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What Is a Letter of Credit?

A letter of credit, or a credit letter, is a letter from a bank guaranteeing that a buyer’s payment to a seller will be received on time and for the correct amount. If the buyer is unable to make a payment on the purchase, the bank will be required to cover the full or remaining amount of the purchase. It may be offered as a facility (financial assistance that is essentially a loan).

Due to the nature of international dealings, including factors such as distance, differing laws in each country, and difficulty in knowing each party personally, the use of letters of credit has become a very important aspect of international trade to protect buyers and sellers.

Key Takeaways

A letter of credit is a document sent from a bank or financial institution that guarantees that a seller will receive a buyer’s payment on time and for the full amount.
Letters of credit are often used within the international trade industry.
There are many different letters of credit, including one called a revolving letter of credit.
Banks collect a fee for issuing a letter of credit.

How a Letter of Credit Works

Buyers of major purchases may need a letter of credit to assure the seller that the payment will be made. A bank issues a letter of credit to guarantee the payment to the seller, essentially assuming the responsibility of ensuring the seller is paid. A buyer must prove to the bank that they have enough assets or a sufficient line of credit to pay before the bank will guarantee the payment to the seller.

Banks typically require a pledge of securities or cash as collateral for issuing a letter of credit.

Because a letter of credit is typically a negotiable instrument, the issuing bank pays the beneficiary or any bank nominated by the beneficiary. If a letter of credit is transferable, the beneficiary may assign another entity, such as a corporate parent or a third party, the right to draw.

The International Chamber of Commerce’s Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits oversees letters of credit used in international transactions.

How Much a Letter of Credit Costs

Banks usually charge a fee for a letter of credit, which can be a percentage of the total credit they are backing. The cost of a letter of credit will vary by bank and the size of the letter of credit. For example, the bank may charge 0.75% of the amount that it's guaranteeing.

Fees can also depend on the type of letter. In an import-export situation, an unconfirmed letter of credit is less costly. A confirmed letter of credit may have higher fees attached based on the issuing bank's credit strength.

Types of Letters of Credit

The types of letters of credit include a commercial letter of credit, a revolving letter of credit, a traveler’s letter of credit, a confirmed letter of credit, and a standby letter of credit. International trade will also sometimes use an unsecured—also called a red clause—letter of credit.

Commercial Letter of Credit

This is a direct payment method in which the issuing bank makes the payments to the beneficiary. In contrast, a standby letter of credit is a secondary payment method in which the bank pays the beneficiary only when the holder cannot.

Revolving Letter of Credit

This kind of letter allows a customer to make any number of draws within a certain limit during a specific period. It can be useful if there are frequent merchandise shipments, for example, and you don't want to redraft or edit letters of credit each time.

Traveler’s Letter of Credit

For those going abroad, this letter will guarantee that issuing banks will honor drafts made at certain foreign banks.

Confirmed Letter of Credit

A confirmed letter of credit involves a bank other than the issuing bank guaranteeing the letter of credit. The second bank is the confirming bank, typically the seller’s bank. The confirming bank ensures payment under the letter of credit if the holder and the issuing bank default. The issuing bank in international transactions typically requests this arrangement.

Standby Letter of Credit

A standby letter of credit provides payment if something does not occur, which is the opposite of how other types of letters of credit are structured. So, instead of facilitating a transaction with funding, a standby letter of credit is like an insurance contract. It protects and compensates one party (the beneficiary) if the other party named in the agreement fails to perform the stated duty or meets certain service level agreements outlined in the letter of credit.

Example of a Letter of Credit

Citibank offers letters of credit for buyers in Latin America, Africa, Eastern Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, who may have difficulty obtaining international credit on their own. Citibank’s letters of credit help exporters minimize the importer’s country risk and the issuing bank’s commercial credit risk.

Letters of credit are typically provided within two business days, guaranteeing payment by the confirming Citibank branch. This benefit is especially valuable when a client is located in a potentially unstable economic environment.

How to Apply for a Letter of Credit

Letters of Credit are best prepared by trained professionals, as mistakes in the detailed documents required can lead to payment delays and fees. Due to industry variations and types of letters of credit, each may be approached differently.

Here's an import-export example.

The importer's bank credit must satisfy the exporter and their bank. The exporter and importer complete a sales agreement.
Using the sales agreement's terms and conditions, the importer's bank drafts the letter of credit; this letter is sent to the exporter's bank. The exporter's bank reviews the letter of credit and sends it to the exporter after approval.
The exporter ships the goods as the letter of credit describes. Any required documentation is submitted to the exporter's bank.
The exporter's bank reviews documentation to ensure letter of credit terms and conditions were met. If approved, the exporter's bank submits documents to the importer's bank.
The importer's bank sends payment to the exporter's bank. The importer can now claim the goods sent.

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Letter of Credit

Obtaining letters of credit may be necessary in certain situations. However, like anything else related to banking, trade, and business, there are some pros and cons to acknowledge.

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Letter of Credit

Advantages

Can create security and build mutual trust for buyers and sellers in trade transactions.
Makes it easier to define the specifics of when and how transactions are to be completed between involved parties.
Letters of credit can be personalized with terms that are tailored to the circumstances of each transaction.
Can make the transfer of funds more efficient and streamlined.

Disadvantages

Buyers typically bear the costs of obtaining a letter of credit.
Letters of credit may not cover every detail of the transaction, potentially leaving room for error.
Establishing a letter of credit may be tedious or time-consuming for all parties involved.
The terms of a letter of credit may not account for unexpected changes in the political or economic landscape.

How Does a Letter of Credit Work?

Often, in international trade, a letter of credit is used to signify that a payment will be made to the seller on time and in full, as guaranteed by a bank or financial institution. After sending a letter of credit, the bank will charge a fee, typically a percentage of the letter of credit, in addition to requiring collateral from the buyer. Among the various types of letters of credit are a revolving letter of credit, a commercial letter of credit, and a confirmed letter of credit.

What Is an Example of a Letter of Credit?

Consider an exporter in an unstable economic climate, where credit may be more difficult to obtain. A bank could offer a buyer a letter of credit, available within two business days, in which the purchase would be guaranteed by the bank's branch. Because the bank and the exporter have an existing relationship, the bank is knowledgeable of the buyer's creditworthiness, assets, and financial status.

What Is the Difference Between a Commercial Letter of Credit and a Revolving Letter of Credit?

As one of the most common forms of letters of credit, commercial letters of credit are when the bank makes payment directly to the beneficiary or seller. Revolving letters of credit, by contrast, can be used for multiple payments within a specific time frame. Typically, these are used for businesses that have an ongoing relationship, with the time limit of the arrangement usually spanning one year.

When Does Payment Occur With a Letter of Credit?

A letter of credit is like an escrow account in that payment to the beneficiary only happens when the other party performs a specific act or meets other performance criteria spelled out in the letter of credit agreement.

The Bottom Line

Letters of credit can play an important part in trade transactions. There are different types of letters of credit that may be used, depending on the circumstances. If you need a letter of credit for a business transaction, your current bank may be the best place to begin your search. However, you may need to expand the net to include larger banks if you maintain accounts at a smaller financial institution.