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Link to original content: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/transele/advpub/0/_contents/-char/en
IEICE Transactions on Electronics
IEICE Transactions on Electronics
Online ISSN : 1745-1353
Print ISSN : 0916-8524
Advance online publication
Displaying 1-36 of 36 articles from this issue
  • Baoquan ZHONG, Zhiqun CHENG, Minshi JIA, Bingxin LI, Kun WANG, Zhengha ...
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2024ECP5043
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: November 06, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    This paper presents a broadband high-efficiency power amplifier (PA) based on a series of continuous modes (SCMs). A novel filtering matching network is proposed for realizing the output matching network (OMN) of the PA. The network consists of a branch-loaded cascade-coupled microstrip line structure (BLCCMLS) and a harmonic control network (HCN). The cascaded coupled microstrip line extends the bandwidth of the filter, and this filtering OMN has high bandpass selectivity and high out-of-band rejection, which improves the efficiency of the PA. For demonstration, a 10W GaN HEMT device is used to design and implement a PA. The measurement results indicate that the designed PA achieved an output power (Pout) of 38.7-42 dBm, a drain efficiency (DE) of 60.5%-74.1%, and a gain of 8.7-12 dB at 2.05-2.7 GHz.

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  • Kazuya TADA
    Article type: BRIEF PAPER
    Article ID: 2024OMS0004
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: October 31, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    S-shaped current (I)-voltage (V) characteristics are routinely observed in emerging photovoltaic cell research. The opposed twodiode equivalent circuit model can reproduce such characteristics. The present study demonstrates Bayesian estimation of equivalent circuit parameters of a photovoltaic cell from S-shaped I-V characteristics with affordable computational cost below 15 min. The demonstration codes have been made publicly available on GitHub to cultivate transparency and facilitate reproducibility. This initiative aims not only to advance the understanding of photovoltaic cell behaviors but also to provide a practical, accessible tool for researchers in the field.

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  • Suguru KURATOMI, Satoshi USUI, Yoko TATEWAKI, Hiroaki USUI
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2024OMP0001
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: October 08, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    Naphthalenediimide (NDI) derivatives without or with one or two vinyl groups were synthesized to prepare thin films by the vapor deposition. NDI with larger number of vinyl substitution tends to form thin films with poorer crystallinity and lower electrical conductivity. On the other hand, the vinyl modification is effective in improving film morphology and temporal stability. Electron-assisted deposition of the vinyl-substituted NDIs produces smooth and stable amorphous polymer films with a lower conductivity. The vinyl substitution brings about contradictory effects of improving film morphology and stability at a cost of reducing crystallinity and conductivity. The vinyl modification also enables controlling the film/substrate interface by covalent tethering via a self-assembled monolayer.

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  • Jianxiao Xie, Zejun Zhang
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2024ECP5008
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: September 30, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    In this paper, a position-aided beam training (PBT) in millimeter wave (mmWave) non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems method is proposed. Position information can be used to compute the angle of beam pointing and essentially eliminate the beam alignment overhead. Based on the angle, a clustering method based on k-means is conducted to cluster users. After clustering, the beamforming method based on the cluster center is developed to reduces interference between each cluster. Finally, power allocation for downlink NOMA is put forward to maximize sum rate with user position information. Simulation analysis confirm the superiority of the proposed method over the conventional ones in performance.

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  • Ryo TAKANO, Hamza JAVID, Heeyoung LEE, Yosuke MIZUNO
    Article type: BRIEF PAPER
    Article ID: 2024ECS6008
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: September 30, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    This study explores the use of a commercially available polymer optical fiber within an axially aligned offset-free single-mode-multimode-single-mode (SMS) structure for twist sensing. We analyze the transmitted light spectral response to twist angles from -360° to 360°, identifying distinct behaviors for clockwise and counterclockwise twists. Focusing on two specific wavelengths, we demonstrate that this configuration can effectively measure both the magnitude and direction of twists.

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  • Yoshihiro NAKA, Masahiko NISHIMOTO, Mitsuhiro YOKOTA
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2024REP0004
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: September 20, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    An optical resonator with two waveguide discontinuities constructed by a metal-dielectric-metal plasmonic waveguide has been analyzed using the finite-difference time-domain (FD-TD) method with the piecewise linear recursive convolution (PLRC) method. The waveguide discontinuity has been expressed as an equivalent transmission line circuit whose circuit parameters are estimated from the reflection coefficients analyzed by the FD-TD method. We have confirmed the validity of the circuit configuration because the reflection characteristics of the equivalent circuit with the circuit parameters agree with those of the FD-TD method. Next, we have analyzed a resonator structure with two waveguide discontinuities and shown that the equivalent circuit gives a good approximation for the structure with a large difference in waveguide width at the discontinuities, in which conventional equivalent circuits had large errors.

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  • Hiroki Hoshino, Kentaro Kusama, Takayuki Arai
    Article type: INVITED PAPER
    Article ID: 2024DII0007
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: September 18, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    We have developed novel coating materials capable of absorbing fingerprint oils over time. When touch screens are operated with fingers, these oils adhere to the surface, rendering them visibly dirty. When finger oils adhere to anti-reflective coatings and structures, such as moth-eye films, their anti-reflective efficacy is substantially compromised. Specifically, in moth-eye films, the oils penetrate the grooves of the bell-shaped array and are difficult to remove. In this paper, we discuss our investigation into a technique for developing anti-fingerprint properties using these novel coating materials.

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  • Tsuneki YAMASAKI
    Article type: INVITED PAPER
    Article ID: 2024REI0001
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: September 12, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    This paper describes the high-precision electromagnetic field analysis methods that the author has developed (point matching method considering edge condition and Modified Fourier series expansion method) and research on their applications. In addition, as a new application of periodic structures, it is discuss a new method for solving scattering problems involving arbitrarily shaped objects in inhomogeneous media.

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  • Kengo SUGAHARA
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2024REP0002
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: September 10, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    This paper presents an extension of the Kelvin transformation for high-frequency electromagnetic problems. The Kelvin transformation is a coordinate transformation that maps infinite space to a finite space, acting as a conformal transformation of Maxwell's equations. We apply concepts of differential geometry to derive the material constant's metric and spatial dependence in the exterior domain, which was originally proposed for low-frequency eddy current problems. This paper extends the conformal transformation concept to high-frequency problems by introducing a Perfectly Matched Layer (hereafter referred as to PML) in the exterior domain. This technique makes it easy to apply a simple Maxwellian PML.

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  • Cuong Manh BUI, Hiroshi SHIRAI
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2024REP0001
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: September 06, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    In this study, the scattering fields by multi-window buildings have been analyzed by using the Kirchhoff approximation method. The scattering fields are obtained by the radiation integrals due to the equivalent current sources excited by the incident plane wave on the exterior of the building and the virtually closed window apertures. The fields in the window region are represented by rectangular waveguide modes, then the reflected fields from window glasses are also converted to the equivalent currents. The validity of our formulation has been confirmed by numerical comparison with the physical optics method and by measurements on scale models. Discussions have been made on the impact of window glass in the context of high-frequency wireless communications.

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  • Hiroyuki DEGUCHI, Masataka OHIRA, Mikio TSUJI
    Article type: BRIEF PAPER
    Article ID: 2024RES0003
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: September 06, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    This paper proposes directivity synthesis for multimode horns with square-waveguide aperture based on quadratic programming approach using radiation patterns for each mode for obtaining axial-symmetric beam and low cross-polarization components, and also for realizing desired constant beamwidth. As a design example, we present a 11/14/20/30-GHz primary horn with square aperture and also show effectiveness of the proposed method by evaluating electric force lines of aperture distribution and 15-dB beamwidth of radiation patterns.

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  • Hiroto Tochigi, Masakazu Nakatani, Ken-ichi Aoshima, Mayumi Kawana, Yu ...
    Article type: INVITED PAPER
    Article ID: 2024DII0005
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: September 03, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    In this study, we introduce a lateral electric-field driving system based on continuous potential-difference driving using lateral transparent electrodes to achieve a wide viewing zone angle in electronic holographic displays. We evaluate light modulation to validate the independent driving capability of each pixel at a high resolution (pixel pitch: 1 μm). Additionally, we demonstrate the feasibility of two-dimensional driving by integrating the driving and ground electrodes.

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  • Yuki Imamura, Daiki Fujii, Yuki Enomoto, Yuichi Ueno, Yosei Shibata, M ...
    Article type: INVITED PAPER
    Article ID: 2024DII0002
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: August 29, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    The slit coater method is an excellent liquid crystal (LC) alignment control technique that can order the LC alignment even on plastic substrates without pre-forming optional LC alignment films. However, controlling an arbitrary pretilt angle is still one of the issues. To elucidate the essence of the mechanism of the alignment transition from the planer to vertical alignment by UV polymerization, an in-liquid atomic force microscope was introduced. As a result, it was deduced that the LC alignment transition is induced by the realignment of mesogenic groups rather than surface topological change.

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  • Keiya IMORI, Junya SEKIKAWA
    Article type: BRIEF PAPER
    Article ID: 2024EMS0001
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: August 29, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    Electrical contacts are separated at a constant opening speed in a 48VDC/50A-600A resistive circuit. Break arcs are observed using two high-speed cameras from the top and side directions. Lengths of the break arcs are analyzed from images taken by the cameras. Arc voltages and currents corresponding to the analyzed arc lengths are investigated to obtain voltage-current characteristics of the break arcs. Relationships between the arc length versus gap voltage and the arc length versus circuit current are obtained. These results are slightly scattered. Therefore, to obtain one-to-one relationships between the arc length and the gap voltage, approximate curves should be determined for these results. Using these approximate curves, eventually, the voltage-current characteristics for each arc length are indicated.

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  • Naoki KANDA, Junya SEKIKAWA
    Article type: BRIEF PAPER
    Article ID: 2024EMS0002
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: August 29, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    In a 100VDC/5A resistive circuit, silver electrical contact s with airflow ejection structure are separated at a constant speed Break arcs are generated between the contacts and blown by the airflow between the contact gap. Airflow rate is varied by changing shape s of the contacts. The break arcs are observed by two high speed cameras. Following results are shown. Arc duration is shortened by the airflow. When the air flow rate is increased, the arc duration becomes shorter, and the break arcs are driven farther outward from the center axis of the contact s and are extinguished in a shorter length

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  • Yongzhe Wei, Zhongyuan Zhou, Zhicheng Xue, Shunyu Yao, Haichun Wang
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2024ECP5022
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: August 28, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    Power line communication (PLC) technology utilizes the alternating current distribution network to transmit signals, enabling high-speed information exchange in photovoltaic (PV) power systems without the need for additional wiring, thereby saving costs. The use of PV PLC technology may potentially cause radiated emissions that interfere with wireless radiocommunications, consequently leading to electromagnetic compatibility issue. Additionally, conducting accurate radiated emission measurements on-site in PV power systems can be challenging. The paper proposes a methodology utilizing a scaled model for the equivalent radiated emissions of PV PLC. This approach facilitates the execution of equivalent testing for PV PLC radiated emissions under controlled laboratory conditions. Conducting a simulation study using CST to determine the equivalent simulation of actual long-line model through scaled short-line model, three scaled short-line models with different diameters were selected for comparison with the simulated radiated emission results of long-line model. After that, the optimal scaled short-line model was determined, followed by practical testing of the scaled short-line model in an anechoic chamber. Finally, by comparing the results, the accuracy of the simulation model was validated, this further substantiates the feasibility of the research methodology employed in this study. The study serves as a reference for achieving accurate prediction of PV PLC radiated emissions and the determination of associated limits in the future.

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  • Mio TANIGUCHI, Akito IGUCHI, Yasuhide TSUJI
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2024ECP5023
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: August 26, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    In this paper, we design one-dimensional (1D) magneto-metasurface for THz isolator application. In this optimization, frequency domain finite element method (FD-FEM) with periodic boundary condition (PBC) is employed as a numerical simulation method and two kinds of evolutionary algorithms were used to optimize design parameters. In order to optimize two objectives to maximize unidirectional transmission and isolation ratio, we propose a novel objective function using ELU function. The results show that designed metasurface isolator with relatively simple structure can realize unidirectional transmission. In addition, it is demonstrated that angular characteristics is improved by optimizing DC magnetic field and operating temperature.

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  • Kouji SHIBATA, Masaki KOBAYASHI
    Article type: BRIEF PAPER
    Article ID: 2024ECS6007
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: August 26, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    This paper proposes a jig structure for a large-diameter coaxial-feed type stepped cut-off circular waveguide to enable accurate measurement of permittivity for liquids with good repeatability in the MHz band. The jig combines an N connector and a metal sample holder with an inner diameter slightly larger than that of the connector flange's outer conductor. The accuracy of S11 evaluation under short termination conditions was improved by this construction. To verify the validity of the proposed structure, several jig sets and short metal rods for S11 calibration were made. S11 was measured multiple times using the VNA when the jig tip was short, open, and with a reference material inserted (here, pure water), with methanol and ethanol as unknown liquids. The permittivity of each liquid was estimated by substituting the measured S11 value above into a formula involving comparison with SOM termination (short/open conditions and a known material). The liquid estimation results obtained were compared with those evaluated based on an inverse problem via MMT (mode-matching technique), with results showing good agreement, simple and stable evaluation with little variation over multiple dielectric evaluations at low frequency.

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  • Zhi Earn TAN, Kenjiro MATSUMOTO, Masaya TAKAGI, Hiromasa SAEKI, Masaya ...
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2023ECP5059
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: August 15, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    This paper presents novel design procedures for a decoupling circuit, utilizing the coupling between antennas. The proposed decoupling circuit consists of, a Band-Stop Filter (BSF) based on Coupling Matrix Synthesis (CMS) theory, a pair of matching circuits, and microstrip connecting lines. By inserting a BSF into an antenna pair, high isolation can be achieved. By utilizing coupling between antennas, the proposed BSF can be designed only using 2 parallel resonators based on the CMS theory. To maintain impedance matching of patch antennas, a pair of matching circuits is inserted after the BSF for each port. Lastly, the decoupling circuit model was fabricated. The experimental results have a good agreement with the simulation result and the validity of the proposed design method is confirmed.

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  • Misato ONISHI, Kazuhiro YAMAGUCHI, Yuji SAKAMOTO
    Article type: INVITED PAPER
    Article ID: 2024DII0004
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: August 05, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    Holography is a three-dimensional (3D) technology that enables natural stereoscopic viewing with deep depth and expected for practical use in the future. Based on the recording process of holography, the electronic data generated through numerical simulation in a computer are called computer-generated holograms (CGHs). Displaying the generated CGH on a spatial light modulator and reconstructing a 3D object by illuminating it with light is called electro-holography. One of the issues in the development of 3DTV using electro-holography is the compression and transmission of a CGH. Because of the data loss caused by compression in a CGH, the quality of the reconstructed image may be affected, unlike normal 2D images. In wireless transmission of a CGH, not only data loss due to compression but also retransmissions and drops of data due to unstable network environments occur. These may degrade the quality of the reconstructed image, cause frame drops, and decrease the frame rate. In this paper, we developed a system for streaming CGH videos for reconstructing 3D objects using electro-holography. CGH videos were generated by merging multiple CGHs into a timeline, and the uncompressed or lossless compressed CGH videos were streamed via a network such as wired and wireless local area networks, a local 5G network, and mobile network. The performance of the network and quality of the CGH videos and reconstructed images were evaluated. Optically reconstructed images were obtained from the uncompressed CGH videos streamed via the networks. It was also confirmed that the required bit rate could be reduced without degrading the quality of the reconstructed image by using lossless compression. In some cases of wireless transmission, even when packet loss or retransmission occurs, there was no degradation in the reconstructed image quality.

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  • Koya TANIKAWA, Shun FUJII, Soma KOGURE, Shuya TANAKA, Shun TASAKA, Kos ...
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2024ECP5014
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: August 05, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    We present first-time demonstration of short-reach and low-latency optical communication within a real network, employing a microresonator frequency comb as a light source. The modulated signal is transmitted through a 9-km single-mode optical fiber installed in a metropolitan network. This demonstration paves the way for realizing low-latency massively parallel optical communication, which is the key to beyond-5G and 6G network. For a proof-of-concept experiment, we employ an MgF2 crystalline microresonator with a 20-GHz free-spectral range that could be used for dense wavelength division multiplexing communication. We generated a stable soliton comb and modulated it with simple 10-Gbps intensity modulation and direct detection to achieve a small excess delay of 3.1 μs.

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  • Shotaro SUGITANI, Ryuichi NAKAJIMA, Keita YOSHIDA, Jun FURUTA, Kazutos ...
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2024ECP5016
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: August 05, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    Integrated circuits used in automotive or aerospace applications must have high soft error tolerance. Redundant Flip Flops (FFs) are effective to improve the soft error tolerance. However, these countermeasures have large performance overheads and can be excessive for terrestrial applications. This paper proposes two types of radiation-hardened FFs named Primary Latch Transmission gate FF (PLTGFF) and Feed-Back Gate Tri-state Inverter FF (FBTIFF) for terrestrial use. By increasing the critical charge (Qcrit) at weak nodes, soft error tolerance of them were improved with low performance overheads. PLTGFF has the 5% area, 4% delay, and 10% power overheads, while FBTIFF has the 42% area, 10% delay, and 22% power overheads. They were fabricated in a 65 nm bulk process. By α-particle and spallation neutron irradiation tests, the soft error rates are reduced by 25% for PLTGFF and 50% for FBTIFF compared to a standard FF. In the terrestrial environment, the proposed FFs have better trade-offs between reliability and performance than those of multiplexed FFs such as the dual-interlocked storage cell (DICE) with larger overheads than the proposed FFs.

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  • Ryosuke Ichikawa, Takumi Watanabe, Hiroki Takatsuka, Shiro Suyama, Hir ...
    Article type: INVITED PAPER
    Article ID: 2024DII0003
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: August 01, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    We introduce a new aquatic display optical system based on aerial imaging by retro-reflection (AIRR). This system places passive optical components (a beam splitter and retro-reflector) in water to eliminate disturbances due to water motion. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optical system, we develop a prototype optical system and compensate for the motion of the water surface. We analyze the motion compensation and quantify its effectiveness using peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM) metrics.

    From these results, we see that the optical system maintains a static image in water even when the water surface is undulating.

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  • Chan-Liang Wu, Chih-Wen Lu
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2024ECP5032
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: July 23, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    This study introduces a pattern-matching method to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of physical verification of cell libraries. The pattern-matching method swiftly compares layouts of all I/O units within a specific area, identifying significantly different I/O units. Utilizing random sampling or full permutation can improve the efficiency of verification of I/O cell libraries. All permutations within an 11-unit I/O unit library can produce 39,916,800 I/O units (11!), far exceeding the capacity of current IC layout software. However, the proposed algorithm generates the layout file within 1 second and significantly reduces the DRC verification time from infinite duration to 63 seconds executing 415 DRC rules. This approach effectively improves the potential to detect layer density errors in I/O libraries.While conventional processes detect layer density and DRC issues only when adjacent I/O cells are placed due to layout size and machine constraints, in this work, the proposed algorithm selectively generates multiple distinct combinations of I/O cells for verification, crucial for improving the accuracy of physical design.

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  • Umer FAROOQ, Masayuki MORI, Koichi MAEZAWA
    Article type: BRIEF PAPER
    Article ID: 2024ECS6002
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: July 17, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    This study discusses the behavior of resonant tunneling diode (RTD) oscillators when a transmission line (TL) stub is added. The TL stub acts as a delayed feedback unit, resulting in unstable and complex oscillation behavior. Circuit simulation showed that the circuits generate various waveforms, including chaos, by changing the stub length. Experimental demonstration of the simulation results was performed using circuits fabricated with hybrid integration techniques using an InGaAs/AlAs RTD. These complex signals have potential for various applications in the THz frequency range. On the other hand, this finding is significant for the design of THz oscillators using an RTD, since even a small metal pattern can cause such a feedback effect in the THz frequency range. In particular, interconnect wiring patterns can cause this effect because reflection due to impedance mismatch is unavoidable.

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  • Ryo ITO, Sumio SUGISAKI, Toshiyuki KAWAHARAMURA, Tokiyoshi MATSUDA, Hi ...
    Article type: BRIEF PAPER
    Article ID: 2024ECS6003
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: July 17, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    Promising proposals of a material, deposition process, and storage device have been demonstrated for neuromorphic systems. The material is Ga-Sn-O (GTO), amorphous metal-oxide semiconductor, and does not contain rare metals such as In. The deposition process is a mist chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) method, atmospheric pressure process. Therefore, the material and fabrication costs can be simultaneously saved, and three-dimensional stacked structures will be possible. The storage device is an analog memristor, a kind of memristors, but has continuous conductance, and analog computing will be possible owing to continuous weights of synapse elements in neural networks. These structures and computing are the same as those in living brains. We have succeeded in attaining an analog memristive characteristic by optimizing the Ga:Sn composition rate, namely, completing an analog memristor. The analog memristor of the GTO thin film by the mist CVD method can be expected to be a key component for neuromorphic systems.

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  • Paul Cain
    Article type: BRIEF PAPER
    Article ID: 2024DIS0002
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: July 16, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    We describe a tunable liquid crystal lens based on Fresnel optics that enables variable focus of virtual images displayed by a head-worn VR or AR device. This lens has been fabricated using ultra-thin, light bioplastic film instead of glass, uniquely enhancing visual comfort whilst reducing weight and thickness compared to glass-based approaches.

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  • Arie SETIAWAN, Shu SATO, Naruto YONEMOTO, Hitoshi NOHMI, Hiroshi MURAT ...
    Article type: INVITED PAPER
    Article ID: 2024DII0006
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: July 11, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    To improve throughput in security inspection procedures, a millimeter-wave (mmW) imaging system with a high-throughput operation with reasonable resolution compared to conventional mmW imaging systems is developed. Investigates the distinctive attributes of mmW, including its safe penetration through clothing, the study demonstrates the generation of detailed two-dimensional reconstructions of objects. Through the strategic use of a lens, signal amplitudes and phases are effectively captured, yielding reconstruction images from the signal reflected from the target. Experimental validations further affirm the effectiveness of mmW imaging with a dielectric lens, showcasing successful reconstructions of targets positioned at the lens's front focal plane. Notably, the approach exhibits proficiency in discerning objects obscured behind non-metallic materials such as paper and cloth. These findings highlight the potential of utilizing Fourier transform analysis and a dielectric lens in mmW imaging, presenting a promising approach for security applications, particularly in the detection of concealed objects.

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  • Seiichiro Izawa
    Article type: BRIEF PAPER
    Article ID: 2024DIS0001
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: July 11, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    The Origin of the low turn-on voltage in the blue organic light-emitting diode using upconversion is discussed. We have discovered the properties of the intermediate state at the donor/acceptor interface such as the energy levels and the molecular interactions are key in determining the device performance.

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  • Hang Liu, Fei Wu
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2024ECP5007
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: June 27, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    Due to the limited lifespan of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), their components need to be replaced regularly. For intelligent devices such as electronic noses, updating an intelligent gas sensor system requires establishing a new classifier model for the newly inserted gas sensor probes because of the poor consistency between the signals collected by the new and original systems. The traditional method involves retraining the new model by collecting adequate data of the gas sensor array under strict laboratory conditions, which is time-consuming and resource-intensive. To simplify and expedite this process, a federated learning method called FedGSSU is proposed for gas sensor system updating. Two datasets were used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework. The experimental results show that FedGSSU can effectively utilize the original classifier model to obtain a new classifier model while only replacing the gas sensor array. The consistency between the new gas sensor system and the original one reaches up to 90.17%, and the test accuracy is increased by 4 percentage points compared to the traditional method. While replacing sensors with FedGSSU will reduce recognition accuracy slightly, it is more acceptable in scenarios where high accuracy is not required than re-calibrating sensors and re-training the classifier.

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  • Keiji GOTO, Toru KAWANO, Ryohei NAKAMURA
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2024ECP5010
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: June 18, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    This paper presents a scatterer information estimation method for both E- and H-polarizations based on a time-domain saddle-point technique (TD-SPT). The method utilizes numerical data of the response waveforms of the reflected geometric optical ray (RGO) series, which constitute the backward transient scattering field components when a line source and an observation point are at the same location. A scatterer selected in the paper is a two-dimensional (2-D) coated cylinder. The three types of scatterer information are the relative permittivity of a coating medium layer and its thickness, and the outer radius of a coated cylinder. Specifically, the scatterer information estimation formulas are derived by applying the TD-SPT represented in RGO series to the amplitude intensity ratios (AIRs) of adjacent RGO components. By focusing on the analytical results that the AIRs are independent of polarization, we analytically clarify that all the estimation formulas derived here denote polarization independence. The estimates are obtained by substituting numerical data of the peaks of the response waveforms of the RGO components and their arrival times, as well as numerical parameters of a pulse source, into the estimation formulas and performing iterative calculations. We derive approximations to the estimation errors that are useful in quantitatively evaluating the errors of the estimates. The effectiveness of the scatterer information estimation method is substantiated by comparing the estimates with the set values. The polarization independence of the estimation formulas is validated numerically by contrasting the estimates for E- and H-polarizations. The estimation errors are discussed using the approximations to the errors of the estimates when a line source and an observation point are at the same location. Thereafter, the discrepancies that arise between the estimation errors when a line source and an observation point are at different locations are discussed. The methods to control the estimation accuracy and the computational time are also discussed.

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  • Takahiro SASAKI, Yukihiro KAMIYA
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2023ECP5054
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: June 11, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    This paper proposes two VLSI implementation approaches for periods estimation hardware of periodic signals. Digital signal processing is one of the important technologies, and to estimate periods of signals are widely used in many areas such as IoT, predictive maintenance, anomaly detection, health monitoring, and so on. This paper focuses on accumulation for real-time serial-to-parallel converter (ARS) which is a simple parameter estimation method for periodic signals. ARS is simple algorithm to estimate periods of periodic signals without complex instructions such as multiplier and division. However, this algorithm is implemented only on software, suitable hardware implementation methods are not clear. Therefore, this paper proposes two VLSI implementation methods called ARS-DFF and ARS-MEM. ARS-DFF is simple and fast implementation method, but hardware scale is large. ARS-MEM reduces hardware scale by introducing an SRAM macro cell. This paper also designs both approaches using System Verilog and evaluates VLSI implementation. According to our evaluation results, both proposed methods can reduce the power consumption to less than 1/1000 compared to the implementation on a microprocessor.

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  • Xiang XIONG, Wen LI, Xiaohua TAN, Yusheng HU
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2024ECP5001
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: June 11, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    A dual-band decoupling strategy via artificial transmission line (TL) for closely spaced two-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is proposed, which consists of two composite right-/left-handed TLs for dual-band phase shifting and a cross-shaped TL for suscep tance elimination to counteract the real and imaginary part of the mutual coupling coefficient S21 at dual frequency bands, respectively. The decou pling principle and detailed design process of the dual-band decoupling scheme are presented. To validate the dual-band decoupling technique, a closely spaced dual-band MIMO antenna for 5G (sub-6G frequency band) utilization is designed, fabricated, and tested. The experimental results agree well with the simulation ones. A dual-band of 3.40 GHz-3.59 GHz and 4.79 GHz-4.99 GHz (S11&S22 < -10 dB, S12&S21 < -20 dB) has been achieved, and the mutual coupling coefficient S21 is significantly reduced 21 dB and 16.1 dB at 3.5 GHz and 4.9 GHz, respectively. In addition, the proposed dual-band decoupling scheme is antenna independent, and it is very suitable for other tightly coupled dual-band MIMO antennas.

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  • Tohgo HOSODA, Kazuyuki SAITO
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2023ECP5060
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: May 21, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    Transcatheter renal denervation (RDN) is a treatment for resistant hypertension, which is performed by ablating the renal nerves located outside the artery using a catheter from inside the artery. Our previous studies simulated the temperature during RDN by using constant physical properties of biological tissue to validate the various catheter RDN devices. Some other studies report temperature dependence of physical properties of biological tissues. However, there are no studies that have measured the electrical properties of low water content tissues. Adipose tissue, a type of low water content tissue, is related to RDN closely. Therefore, it is important to know the temperature dependence of the electrical constants of adipose tissue. In this study, we measured the relationship between the electrical constants and the temperature of bovine adipose tissue. Next, the obtained equation of the relationship between relative permittivity of adipose tissue and temperature was introduced. In addition, the temperature dependence of the electrical constants of high water content tissues and the temperature dependence of the thermal constants of biological tissues were also introduced into the temperature analysis. After 180 seconds of heating, the temperature of the model with the temperature dependence of the physical properties was 7.25 ℃ lower than the model without the temperature dependence of the physical properties at a certain position. From the results, it can be said that the temperature dependence of physical properties will be significant when an accurate temperature analysis is required.

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  • Yihan ZHU, Takashi OHSAWA
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2023ECP5051
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: May 08, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    A binarized neural network (BNN) inference accelerator is designed in which weights are stores in loadless four-transistor static random access memory (4T SRAM) cells. A time-multiplexed exclusive NOR (XNOR) multiplier with switched capacitors is proposed which prevents the loadless 4T SRAM cell from being destroyed in the operation. An accumulator with current sensing scheme is also proposed to make the multiply-accumulate operation (MAC) completely linear and read-disturb free. The BNN inference accelerator is applied to the MNIST dataset recognition problem with accuracy of 96.2% for 500 data and the throughput, the energy efficiency and the area efficiency are confirmed to be 15.50TOPS, 72.17TOPS/W and 50.13TOPS/mm2, respectively, by HSPICE simulation in 32nm technology. Compared with the conventional SRAM cell based BNN inference accelerators which are scaled to 32nm technology, the synapse cell size is reduced to less than 16% (0.235μm2) and the cell efficiency (synapse array area/synapse array plus peripheral circuits) is 73.27% which is equivalent to the state-of-the-art of the SRAM cell based BNN accelerators.

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  • Shengbao YU, Fanze MENG, Yihan SHEN, Yuzhu HAO, Haigen ZHOU
    Article type: PAPER
    Article ID: 2023ECP5057
    Published: 2024
    Advance online publication: May 02, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS ADVANCE PUBLICATION

    The Ground-Air Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Method (GAFDEM) is a fast and effective semi-airborne electromagnetic exploration method for subsurface anomaly targets. Based on the depth-focused transmission waveform, this method can realize the high-resolution detection of underground targets at specific depths. However, due to the high inductance and resistance parameters of the transmitting load in GAFDEM exploration, the transmission current of the depth-focused waveform decays rapidly in the middle and high-frequency bands, which restricts the detection signal intensity. To solve this problem, a broadband resonant circuit and its parameter design method are proposed. According to the typical transmission frequency range and load, the parameters are designed, and the circuit model is simulated and tested. The results show that the designed broadband resonant circuit can increase the transmission active power of the depth-focused waveform by more than 490%, reduce the reactive power by more than 37%, and increase the transmission current intensity of the target frequency by 2.64 times. Moreover, this circuit has good robustness. It can achieve a good resonance effect within the error range of ±10% of capacitor. This design provides an effective way for GAFDEM to enhance the intensity of high-frequency detection signals and improve the shallow exploration effect.

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