintaining/ operating pipelines is lower.
vii) It can be used over varied surfaces/ beneath the ground.
viii) It is a faster means of transporting liquids.
Reasons why the government of Kenya is expanding pipeline transport –kcse 2012
i. To reduce congestion on roads.
ii. To reduce damage on roads by tankers.
iii. To reduce congestion of oil terminus.
iv. Pipeline transport is cheaper compared to road transport.
v. Pipeline transport is more reliable/ convenient than road.
vi. Faster means of transporting oil/ water/ gas.
vii. To minimize environmental pollution by tankers using the roads to transport
petroleum products.
viii. To reduce contamination/ wastage/ loss of oil products while being transported.
ix. It transport larger volumes of oil/ water/ gas.
2. Water Transport.
- It involves the movement of goods/ people over waterways/ waterbodies like rivers/
lakes/ oceans/ seas.
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Man-made lakes like Kariba, Nasser, Volta, Kainji.
Factors that have hindered development of river transport in Africa –kcse 2007
i. Low level of technology hinders the process of developing river transport.
ii. The presence of waterfalls and rapids which hinders the movement of vessels.
iii. Many rivers in Africa are short/ too shallow/ too swift/ narrow making it difficult
to navigate on those rivers.
iv. Presence of floating vegetation makes it difficult for vessels to sail on the river.
v. Silting at the river mouths hinders the development of river ports.
vi. Inadequate capital in the African countries to be used in the development of
waterways/ ports/ purchasing of vessels.
vii. Different political ideologies/ misunderstanding hinders development of river
transport for those rivers that are boundaries.
viii. Most rivers in Africa pass through unproductive areas hence it is uneconomical to
develop the rivers.
ix. The seasonal fluctuation of water regime makes it difficult for water vessels to sail.
Canal Transport.
- A canal is a water channel that is cut through land for boats/ ships to travel along.
- Some canals join large waterbodies like sea/ oceans.
-
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Examples of canals.
Suez Canal which joins Mediterranean and Red sea.
Panama Canal which connects Carribean.
Dortmund-Ems Canal which joins R. Rhine to the N. sea.
Soo Canals which connects L. Superior and L. Huron.
Ports. Island.
Kenya- P1- Mbita Kenya- S1- Mfangano Island.
P2- Homa bay
P3- Kendu bay
P4- Kisumu
P5- Asembo
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Advantages of water transport.
i. It does not require much capital to establish.
ii. It is cheap means of transporting bulky goods over long distances.
iii. Goods are transported in containers/ tankers therefore are protected in case of an
accident.
iv. It is not affected by congestion as waterways are large.
v. It is time saving as there are cranes at the port making loading and off-loading easier
and faster.
vi. Many ports are equipped with proper storage facilities for bulky goods hence
providing security to the goods.
Containerization.
- It is the packing of goods in standardized containers designed for use in transporting
cargo.
- Container depots in Kenya are Mombasa, Nairobi, Eldoret, and Kisumu.
Disadvantages of containerization.
i. High capital investment is required in the manufacture/ purchasing of containers.
ii. It is unsuitable for small quantities of goods for profitability to be achieved.
iii. The use of containers has led to unemployment due to increased use of machines.
iv. Containers are unsuitable to carry certain types of goods e.g. irregular shaped goods.
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v. The method of carrying goods requires organization and management skills to keep
track of the containers.
Reasons why containers are suitable in transporting cargo over long distances.
i. It is easy to load and off load the containers.
ii. The goods are not susceptible to any damage.
iii. It is time saving to load and off load the containers.
iv. The safety of goods is high reducing transport costs.
v. Containers occupy less space because they are of specific shape.
3. Air Transport.
- It involves the movement of people and goods in air by aeroplanes/ flights/
helicopters.
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Problems facing air transport in Africa.
i. High cost of running and establishing airlines has discouraged the development in
Africa.
ii. Political differences among African countries restrict free movement of people among
the African countries.
iii. Inadequate facilities at most of the airports due to inadequate capital by African
countries.
iv. Stiff competition from other means of transport which are cheaper and more
convenient.
v. Ait transport has limited carrying capacity while most African countries produce
goods that are heavy and bulky hence air transport is unsuitable means of transport.
vi. Air transport requires high technology in handling equipment and other airport
operations which is not available among African countries.
Efforts Kenyan government has taken to improve air transport –kcse 2015
i. Expansion of existing airports/ improvement of airport facilities/ construction of
airports to cope with increased air traffic.
ii. Training personnel in modern aviation technology/ hiring trained personnel to
improve service delivery.
iii. Promoting budget flights/ package tours to lower the cost of travel/ lower operational
costs/ encourage people to use air transport.
iv. Enhancing security around the airports to reduce crime/ lower accidents risks.
v. Installing modern aviation equipment to increase efficiency in service delivery.
vi. Encouraging partnership with established airlines in order to get capital for expansion
of air transport.
vii. Promotion of domestic air transport to minimize use of airport facilities.
viii. Acquisition of modern aircrafts to march international competition.
Assignment.
1. Explain five roles of transport in the economic development of Africa (10mks).
2. Explain five problems facing transport in Africa (10mks)
3. Explain five efforts being made to solve the problems facing transport in Africa
(10mks)
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COMMUNICATION.
- It is the process of passing information between two or more persons –kcse 2019
Types of communication.
i. Oral/ verbal communication- transmission of information by the word of mouth e.g.
face to face.
ii. Written communication- transmission of information by writing e.g. letters,
magazines, newspapers and journals.
iii. Audio-visual communication- transmission of information by using sounds, signs
and pictures e.g. television.
iv. Sign language- transmission of information using signs.
Telecommunication.
- It is the process of passing information between two or more persons over long
distances.
- Examples;
Telephone
Cellular phone
Facsimile
Internet
Telex services
Paging services
Telegraphic services
Mass communication.
- It is the transmission of information used to reach a very wide audience.
- Types of mass communication –kcse 2019
Radio
Television
Internet
Newspapers/ magazines
Films/ videos
Billboards/ posters/ banners
Flyers
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Problems facing communication in Africa –kcse 2019
i. Varied physical landscape that hinders construction of communication lines.
ii. Vandalism of communication equipment hinders communication.
iii. Inadequate capital to install communication equipment.
iv. Inefficient/ obsolete communication systems.
v. Language barrier due to diverse ethnic backgrounds.
vi. Inadequate communication facilitates.
vii. Destruction of communication facilities in some African countries due to civil wars/
terrorism.
viii. Political interference.
ix. Low technological knowhow.
x. Inappropriate legislation on communication.
xi. Inadequate skilled labour.
xii. High tariffs/ charges.
Efforts being made to solve the problem facing communication in Africa –kcse 2019
i. Liberalization of communication sector leading to modernization of the
communication systems.
ii. Establishment of trading blocs which have created favourable conditions for
improving communication between member states.
iii. Installing wireless telephone which are less prone to vandalism.
iv. Many African countries have established satellites facilities/ radios/ televisions
boosters in order to improve communication.
v. Many African countries are adopting international languages like French/ English/
Kiswahili in order to reduce language barrier.
vi. Many African countries are training personnel on modern skills of
communication.
vii. Appropriate legislations are being put in place to facilitate communication.
viii. Encouraging entrepreneurs to invest in the communication.
ix. Lowering tariffs to make communication affordable.
x. Establishing peace missionary to restore political stability thus enhancing
development.
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Objectives of St. Lawrence Seaway project.
i. To construct canals by-passing the sections with rapids and waterfalls along River St.
Lawrence.
ii. To establish locks along the river channel to regulate the flow of water and movement
of vessels.
iii. To construct dams to generate HEP and regulate flow of the river.
iv. To deepen the river channel and regulate the differences in the lakes level.
v. To remove rock shoals, rapids and several islands in the river channel that hindered
navigation.
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Benefits of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Sea way to the economies of U.S.A. and
Canada –kcse 2022
i. The dams found along the route provide hydroelectric power for domestic/ industrial
use.
ii. It provides cheap/ easy navigation means of transport for imports/ exports
encouraging trade/ agriculture.
iii. The seaway has created employment opportunities in the transport industry raising
the standards of living of the people in both countries.
iv. It has led to the growth of ports/ towns along its course, these have become focal
points for various economic activities.
v. Due to accessibility to raw materials there has been extensive industrial
development in the area.
vi. Tariffs charged earn the countries income/ revenue.
vii. The lakes and the seaway are a source of fresh water for domestic/ industrial use.
viii. The seaway is a tourist attraction, earning the two countries foreign exchange/
income/ revenue.
TOPICAL QUESTIONS.
1. State five reasons why it is difficult to transport goods from Mombasa to Lagos by
road (5mks) –kcse 2010
2. Give four reasons why motorcycle transport has become common in most parts of
Kenya (4mks).
3. State three ways in which the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway has contributed
to the growth of industries in the region (3mks) –kcse 2007
4. State four causes of the decline in the use of letter writing as a means of
communication in Kenya (4mks) –kcse 2016
5. Explain four problems facing telephone as a means of communication in Kenya
(8mks) –kcse 2001
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TOPIC EIGHT: TRADE
By Prof. Ogoti Robert Maxwell.
- Trade is the exchange of goods and services.
Types of trade.
(a) Internal/ Domestic/ Home/ Local trade –kcse 2019
- It is the exchange of goods and services within a country.
i. Wholesalers/wholesale trade.
- It involves buying goods in bulk from producers and selling them to retailers.
- Characteristics of wholesalers;
Requires a lot of capital.
Operate from large premises.
Mainly found in urban centres.
Purchase goods in bulk from producers and sell them in retail.
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Factors influencing Trade.
i) Availability of capital to start trade/business venture.
ii) Availability of well-developed transport/ communication networks enhances
efficiency of trade.
iii) Demand and supply of goods i.e. the more the demand, the higher the supply
hence trade.
iv) Differences in natural resources enhances trade to obtain goods and services not
found in a given area.
v) Availability of market i.e. high population with high purchasing power promote
trade.
vi) Trading blocs/ economic unions among countries promote regional trade among
member states.
vii) Good political relationship among the member states of the trading blocs
encourage trade.
viii) Security is essential for trade.
ix) Existence of aids to trade e.g. banking, insurance, warehousing promote trade.
x) Government initiatives like Uwezo funds/ loans/ grants to people promote trade.
ii) Use of different currencies can be obstacle to trade as different exchange rates
may make imported goods expensive.
iii) Poor means of transport like roads delays the movement of goods/ people hence
interfering with trade.
iv) Poor communication networks delays information thus limiting trade
transactions.
v) Poor political relations between countries leads to trade bans/ restrictions
lowering volume of trade.
vi) Difference in technological level leads to adverse balance of trade especially in
developing countries.
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Major Exports from Kenya.
- Visible exports e.g. –kcse 2010
Coffee
Tea
Fluorspar
Pyrethrum
Horticultural products e.g. flowers
Soda ash
Cement
Miraa
Fish
Timber and timber products.
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v) Cultural differences leads to specialization in production of goods for exchange.
vi) The level of development of transport network enhances/ limits trade since
some commodities may not be carried over long distances/ the market potential is
restricted.
vii) Availability of capital enhances expansion of trade.
viii) Government policy which encourages/ discourages trade.
ix) Existence of aids to trade like banking, insurance, warehousing enhances trade.
x) Trade restrictions like tariffs, quotas, trade agreements and total bans.
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vii) The level of technology.
viii) Varying exchange rates.
ix) Availability of aids to trade.
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ix) The high fuel prices increase production/ transport costs leading to increased
prices of goods/ low demand for goods.
x) Insecurity in many places discourages investors in the country/ causes heavy
loses to traders.
xi) Poverty among the people has reduced their purchasing power.
1. EAC.
- It is the East African Community.
- Member states are Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, and Southern
Sudan.
- Sea ports that handle exports in East Africa are Mombasa, Dar-es-salaam, Lamu,
Tanga.
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Reasons why EAC was revived in the year 2001.
i) To promote regional integration among the member states.
ii) To promote suitable economic growth in the region.
iii) To establish a common market for the member states.
iv) To encourage free movement of labour among the member states.
v) To foster peace, stability and promote democracy among the member states.
vi) To liberalize trade within the region/ lower tariffs among the member states.
Ways in which Kenya will benefit from the renewed EAC –kcse 2005
i) There will be improved access to raw materials for industrial development.
ii) There will be mutual political understanding between Kenya and its neighbours.
iii) The expanded market will attract new investments from the local and foreign
sources.
iv) There will be exchange of research findings/ training which will help in
economic development.
v) There will be improved negotiating powers in the international arenas.
vi) There will be improved transport links between Kenya and other member states
facilitating movement of goods and people.
vii) Reduction of tariffs makes goods cheaper in the region and hence affordable
creating a large market.
Factors that limit trade among East African countries –kcse 2008
i) Political instability in some member states like Rwanda and southern Sudan.
ii) Political differences and suspicion by some member states e.g. between Kenya
and Tanzania.
iii) Ideological differences among the member states create suspicion among the
member states hindering trade.
iv) The production of similar goods by member states limits market.
v) Restriction of the movement of people and goods limits trade.
vi) Poor transport and communication network among the member states limits
trade.
vii) Lack of common currency makes it difficult to transact business.
viii) Different countries belong to different trading blocs hence limit trade.
2. COMESA.
- It is the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa.
- Established in 1981.
- Headquarter- Lusaka in Zambia.
- Member states are; -kcse 2020
Burundi √ Ethiopia
Namibia √ Uganda
Angola √ Mauritius
Zimbabwe √ Comoros
Lesotho √ Seychelles
Eritrea √ Egypt
Madagascar √ Sudan
DRC √ Kenya
Zambia √ Malawi
Djibouti √ Rwanda
Swaziland
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Objectives of COMESA/ why it was formed –kcse 2006
i) To reduce duties/ taxes on goods produced within the member states.
ii) To promote trade among the member states.
iii) To create monetary and financial cooperation among the member states.
iv) To create political cooperation among the member states.
v) To create regional specialization in order to improve the quality of goods.
vi) To remove trade barriers among the member states/ create similar trade laws.
vii) To create a large market for goods produced among the member states.
viii) To acquire greater economic strength/ higher bargaining power with other
trading blocs of the world.
3. SADC.
- It is the Southern African Development Community.
- Established in 1979.
- Headquarter- Gaborone in Botswana.
- Member states are;
Angola
Lesotho
Botswana
Swaziland
DRC
Malawi
South Africa
Mauritius
Mozambique
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
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Namibia
Seychelles
4. ECOWAS.
- It is the Economic Community of West African States.
- Established in 1976.
- Headquarter- Lagos in Nigeria.
- Member states are;
Benin √ Mauritania
Liberia √ Cameroon
Mali √ Guinea Bissau
Cape verde √ Gambia
Cote d’ Ivore √ Togo
Niger √ Senegal
Nigeria √ Guinea
Ghana
Morocco
Burkina faso
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Economic benefits of ECOWAS to the member states –kcse 2016
i) The volume of trade has been boosted as a result of expanded market.
ii) More transport facilities like roads have been constructed to link member states.
iii) Removal of trade barriers has extended market for the finished products/
secured the market for the member states.
iv) The transfer of technological/ capital within the trading bloc has been enhanced.
v) Cooperation in other fields like education/ health/ communication/ research has
been enhanced.
vi) Reduction of hostilities between member states has enhanced peace resulting in
rapid economic development.
vii) Provision of energy/ petroleum at reduced prices to the member states.
Objectives of EU.
i) To establish a common market for member states.
ii) To implement economic and monetary union.
iii) To promote cooperation in economic/ social/ trade matters.
iv) To negotiate trade agreements internationally.
v) To create a common currency for member states.
vi) To provide financial assistance to member states.
vii) To provide assistance to developing countries like Kenya.
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General benefits of Regional Trading Blocs –kcse 2020
i) The trading blocs have promoted expansion of markets hence enhancing
industrial/ agricultural development.
ii) The tariffs have been reduced making goods cheaper for the people raising their
living standards.
iii) They have helped to create harmony/ cooperation among member states through
trading.
iv) Trading among member states has boasted agricultural development as the
demand for raw material for industries increase.
v) Expansion of agriculture/ industries has helped in creation of employment thus
improving the living standards.
vi) Member states have merged funds/ resources to invest in joint projects for
economic development.
vii) Member states have reduced reliance for goods/ services from other parts of
the world enhancing their economic growth.
viii) The common market has made people of member states enjoy a variety of
commodities hence improving their living standards.
ix) Trading among member states has encouraged the development of transport/
communication hence easing movement of goods.
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Balance of Trade.
- It is the difference in value between a country’s visible exports and visible imports.
- Favourable balance of trade- the value of a country’s visible exports exceeds the
visible imports.
- Adverse/ unfavourable balance of trade- the value of a country’s visible imports
exceeds the visible exports.
- Balance of payment- the difference in value between visible and invisible exports
and imports of a country.
Measures Kenya may take to reduce unfavourable balance of trade –kcse 2020
i) Encouraging development of Jua Kali industries which do not require
importation of heavy machinery.
ii) Diversify agricultural exports to enable the country have a variety of exports.
iii) Look for new markets to avoid dependence on the traditional partners.
iv) Advertise tourism/ increase earning from invisible trade.
v) Restrict importation of luxury items/ impose high taxes on imported luxury
items.
vi) Establish import substitution industries to reduce importation of some
commodities.
vii) Encourage production of high quality export products to earn high income.
viii) Developing alternative sources of energy in order to reduce importation of fuels/
petroleum.
TOPICAL QUESTIONS.
1. Name four countries to which Kenya exports petroleum products (4mks) –kcse 2013
2. State four reasons why Kenya’s agricultural export earnings are generally low (4mks)
–kcse 2006
3. Explain four benefits that Kenya derives from international trade (8mks) –kcse 2015
4. Identify three political problems facing regional trading blocs in Africa (3mks) –kcse
2018
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TOPIC NINE: POPULATION.
By Prof. Ogoti Robert Maxwell
Definition of terms.
- Human population is the total number of people occupying/living in a given area.
- Demography is the study of statistical data on human population.
- Population distribution is the way people are spread out on the land.
- Population density is the number of persons per unit area i.e.
15000 people
X=
100 km2
= 150 persons per km2
Census.
- It is the physical counting of people living in each household.
- It is carried out after 10 years in Kenya.
- Census gathers wide variety of information relating to the;
Physical characteristics e.g. sex, race, birth, place, tribe
Social characteristics e.g. marital status, religion, education, housing,
language
Economic characteristics e.g. occupation, income
Reasons why it is necessary for a country to carry out population census –kcse 2021
i. To help in the distribution of resources.
ii. For planning purposes/ policy making.
iii. To help in creating administrative units/ boundaries.
iv. To identify the rates of birth/ death.
v. To help in estimating population growth.
vi. To determine total number of people.
Quiz: State and give reasons for the information collected using a well-designed population
census questionnaire (10mks)
It reveals trends of fertility and mortality which helps to calculate population
growth rate. It is also necessary for planning of social services.
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It reveals the place of birth of an individual. This may help to know the migration
trends.
It reveals the marital status which may help to know the marriage age.
It reveals the prevailing trends of population changing demands by regions.
The age-sex composition of the population helps to reveal regional imbalances in
working and dependence population.
It reveals the occupation of people which is useful in the estimation of the level of
taxation and employment.
It reveals the ethnicity/ nationality which may be useful in planning for the
distribution of political responsibilities.
It reveals the level of literacy for purposes of educational planning.
It helps in calculating dependency ratio used in determining tax relief.
It reveals the size of families which is used in determining rural-urban ratio.
Quiz: What are the factors that hinder effective census (7mks)
Shortage of funds that make it difficult to employ enough personnel and acquire
other necessary equipment.
Insufficient/ inaccurate census area maps and questionnaires.
Illiteracy may lead to wrong information being given.
Problems of language barrier/ accessibility that may lead to omission.
Inadequacies of enumerators/ poor training.
Problem of double counting leading to wrong information.
Fear/ suspicion/ superstition may lead to wrong information.
Lack of documents on vital data like birth and death certificate.
Political manoeuvrings interferes with effective census.
Insecurity in some areas makes the exercise difficult.
Time allocated during the census is normally not adequate as it is conducted at night.
ii. Relief.
- Varied relief will influence population distribution.
- Mountains/ hilly areas are rugged discouraging settlement/ development of roads/
agriculture.
- Plains/ gently sloping areas are densely populated since they are suitable for
settlement/ economic activities.
- Flat areas are sparsely populated because of poor drainage which cause flooding.
iii. Soils.
- Different types of soils influence varied farming activities that in turn influence
population distribution.
- Deep, well drained volcanic soils supports arable farming i.e. Kenyan highlands hence
densely populated.
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iv. Drainage.
- Drainage influences human activities on earth surface hence determining population
distribution.
- Well drained areas are suitable for agriculture hence densely populated.
- Low-lying areas are prone to flooding/ unsuitable for agriculture hence sparsely
populated.
vi. Vegetation.
- Different types of vegetation influence population distribution.
- Forested areas/ savannah woodland have wild animals, disease carrying vectors
discouraging settlement hence sparse population.
b) Human factors.
i) Historical factors.
- Slave trade left some parts of East Africa with low population.
ii) Security.
- Secured areas are densely populated unlike insecured areas which are sparsely
populated due to tribal conflicts/ civil wars.
iii) Urbanization.
- Growth of towns leads to influx of people searching for jobs.
v) Land ownership.
- Individually owned land is sparsely populated while communally owned land is
densely populated.
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Population Growth.
- This is the change that occurs in the number of people in an area over a given period
of time.
- Positive population growth is an increase in the number of people in an area over a
given period of time.
- Negative population growth is a decrease in the number of people in an area over a
given period of time.
1. Fertility.
- Fertility is the ability to conceive or produce children.
- Fecundity is the ability to give birth to many children
- Infertility is the inability to conceive or produce children.
- Infecundity/ sterility is the inability to give birth to many children.
- Fertility rate is the number of live births in a given population in a year –kcse 2018
- High fertility rate leads to high/ positive/ increased population growth.
- Low fertility rate leads to slow/ negative population growth.
Causes of high fertility/ birth rates/ population increase/ high/ positive population
growth.
a) Cultural belief; -kcse 2015
Sex preference when there is a high regard for birth of a son.
Polygamy which leads to birth of many children.
Early marriages give longer child bearing span.
Naming of relatives by alternating from the man’s to the woman’s side results
in large families.
Belief in large families as source of prestige e.g. children are a source of
labour and bride wealth.
Some cultures discourages the use of contraceptives leading to couples
getting many children.
b) Economic factors;
Need for a large pool of family labour.
Security in old age and defence.
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g) Migration –Political instability in some neighbouring countries has led to an influx of
refugees leading to population increase- kcse 2015
Causes of reduced fertility rate/ decline/ slow/ negative population growth –kcse 2018
a) The cost of bringing up children has gone up therefore parents limit the number of
children they can have.
b) Increased use of birth control methods has lowered the number of children women
get in their life time.
c) More girls are attending school/ are pursuing higher education and training.
This makes them stay longer before getting married.
d) Modern career opportunities have a limiting influence on a woman’s fertility rate.
Some employers do not want to employ women who keep going on maternity leave.
e) There is an increase in the number of women opting to remain single thus
reducing the number of children.
f) Urbanization has influenced people to have small families.
g) High rate of use of drugs that make most men unproductive.
2. Mortality.
- Mortality refers to deaths among members of a population.
Measures that have been taken by the government of Kenya to reduce infant mortality rate –
kcse 2021
i. Improving/ increasing medical facilities/ enhancing immunization programmes for
children to control diseases.
ii. Educating/ creating awareness on better care of the children.
iii. Granting longer maternity leave for mothers/ paternity leave.
iv. Encouraging use of family planning techniques/ manageable families.
v. Encourage provision of homes for orphans.
vi. Carrying out research on infant related diseases.
vii. Encouraging parents to feed their children on balanced diet.
viii. Providing free medical services for infants.
ix. Training traditional midwives.
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How diseases (HIV/AIDs or Covid-19) slow down economic development –kcse 2007
i. The sickness leads to absenteeism from work/ reduce productivity.
ii. Money spent in treating the sick could be used for other economic activities.
iii. Death resulting from diseases leads to loss of economically productive population.
iv. Care takers at family level use more time caring for the sick/ orphans instead of
engaging in economic activities.
v. Leads to high dependency ratio.
3. Migration.
- It is the movement of people from one place of residence to another.
Types of migration.
Internal migration.
External/ international migration.
- Push factors;
Insecurity
High incidences of diseases.
Lack of adequate land.
Unemployment.
Diminishing returns of land.
Rural hard living conditions.
Low wages/ low prices of farm produce.
Inadequate social services- hospitals, schools.
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People move from urban centres to seek for employment in the industries
located in rural areas/ county governments/ job transfer.
Shortage of housing facilities in urban centres has made some people move to
the suburbs/ small towns (where there are houses).
Some people move to the rural areas after retirement for settlement.
Some people move from urban centres to invest in the rural areas where
resources are cheaper.
Pollution related diseases in urban centres have made some people move to
rural areas where there is less pollution.
High cost of living in urban centres make people to move to rural areas where
the cost of living is low.
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Reasons for external migration.
i. Pursuit of higher education.
ii. International job offers.
iii. Warfare/Refugees/political unrest.
iv. Tourism.
v. Visiting relatives overseas.
vi. Attending international conferences.
vii. Political persecution/political asylum.
Causes of migration.
i. Pressure on land i.e. shortage of land in one area (push) and availability in another
area (pull force).
ii. Employment opportunities i.e. shortage of employment opportunities (push) and
availability (pull).
iii. Commercial/ business activities attract people.
iv. Pressure on social amenities e.g. houses available in one are (pull) and shortage in
another (push).
v. Natural calamities e.g. floods and drought make people to move from one area to
another.
vi. Political conflicts makes people to move to safe areas.
vii. Religious reasons where people move to other areas for religious matters.
viii. Discovery of mineral/ new resources make people to move.
ix. Government policies e.g. establishment of projects like dams construction makes
people to move.
Effects of migration.
(a) At the place of origin.
Shortage of labour on the farms.
Family break ups.
Under development in the rural areas.
Depopulation especially if the migration is forced.
Lower rate of industrialisation due to transfer of skilled labour.
Lowering fertility rate due to long separation.
Underemployment in rural areas due to lowered agricultural productivity.
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Acquisition of skills and change in attitude due to exposure.
- CBR and CDR are referred to as crude because all other characteristics of the
population e.g. age and sex are not considered.
- Natural population growth (NPG)/ Population Growth Rate (PGR) is the
difference between CBR, CDR and migration i.e.
Example: In 2019, the CBR in Kenya was 41.3 while the CDR was 11.7. Calculate
PGR.
Solution.
PGR = CBR – CDR x 100
1000
= 41.3 – 11.7 x 100
1000
= 2.96%
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Demographic/ Population Trends.
- Refers to the various changes which take place in the population of a given country
and their impact on socio-economic environment.
- These changes can be positive or negative.
- Demographic transition refers to the historical change in the birth and death rates
from high to low.
Stage/ phase 1.
- It was experienced in Europe before the 19th century.
- High birth rate and high death rate.
- There is little or no increase in population.
- High death rates are caused by;
Inadequate food supply.
Wars
Diseases
Insufficient medical facilities.
Stage/ phase 2.
- Kenya is in this stage.
- High birth rate and a decline in death rate.
- High population growth rate is due to;
Improved food supplies.
Improved medical facilities.
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Stage/ phase 3.
- A decline birth rate and relatively low death rates.
- Moderate population growth due to;
Need to have small families.
Increased use of birth control methods.
Stage/ phase 4.
- Low birth and death rates.
- Low population growth rate.
- The population becomes static and can only reproduce to replace the dying ones
(population replacement level).
- It is experienced in industrialised countries like Germany and Sweden where the birth
rate is falling below death rate.
Population structure.
- It is the composition of the population in terms of age and sex/ gender.
- It can be presented graphically using population pyramid/ Age-sex pyramid.
- Sex ratio is the population of males to females at different age-groups.
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- Characteristics; -kcse 2018
High birth rate.
High fertility rate.
High dependency ratio.
High death rate/ mortality.
Low life expectancy/ aging population is low.
Low working population.
Number of male and female is almost equal at all ages.
Number of infants from age 0 to 4 years is high.
Number of youthful population is high.
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Number of youthful population is low.
Dependency ratio.
- It is the proportion of unproductive population (below 20 years and above 65 years) in
relation to the productive population (20- 64 years).
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j. More land is likely to be used in the production of food crops at the expense of cash
crops hence reducing the country’s foreign exchange.
k. The high population in towns has made transport inadequate and expensive leading
to congestion at commuting points.
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Factors influencing population distribution in Sweden.
a) Relief.
- Population in highlands is low and scattered since mountainous areas have steep
slopes, thin stony soils and the subsoil is permanently frozen hindering agriculture.
b) Climate.
- The chilly climate with cold winters and snow covering northern part leads to low
population densities.
c) Forests.
- Forested areas are ideal for cultivation thus they are more populated.
- The plains not covered by forests have less population because they are permafrost.
d) Drainage.
- The population of Sweden is scattered since several small lakes and rivers are not
inhabited.
e) Mining centre.
- Mining centres like iron ore mining areas have high population densities due to
immigrants who provide labour.
f) Urbanization.
- The largest number of people live in urban areas e.g. Stockholm, capital city.
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Differences between population trends in Kenya and Sweden –kcse 2015
i. The population of Kenya consists of mainly a large number of young people below 20
years of age while Sweden has an ageing population.
ii. Kenya’s population has a relatively low life expectancy while Sweden has a high life
expectancy.
iii. Kenya has a high population birth rate while that of Sweden is low.
iv. Kenya’s fertility rate is high while in Sweden is slow.
v. Kenya’s death rate is high while that of Sweden is low.
vi. Kenya’s population growth rate is high while that of Sweden is low.
vii. Kenya has a high dependency ratio while in Sweden it is low.
viii. Most of Kenya’s population live in rural areas while in Sweden they mostly live in
urban centres.
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TOPIC TEN: SETTLEMENT
By Prof. Ogoti Robert Maxwell
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iii. Soils
- Areas with well drained soils attract settlements as a wide range of crops can be
grown.
- Areas with thin/ waterlogged soils discourages settlement as they are unsuitable for
arable farming.
v. Vegetation
- Different types of vegetation will influence the location of settlements.
- Thick vegetation e.g. forest may discourage establishment of settlements as they may
not be easily accessible and can be habitats to disease causing organisms and
dangerous animals.
2. Human Factors
i. Government policy- kcse 2009
- The government may displace people in order to set up projects in an area/ projects
set up by the government may attract settlements.
- The government may set up settlement schemes to resettle the landless.
- The government may gazette certain areas as reserves thus controlling settlement.
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iv. Social-cultural practices.
- Some Africans find it difficult to migrate out of the ancestral lands.
- Cultural practices like land inheritance may lead to land fragmentation thus dense
settlements.
- Cultures like communal land ownership may influence dense settlement patterns.
Settlement Patterns.
- These are layout/arrangement of dwellings/housing units/buildings in a particular
place.
- They include;- kcse 2016
Nucleated/clustered settlement pattern.
Dispersed/scattered settlement pattern.
Linear settlement pattern.
Radial settlement pattern.
Factors that lead to the development of nucleated settlement patterns- kcse 2013
i. Assurance of security/defence.
ii. Availability of social amenities.
iii. Limitation of land for building.
iv. Presence of a natural resource.
v. Presence of an industrial plant.
vi. Government policy on settlement.
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(d) Radial/star shaped settlement pattern.
- The dwellings/buildings are found where major/busy roads meet e.g. at road junction.
b) Cities
- They are largest towns of East Africa.
- They have city council status, house diplomatic missions and United Nations and
other international organisations.
- They house universities, referral hospitals and other specialized services like
insurance, banking, air travel, high class hotels and casinos.
- Main cities are Nairobi, Dar-es-salaam, Kampala.
c) Sea ports
- They are located in the Indian Ocean coast e.g Mombasa, Malindi, Dar-es-salaam,
Tanga, Mtwara and Lindi.
d) Lake Ports
- They are located along the shores of Lake Victoria e.g Kisumu, Mwanza, Kigoma,
Musoma, Bukoba, Jinja and Masindi.
e) Mining Towns
- They are towns which evolved due to mining activities e.g. Magadi(soda ash),
Kakamega(gold), Kilembe(copper), Tororo(limestone), Shinyanga(diamond).
f) Industrial towns.
- Their main activities are industrial activities e.g Athi River, Thika, Tororo, Jinja,
Tanga.
g) Collecting towns.
- They are located in rich agricultural areas e.g. Nakuru, Kisii, Eldoret, Mbale,
Mbarara, Iringa, Mbeya.
h) Gap towns.
- They are urban centres located at points of convergence of transport routes e.g. Voi,
Moshi, Tabora, Hoima
i) Administrative towns.
- They are headquarters of government ministries, organisations and development
agencies e.g All regional and county headquarters in Kenya, Dodoma, Singida,
Morogoro, Masindi, Lira, Arua.
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Factors favouring the growth of major urban centres in East Africa.
Urban growth is the expansion of towns/cities in terms of population and size.
i. Rural – urban migration: - This leads to the expansion of the facilities in the
urban areas to cater for the increased population.
iii. Natural population growth: - this is due to high birth rates and relatively low
death rates in most of the East African countries. This because most of the
migrants are in their reproductive age.
vii. Mining: - attracts workers who move and settle near the mineral works. The
mining company takes up the responsibility of providing the workers with social
facilities leading to expansion of towns e.g. Magadi Town (soda ash mining).
viii. Tourism: - the influx of tourists in a town may lead to its growth/expansion
because of high demand for hotels, social and recreational facilities.
ix. Trading activities have led to growth of some urban centres like Karatina, Thika.
Urban Morphology
• It refers to the internal structure and arrangement of towns. It is concerned with the physical
shape of towns, their history of development, variations in land uses and functions within
towns.
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Internal Structure of an ideal urban centre/urban zoning.
- Urban zoning is the division of a town into concrete rings/zones with specific functions. It
also involves classifying urban centres on the basis of land use within them,
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(d) Residential Zone
- Houses workers hence located close to industrial zones.
- Starts with low class residential estates to middle and high class.
Quiz.
The diagram below represents the functional zones of an urban centre –kcse 2006
b. State three ways in which the residents of the zone labelled agricultural land
benefits from the urban centre (3marks)
They have easy access to social amenities like medical and educational facilities.
They have ready market for their farm produce.
The working class can commute to and from the centre of work while living in
cheaper houses.
They have better chances of job opportunities than those living far away from the
centre.
They enjoy cheaper goods and services from the centre due to closeness to the town.
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Non-food Agricultural industries in Thika- kcse 2004
Leather tanning
Cotton spinning
Tobacco treatment/processing
Textiles
Tanning industry
Factors favouring the growth and development of Thika town as an industrial town-
kcse 2004
i. The widespread railway/road transport network which provides easy movement
of food/people/raw materials/finished products.- kcse 2016
ii. Its proximity to Nairobi/strategic location has led to industrial expansion as Nairobi
acts as market to its products/supplies–kcse 2016
iii. The rich agricultural hinterland has provided raw materials for industries–kcse
2007
iv. The abundant water supply from river chania which is used for industrial
purposes–kcse 2007
v. The cost of land is relatively cheap hence attract investors. There is ample/flat land
for development of industries/settlement–kcse 2016
vi. The high population around Thika provides ready market/labour for the industrial
products.
vii. The government policy of decentralization of industries has encouraged the growth
of Thika.
viii. Availability of building materials like sand harvested from River Chania.
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ix. Availability of hydro-electric power harnessed from river Chania used in industry.
x. Adequate social amenities like hospitals and schools attract settlement.
B. KISUMU
- This is third largest town in Kenya.
- The largest lake port in East Africa.
Factors favouring the growth and development of Kisumu as a lake port- kcse 2017
i. Early settlement by Asians led to commercial development of the town.
ii. It is strategically located on the shores of Lake Victoria hence handling trade
among the East African countries.
iii. It is surrounded by areas with high population which provide labour/market.
iv. It has abundant water supply from Lake Victoria for domestic/industrial use.
v. It has well developed road/railway networks making the town easily accessible.
vi. It has a rich agricultural hinterland which provides raw materials for industries.
vii. It has many industries like fish processing, breweries, making of soft drinks, boat
making, and soap making.
viii. It is the headquarters of Kisumu County hence setting up of administrative offices
leads to its growth.
Kisumu was a terminus for the Kenya-Uganda railway allowing the influx and settlement
of early Asian traders.
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C. ELDORET
- This is an agricultural collection centre.
- kcse 2011- Other towns in Kenya that started as agricultural collection centres are;
Nakuru
Eldoret
Nanyuki
Kitale
Nyeri
Nyahururu
Factors for the growth and development of Eldoret Town as an agricultural collection
centre- kcse 2009
i. Eldoret started as a railway station on the Kenya-Uganda railway and thus
attracted settlement.
ii. It has a rich agricultural hinterland which has led to its growth as an agricultural
collecting and processing centre.
iii. It is located in an area that experiences cool and wet climate ideal for settlement.
iv. The terrain of the land is a plateau which allows room for expansion.
v. The modern international airport has encouraged trade.
vi. Investment by local entrepreneurs/athletes has led to the expansion of the town.
vii. High population in the surrounding region provides market for agricultural,
manufactured goods/provides labour for the industries.
viii. The government policy of decentralization of industries led to setting up of some
industries in the town.
ix. Eldoret is the headquarter of Uasin Gishu County and this has attracted
administrative services in the town.
x. Establishment of many educational institutions has attracted settlement.
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RELATED STUDIES ON NAIROBI CITY AND NEW YORK CITY.
1. NAIROBI CITY.
- This is the capital city of Kenya and the largest urban centre in East Africa.
- It is the headquarters of many international organizations e.g. UNEP, ILRI, ICIPE, ICRAF,
HABITAT, etc
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Problems facing Nairobi City- kcse 2017
i. Traffic congestion during rush hours.
ii. High rate of unemployment.
iii. Shortage of housing.
iv. Increased noise and air pollution.
v. Inadequate social amenities like schools, water supply, health services and recreation
facilities.
vi. Increased crime rate.
vii. Development of slums/ unplanned settlement.
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Factors favouring the growth of New York City.
i. Great Sea Port which handles over 25% of all the trade in North America.
ii. Well-developed transport & Communication networks like sea routes/ canals/
international airports (J.F kennedy/ Newark/ La Guardia Airports).
iii. International Centre ie headquarters of several international organizations e.g. UN,
IMF and World Bank leading to world trade/finance centre.
iv. Well planned internal city structure ie manhattan distance which reduce traffic
congestion.
v. Presence of many industries that deal with paint, pulpwood, paper, machinery,
electrical equipment, pharmaceuticals, food processing, leather goods and textiles.
vi. Education centre ie has many educational institutions which attract many people.
vii. Cultural centre ie the city is internationally recognised as a fashion and art centre.
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Both cities are leading recreational and cultural centres with sports grounds,
cinema/theatres and other social activities.
Both cities have rivers passing through them.
Both have Open Park for recreation within their CBD e.g Uhuru Park and Rectangular
central park (New York).
Both cities are financial/ trade centre e.g CBK, World Bank, IMF.
Both cities are religious centre e.g churches/mosques/temples.
Kcse 2013: Identify two differences in the functions of Nairobi and New York.
(Answers are points i, ii, iii above)
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vi. Tourism has contributed to the development of many hotels which attract large
population/bring foreign exchange/ create employment.
vii. The island provides a good defensive site against external attacks.
viii. The flat land was ideal for construction of buildings.
ix. The coral limestone found in the area was used as building stones for houses.
x. Early trading which promoted early settlement.
xi. The construction of the railway and other lines of transport to the interior
contributed to the growth of the town.
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Problems facing Mombasa -Kcse 2001
Acute shortage of water as the population has outgrown the available supply.
Inadequate social amenities like schools/health services.
Shortage of housing.
Limited space for expansion.
Traffic congestion during rush hours.
Increased crime rates.
Increased noise/land/water/air pollution.
Definition of Terms
i. Hinterland is a wide area served by a port/city/town.
ii. Entreport is an area where export and import of goods occurs.
iii. Dry port is an inland port which holds goods on transit.
iv. Seaport is an entreport.
2. ROTTERDAM
- This is the largest port in the world and the most important entreport in Europe.
- Located at the mouths of rivers Rhine and Maas.
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Major world entreports.
i. Rotterdam port in Europe
ii. Antewerp port in Belgium
iii. Amsterdam port in Netherlands
iv. Mombasa port in Kenya
Functions of Rotterdam.
Educational centre e.g. Rotterdam Business School/ Erasmus university Rotterdam/
Tio business school.
Recreational centre e.g. Splashtours/ Euromast/ Climbing park fun forest/ Dekuip
stadium.
Industrial centre e.g. maritime and port industry/ steel industry.
Transport centre e.g. Hague airport/ Antwerp international airport/ port of
Rotterdam.
Residential centre e.g. Delfshaven estate/ Rotterdam Noord estate/ Katendrecht
estate/ cube houses.
Administrative centre e.g. Dutch headquarters of Allianz/ headquarter of port of
Rotterdam.
Commercial centre – It has booming trade in all commercial products e.g. Markthal
shopping mall/ Alexandrium shopping centre/ Mini mall/ De Bijenkorf Rotterdam.
Religious centre e.g. Merlana mosque/ Orthodox Church of Saint Alexander/
Orthodox cathedral of Saint Nicolas/ Lawrence church.
Health centre e.g. Erasmus MC hospital/ Erasmus university medical centre/ Kazia
hospital Rotterdam/ maastad hospital.
Tourist centre e.g. Rotterdam zoo Blijdore/ Euromast/ Floating farm/ Hotel New
York.
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vii. Both ports are located at the mouth of drowned rivers providing sheltered/ deep
harbours.
viii. Both ports are ice free thus used throughout the year.
ix. Both ports are tourist destinations earning their countries foreign exchange.
x. Both ports are industrial centres creating employment opportunities improving
people’s living standards.
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viii. Increased crime rates like pick pocketing/ carjacking/ thuggery.
ix. Breakdown of the family unit as men move to towns to seek job opportunities.
Kcse 2006- State factors that contribute to the emergence of slums in urban centres.
Low income due to unemployment/ underemployment.
Shortage of proper houses.
Inadequate financial ability.
High cost of land/ houses in other parts of the towns.
Poor urban planning.
High rate of migration into urban centres.
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TOPIC ELEVEN: MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF THE
ENVIRONMENT.
By Prof. Ogoti Robert Maxwell
Environmental Conservation.
- It is the protection, preservation and proper utilization of natural resources from
destruction/ wastage/ loss.
Environmental Hazards.
- They refer to dangers or disasters within the environment due to natural causes or
human activities.
- They include; -kcse 2009/ 2018/ 2023
Windstorms
Floods
Lightning
Pests and Diseases
Pollution
Volcanic eruptions
Drought/ Desertification
Earthquakes/ seismic disturbances
Heat waves/ fires
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Kcse 2009- Name three environmental hazards associated with climatic conditions
(3mks)
Windstorms
Lightning/ Thunderstorms
Floods
Drought/ desertification
Landslides
Heatwaves
Kcse 2023- Name two environmental hazards that occur as a result of human activities.
Desertification
Pollution
Flooding
Soil erosion
Forest fires
Earthquakes/ tremors- Dam failure
Diseases
Landslides
Pests
Drought
Land dereliction (ugliness of land)
1. Floods.
- A flood is an overflow of large amount of water over dry land.
Causes of floods.
i. Blockage of drainage in the urban centres by garbage as well as constructors hence
water spills to the surrounding streets/ roads.
ii. High rainfall rises the sea level/ lake/ river levels causing flooding in the adjacent
lands.
iii. Landslides blocking river channels leading to flooding.
iv. Tsunamis cause sea waves which floods the adjacent lands.
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v. Low-lying land limits the flow of surface run-off hence causing water to stagnate
leading to flooding.
vi. Deforestation limits infiltration of surface run-off hence causing flooding.
vii. Siltation of rivers and lakes making them shallow unable to handle large amounts of
water hence flooding.
viii. Presence of impermeable soils like clay limits water percolation resulting to
flooding.
ix. Breaking of a dam making the water in the reservoir to drown the land on the
downstream side of the valley.
Kcse 2001- Explain four factors that lead to frequent flooding in the lake region in
Kenya (8mks)
Most of the land is low lying which causes lake water to spread over wide area.
The rivers are at their old stage thus have flood plain which allows water to spread
over large area.
The high rainfall received in the area is discharged into the lake making its level rise
thus flooding adjacent lowlands.
Deforestation in the catchment areas reduces water infiltration and encourage surface
run-off which ends up in lakes increasing water volume hence spilling over to land.
Siltation of lakes makes them shallow unable to hold large water hence flooding.
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Some areas have black cotton soils which are non-porous when it soaks up allowing
water to flow and spread over.
2. Lightning.
- Flash of brilliant light in the sky produced by natural electricity passing between
clouds or from clouds to the ground.
3. Windstorms.
- They are strong destructive winds blowing across landmasses.
- They form due to great differences in atmospheric pressure on the ground.
- They include;
Tropical cyclones/ hurricanes in Caribbeans.
Willy willies in Australia.
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Tornadoes in North America.
Typhoons in the Far East.
Control of windstorms.
i) Planting trees to act as windbreaks.
ii) Monitoring windstorms so as to put mitigation measures.
iii) Warning people about the dangers of windstorms for them to take precautionary
measures.
iv) Taking shelter in bankers.
5. Pollution.
- It is the introduction of harmful/ poisonous substances into the environment which
interferes with its quality-kcse 2004
Types of pollution –kcse 2001
i. Air pollution
ii. Water pollution
iii. Sound pollution
iv. Land pollution
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a) Air Pollution.
- It is the introduction of toxic/ harmful substances into the atmosphere which destroy
its purity.
b) Water Pollution.
- It is the introduction of harmful/ poisonous substances in water interfering with its
quality.
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Effects of water pollution –kcse 2007
i. It may cause death of aquatic life.
ii. It destroys aesthetic/beauty of beach/ waterbodies.
iii. It leads to spread of waterborne diseases.
iv. It leads to eutrophication/ growth of water weeds.
v. It causes foul smell to the environment.
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iv. Zoning noisy industrial areas from residential areas to protect people from noise
pollution.
v. Empowering traffic policemen to arrest vehicles with loud music/ exhaust pipes.
vi. Creation of bodies like NEMA (National Environment Management Authority) to
deal with environmental matters like sound.
vii. The government should come up with punitive legislative measures to control noise
pollution.
d) Land Pollution.
- It is the introduction of harmful/ poisonous substances in the soil/ land leading to
deterioration of their state.
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vi) Government legislation against dumping.
vii) Setting up proper garbage collection/ management program.
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