Progressive Report, Vol.3.
Project No. 16102001
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S)
200 Basic Words of the Lyuzu Language
(Naiqu Dialect)
Takumi IKEDA
March, 2009
Director: Yasuhiko NAGANO
National Museum of Ethnology
JAPAN
200 Basic Words of the Lyuzu Language
Takumi IKEDA
Lyuzu is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Southwest China, distributed Jiulong 九
龙 county in Ganzi Tibetan autonomous prefecture 甘孜藏族自治州 and Mianning
冕 宁 , Puxiong 普 雄 , Yuexi 越 西 , Ganluo 甘 洛 and Muli 木 里 counties in
Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture 凉山彝族自治州. SUN Hongkai (1982/1983/1990,
etc.) considered Lizu or Lusu as a western dialect of Ersu language, but HUANG Bufan
(1991) regards it as an independent language. This word list includes new data of the
Naiqu 乃渠 dialect in Jiulong 九龙 county based on the [CALMSEA] or The Matisoff
200-word list arranged by semantic categories and correlated with some reconstructed
roots in STC, TSR, etc. The data of Naiqu dialect was recorded during 2005-2008 in
Kangding 康定 and Chengdu 成都, my language consultant was a Tibetan named
Rig ’dzin dBang rgyal who was bone in 1952 and brought up in the Naiqu village until
the age of 19 years. His mother tongue is Lyuzu, and he also speaks Chinese fluently.
Abbreviations
JAM
James A. Matisoff
PLB
Proto-Lolo-Burmese
STC
Benedict, Paul K. 1972. Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus. Contributing editor:
TBL
James A. Matisoff. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huang Bufan 黄布凡 et al (eds.) 1992. [A Tibeto-Burman Lexicon.]
TSR
Matisoff, James A. 1972. The Loloish Tonal Split Revisited. Berkeley.
WrT:
ZMC
Written Tibetan in Wylie system
Bianxiezu 编写组 1991. Zang-Mianyu Yuyin he Cihui.
Zangmianyuzu yuyan cihui. 《藏缅语族语言词汇》中央民族学院出版社
《藏缅语语音和词汇》中国社会科学出版社
Places of Dialect
(Nq)
Lyuzu
(TBL) Lyusu
(ZMC) Ersu
Naiqu 乃渠 village in Jiulong 九龙 county.
Kala 卡拉 district in the Erqu 二区 area of Muli 木里 county.
Zeluo 则洛 district in the Yutian 玉田 area of Ganluo 甘洛 county.
35
A.
001
Bodyparts (N bp)
belly (exterior)
fùbù
dùzi
*pu·k (STC#358) [see above 1.141(b)]
腹部 (exterior)
肚子 (interior)
*There is no distinction between exterior and interior
belly in the Lyuzu language.
di³³pe⁵³ (Nq)
dʑi³³phæ⁵³ (TBL#0096)
ji³³phɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0260: Ersu)
WrT: grod pa / grod khog / gsus pa
stomach
wèi
tʂi³³ti⁵⁵pe³³ (Nq) < [tʂi³³] ‘shit’+[ti⁵⁵pe³³] ‘stomach’
dʑuo³³mo⁵³ (TBL#0148)
胃
bu³³phɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0269: Ersu)
WrT: pho ba
002
*s-hwiy (STC#222)
blood
xiě
血
xɯ⁵³ (Nq)
ʂu³⁵ (TBL#0129)
ʂo⁵⁵ (ZMC#0268: Ersu)
WrT: khrag
*m-blen (JAM cf. STC p.143), *s-na·y (JAM: GSTC#105)
pus
nóng
脓〔膿〕
pu⁵³ (Nq)
pu³⁵ (TBL#0159)
pɛ³³rɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0286: Ersu)
WrT: rnag
003
*rus (STC#006)
bone
gǔtou
骨头〔骨頭〕
əɹ³³khu⁵³ (Nq)
əɹ³³khuo⁵³ (TBL#0133)
WrT: rus pa
36
004
*g-na (STC#453)
ear / hear
ěrduo
耳朵
na³³pu⁵⁵ (Nq)
na⁵³pi⁵³ (TBL#0081)
nɑ⁵⁵ku⁵⁵ (ZMC#0241: Ersu)
WrT: rna
hear
the³³dʐɿ⁵³ ‘heard’; thɐ³³kɐɹ⁵³ (Nq)
tīngjiàn 听见〔聽見〕
the³³dʐɿ⁵³ (TBL#1682)
WrT: go / tshor
listen
tīng
听〔聽〕
be³³ȵi⁵³ (Nq)
bæ³³ȵi⁵³ (TBL#1681)
ba³³ȵi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0532: Ersu)
WrT: nyan
005
*twiy (STC#168)
egg
dàn
蛋
rɐ³³tɕu⁵³ (Nq)
ɣua³³tɕu⁵³ (TBL#0450)
tsɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0170: Ersu)
WrT: sgo nga
006
eye
yǎnjing 眼睛
*mik ⪤ *myak (STC#402)
do³³sɯ⁵⁵ (Nq)
nduo³³se⁵³ (TBL#0079)
miɑ⁵⁵ / do⁵⁵ku⁵⁵ (ZMC#0238: Ersu)
WrT: mig
37
007
fat / grease
*ryak (STC#204), *tsil (STC pp.16, 168, 173), *sa·w (STC#272)
zhīfáng 脂肪
tshu³³tshu⁵³ (Nq)
zʉ³⁵ (TBL#0445 脂肪油)
WrT: tshil bu / zhag tshi
008
*kriy (STC#038)
foot
jiǎo
脚
li³³phu⁵³ (Nq)
li³³phiæ⁵³ (TBL#0103)
əɹ⁵⁵phɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0263: Ersu)
WrT: rkang pa
009
*pik (STC#035) [see above 1.141(b)]
guts
chángzi 肠子〔腸子〕
wo³³nu⁵³ (Nq)
ɣuo³³ȵu⁵³ (TBL#0149)
vɛ⁵⁵ȵo⁵⁵ (ZMC#0271: Ersu)
WrT: rgyu ma
010
hair (head)
tóufa
*s-kra (STC#115);
头发〔頭髮〕
*ney (STC#292);
tsi⁵³ (Nq)
tɕe³¹ (TBL#0075)
tsi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0234: Ersu)
WrT: skra
011
hair (body)
*mul (STC#002),
*tsam (STC#073)
corresponds to Swadesh’s ‘feather’.
tǐmáo
体毛〔體毛〕
mu⁵³ (Nq)
dʐʉ³⁵ (TBL#0266 毛)
maɹ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0172: Ersu 兽毛)
WrT: spu
38
*tsam (STC#073)
yǔmáo
羽毛
xɑ³³mu⁵³ {bird+hair} (Nq)
mu⁵³ (TBL#0299)
maɹ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0173: Ersu)
WrT: sgro
012
hand / arm
shǒu
*lak (STC#086)
手
le⁵³ (Nq)
le³³pi⁵³ (TBL#0107)
lɛ³³phɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0251: Ersu)
WrT: lag pa
gēbo
胳膊
le³³phu⁵³ (Nq)
le³³phu⁵³ (TBL#0105)
da³³vɛ⁵⁵ȵo³³ (ZMC#0253: Ersu)
WrT: lag ngar
013
*m-gaw ⪤ *s-gaw (STC#490),
head
tóu
头〔頭〕
*d-bu (STC p.117)
wu³³li⁵³ (Nq)
wu³³li⁵³ (TBL#0074)
vi³³li⁵⁵ (ZMC#0232: Ersu)
WrT: mgo / dbu (H)
014
heart
*s-niŋ (STC#367)
xīnzàng 心脏〔心臟〕
ʂu³³mbu⁵³ (Nq)
ti⁵³mi⁵³ (TBL#0144)
sɿ⁵⁵ȵi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0272: Ersu)
WrT: snying
39
015
*kruw (STC#037),
horn
jījiǎo
犄角
*ruŋ (STC#085)
əɹ³³bu⁵³ (Nq)
əɹ³³bu⁵³ (TBL#0263)
ru⁵⁵ (ZMC#0176: Ersu 角（牛角）)
WrT: rwa co
016
*m-sin (STC#234)
liver
gān
肝
tsha⁵³ (Nq)
tsha³⁵ (TBL#0145)
ntshɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0273: Ersu)
WrT: mchin pa
*m-kal ⪤ *s-ga·l (STC#12)
kidney
shèn
肾〔腎〕
mbə⁵⁵ (Nq)
mbo³³ly⁵³ (TBL#0146)
mbɛ³³li⁵⁵ (ZMC#0270: Ersu)
WrT: mkhal ma
017
*ak (STC#106),
mouth
zuǐ
(kǒu
嘴
*m-ka (STC#468)
ku³³pe⁵⁵ (Nq)
口)
ku³³pe⁵³ (TBL#0084)
sɿ⁵⁵nphɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0242: Ersu)
WrT: kha
018
*ke (STC#251),
neck
bózi
(jǐng
脖子
颈〔頸〕)
*liŋ (STC#096),
*tuk (STC#392)
ndʐʅ³³tʂhʅ⁵¹ (Nq)
ta⁵³əɹ⁵³ (TBL#0089)
htuɑ³³rɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0248: Ersu)
WrT: ske / mjing pa
40
019
*s-na ~ *s-nar (STC#101)
nose
bízi
鼻子
ki³³mɐ⁵³ (Nq)
ki³³mu⁵³ (TBL#0080)
sɿ⁵⁵nbu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0240: Ersu)
WrT: sna
020
skin / bark
pífū
*s-graw (STC#121),
皮肤
*kok (STC#342)
ngəɹ³³phi⁵³ (Nq)
ngaɹ³³phi⁵³ (TBL#0120)
ndʐo⁵⁵pi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0266: Ersu)
pí
皮
ngəɹ³³phi⁵³ (Nq)
ngəɹ³⁵ (TBL#0265)
WrT: pags pa ~ lpags pa
021
*m-ts(y)il (STC#231),
spit
*twiy (STC#168)
*m-tuk ⪤ *s-tu·k ⪤ *s-du·k (STC pp.58, 75, 126, 132, 146)
kǒushuǐ 口水
dʑi̱³³kɯ⁵³ (Nq)
(tuòmo
dʑi³³ki⁵³ (TBL#0156)
唾沫)
dʒo³³nphsɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0280: Ersu)
WrT: kha chu
022
*r-may (STC#282)
tail
wěiba
尾巴
mu³³kəɹ⁵³ (Nq)
mu³³kəɹ⁵³ (TBL#0267)
mɛ³³ntʃhɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0177: Ersu)
WrT: rnga ma
41
023
*m-lay ⪤ *s-lay (STC#281)
tongue
shétou
舌头〔舌頭〕
ɕi³³pa⁵³ (Nq)
ti⁵³pi⁵³ (TBL#0139)
htsɿ³³psɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0245: Ersu)
WrT: lce
024
*s-wa (STC#437)
tooth
yáchǐ
牙齿〔牙齒〕
xu⁵³ (Nq)
fu³⁵ (TBL#0137)
ʂɿ⁵⁵ma⁵⁵ (ZMC#0244: Ersu)
WrT: so
025
*s-toŋ;
wing
*(s/k-)l-w-ak [cf. ARM #12];
*(s/p-)lyap [cf. FLY #149] (JAM)
chìbǎng 翅膀
du³³rɯɹ⁵³ (Nq)
(yì
du³³ly⁵³ (TBL#0298)
翼)
bu⁵⁵ɬɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0171: Ersu)
WrT: gshog pa
026
nail / claw
zhǐjia
指甲
*m-(t)sin (STC#074)
le³³tsa⁵³ (Nq)
le³³tsa⁵³ (TBL#0113)
lɛ³³dzɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0256: Ersu)
WrT: sen mo
zhǎo
爪
dza³³dza⁵³ {nails of claw} (Nq)
dzɿ⁵⁵dzɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0174: Ersu)
tʂhɯ̃³³ntʂɯ⁵³ {claw} (Nq)
dza³³dza³³ (TBL#0307 爪子 claw, talon)
WrT: sder mo
42
026.1
*s-gal (STC p.18),
back
bèi
jǐbèi
背
*s-nuŋ (STC#354)
ge³³phi⁵³ (Nq)
ge³³mæ⁵³ (TBL#0091)
脊背
ga³³ma⁵⁵ (ZMC#0258: Ersu)
WrT: sgal pa
026.2
*du (STC p.21),
knee
*(m-)kuk (STC pp.120, 159, 182);
*put (STC#007)
xīgài
膝盖〔膝蓋〕
pi³³nbi⁵³ (Nq)
pe³³nbi⁵³ (TBL#0101)
WrT: pus mo
026.3
leg
*(r-)kaŋ (STC pp.70, 142)
tuǐ
腿
ɕu³³tɕhe⁵³ (Nq)
ə³³nʑi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0264: Ersu)
WrT: rkang pa
thigh
dàtuǐ
大腿
li³³tɕhə⁵³ (Nq)
tʂhu³³phiæ⁵³ (TBL#0100)
WrT: brla
shin / calf
ʑi³³tshɯ⁵³ (Nq)
xiǎotuǐ
kuɔ⁵³nbu⁵³ (TBL#0102 小腿 calf)
小腿
WrT: nywa
027
finger / toe
shǒuzhǐ 手指
*m-yuŋ (STC#355)
le³³se⁵⁵ (Nq)
le³³se⁵³ (TBL#0109)
lɛ³³su⁵⁵ (ZMC#0255: Ersu)
WrT: mdzub mo
43
jiǎozhǐ
脚趾
li³³se⁵³ (Nq)
WrT: rkang mdzub
028
*pwa or *b-wa (STC#418)
palm
shǒuzhǎng
手掌
le³³ tɕhə⁵³ (Nq)
WrT: sbar mo / thar mo
029
*li ⪤ *m-ley (STC#262)
penis
jība
鸡巴〔雞巴〕
mbu³³tshɯ⁵⁵ (Nq)
mbaɹ³³mu⁵³ (TBL#0116 男生殖器)
WrT: pho mtshan
yīnjīng
阴茎〔陰莖〕
mbu³³tshɯ⁵⁵ (Nq)
WrT: mje
gāowán 睾丸
zɯ³³li⁵³ (Nq)
zʉ³³lʉ⁵³ (TBL#0117)
WrT: rlig ’bras / rlig ril
030
vagina or breast / milk
*nuw (STC#419)
yīndào
tɕi³³mi⁵³ (Nq)
阴道〔陰道〕
*** (TBL#0118 女生殖器)
WrT: mo mtshan / stu
rǔfáng
乳房
dʐæ³³nʉ⁵³ (Nq)
dʐɛ³³nɯ⁵⁵ (TBL#0094)
ȵo⁵⁵ȵo⁵⁵ (ZMC#0259: Ersu)
WrT: nu ma
44
nǎizhī
奶汁
dʐæ³³nʉ⁵³ (Nq)
dʐɛ³³nɯ⁵⁵ (TBL#0095)
ȵo⁵⁵ȵo⁵⁵ (ZMC#0281: Ersu)
WrT: ’o ma
031
*nuk (STC#483)
brain
nǎosuǐ
脑髓〔腦髓〕
no³³pa⁵³ (Nq)
nu⁵³ (TBL#0132)
WrT: klad pa
032
*la·y,
*s-tay (STC#299)
肚脐〔肚臍〕
du³³ko⁵³ (Nq)
navel
dùqí
tʂua³³pu⁵³ (TBL#0097)
WrT: lte ba
033
*kliy (STC#125),
shit
*n(y)ik (STC#235),
*r-kyak ⪤ *s-kyak (STC pp.26, 146),
shǐ
fèn
屎
粪〔糞〕
tʂʅ⁵³ (Nq)
ʂu³⁵ (TBL#0151)
tʂʅ⁵³ (Nq)
htʃo³³rɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0471: Ersu)
WrT: skyag pa
cf. cow dung
niú fèn
wu³³tʂʅ⁵³ (Nq)
牛粪〔糞〕
la³⁵ (TBL#0262 牛粪)
WrT: lci ba
cf. sheep dung
yáng fèn 羊粪〔糞〕
tshe³³tʂhʅ⁵³ (Nq)
*** (TBL#0280 羊粪)
WrT: ra sdug
45
*s-baŋ (STC p.21),
*e·k (STC pp.26, 146)
cf. pig dung
we³³tʂhʅ⁵³ (Nq)
zhū fèn 猪粪〔糞〕
*** (TBL#0288 猪粪)
WrT: phag phrug
034
*ts(y)i ⪤ *ziy (STC#077)
piss
niào
尿
nbɐɹ⁵⁵ (Nq)
nbaɹ³⁵ (TBL#0152)
nbaɹ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0283: Ersu)
WrT: gcin pa
035
*ʔkrwiy² (PLB)
sweat
hàn
汗
ku³⁵ (Nq)
tʂʉ⁵³əɹ⁵³ (TBL#0154)
tʂu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0277: Ersu)
WrT: rngul nag
036
*s-nap (STC#102)
snot
bítì
鼻涕
thi³³mbɐɹ⁵⁵ (Nq)
ti³³nkhæ⁵³ (TBL#0157)
su⁵⁵zɑ⁵⁵ɣɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0278: Ersu)
WrT: snabs / sna stug / snabs rtug
037
*Npat (TSR#038),
vomit
ǒutù
呕吐〔嘔吐〕
*on (STC#343)
phi⁵³ (Nq)
nphi⁵³ (TBL#1535)
nphsɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0543: Ersu)
WrT: skyug
46
038
*kliŋ (STC#126)
marrow
gǔsuǐ
骨髓
əɹ³³khũ⁵⁵m̊e⁵³ (Nq)
WrT: rkang mar
039
breath / life
hūxī
*sak (STC#485); *C-sak (TSR#123)
呼吸
se⁵³ {air; breath 气} (Nq)
WrT: ’bying rngub / dbugs gtong len
qì
气〔氣〕
se⁵³ (Nq)
se³⁵ (TBL#0020)
WrT: rlung / dbugs / phu
life
shēngmìng
生命
ku³³tshi⁵³ (Nq)
kuo³³tɕhi⁵³ (TBL#0163)
WrT: srog
cf. lung
fèi
bu³³tshu⁵⁵ (Nq)
肺
ntshʉ⁵³ (TBL#0143)
tshu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0274: Ersu)
WrT: glo ba
47
B.
040
Pronouns / Kinship terms / nouns referring to humans (N hum)
person / human being
rén
人
*r-mi(y) (STC pp.107, 119, 158)
tsho⁵³ (Nq)
tshuo⁵³ (TBL#0167)
su⁵⁵ (ZMC#0289: Ersu)
WrT: mi
041
*na(ŋ) (STC#407)
thou
nǐ
你
noŋ³⁵ (Nq)
ne⁵³ (TBL#0931)
nɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0973: Ersu)
WrT: khyod / khyed rang (H) / nyid (H)
042
*ŋa (STC#406) ⪤ *ŋay (STC#285)
I
wǒ
我
æ³⁵ (Nq)
æ ⁵³ (TBL#0928)
ɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0969: Ersu)
WrT: nga / bdag (< inclusive?)
043
child / son
háizi
*za ⪤ *tsa (STC#059)
孩子
ji³³ze⁵⁵ (Nq) {the same as ‘son’}
ja⁵³ka⁵³ (TBL#0169 小孩儿)
zɿ⁵³ (ZMC#0295 儿童)
WrT: phru gu / byis pa
érzi
儿子〔兒子〕
ji³³ze⁵⁵ (Nq)
zɿ⁵³ (TBL#0220)
i³³zɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0339: Ersu)
WrT: bu
48
044
grandchild (nephew)
sūnzi
孙子〔孫子〕
*b-liy (STC#448)
lo³³tho⁵³ (Nq)
luo³³thuo⁵³ (TBL#0224)
lɛ⁵⁵phu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0345: Ersu)
WrT: tsha bo
sūnnǚ
孙女〔孫女〕
lo³³tho⁵⁵ zɯ³³jɯ⁵⁵ (Nq)
luo³⁵thuo⁵³ zʉ³³ju³¹ (TBL#0225)
lɛ⁵⁵phu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0346: Ersu)
WrT: tsha mo
zhízi
侄子
tshe³³wu⁵³ (Nq)
zɿ⁵³ndʑʉ⁵³ (TBL#0234)
zɿ³³ndzu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0343: Ersu)
WrT: tsha bo
zhínǚ
侄女
tshe³³mu⁵³ (Nq)
zi³³ndzu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0344: Ersu)
WrT: tsha mo
045
son-in-law
nǚxu
*ma·k (STC#234),
女婿
*z-ma·k (TSR#153)
zɯ³³wu⁵³ (Nq)
mo⁵³pæ⁵³ (TBL#0223)
mo³³pa⁵⁵ (ZMC#0342: Ersu)
WrT: mag pa / bu thang
046
*r-miŋ (STC#083)
name
míngzi
名字
mi³⁵mi⁵³ (Nq)
mi³⁵ (TBL#0687)
mi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0517: Ersu)
WrT: ming
49
C.
Foodstuffs (N food)
047
peas, beans
dòuzi
*be (STC#253),
豆子
*s-nok (TSR#140)
tu³³pi⁵³ (Nq)
tu³³pɯ⁵³ (TBL#0430)
tsu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0201: Ersu)
WrT: sran ma
huángdòu 黄豆
tu³³pi⁵⁵ (Nq)
tu³³pɯ⁵³ (TBL#0431)
WrT: sran ma ser po
wāndòu 豌豆
nu³³pi⁵³ (Nq)
ʂa³³nu⁵³ (TBL#0433)
WrT: sran ma
048
poison [antifood]
dú
毒
*duk ⪤ *tuk (STC#472)
dʑy⁵³ (Nq)
dʑy³⁵ (TBL#0641)
dzu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0510: Ersu)
WrT: dug
049
mushroom / fungus
jùnzi
菌子
*g-muw (STC#455) ⪤ *s-muw (JAM)
tɕɐ⁵³ (Nq)
xə⁵⁵ (ZMC#0219: Ersu)
mógu
蘑菇
bi³³tɕə⁵³ (Nq) cf. [bi³³]青岗树
hɯ̃⁵⁵ (TBL#0437)
WrT: sha mo
50
mù’ér
木耳
tsho³³mu⁵⁵ na³³pu³³ (Nq)
{tsho³³mu⁵⁵} ‘old man’ + {na³³pu³³} ‘ear’
ɣuo³³jʉ⁵³ na⁵³pi⁵³ (TBL#0438)
WrT: mi rgan rna co
050
*yu(w) (STC#094)
liquor
jiǔ
酒
wo³⁵ (Nq)
ɣuo³⁵ (TBL#0452)
vu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0402: Ersu)
WrT: a rag / chang {青稞酒}
051
plantain / banana *s-ŋak (STC#477)
xiīngjiāo 香蕉
*** (Nq)
*** (TBL #0398)
WrT: shing tog ngang lag ma
051.1
medicine / juice
yào
*tsiy (STC#065)
药〔藥〕
pi⁵³ ;
pẽ⁵³ (Nq)
pi⁵³ (TBL#0456)
ȵi⁵⁵htɕi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0509: Ersu)
WrT: sman
zhī
汁
pi³³rɑ⁵⁵ (Nq) {medicine+soup}
WrT: gsher khu / khu ba
051.2
rice (in fields)
dào
*b-ras (STC pp.17, 123)
稻
tɕhə³³pi⁵³ (Nq)
dzæ³³bu⁵³ (TBL#0408 稻草)
ndzɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0186: Ersu 稻子)
WrT: ’bras / ’bras sog
51
051.3
rice (cooked)
mǐ
*haŋ² (PLB:Bradley 1975a, #281b)
米
tɕhə⁵³ (Nq)
(n)tʂhu⁵³ (TBL#0439)
ntʃhɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0390: Ersu)
WrT: ’bras
fàn
饭〔飯〕
khɛ⁵⁵ (Nq)
khæ⁵³ (TBL#0440)
za³³ma⁵⁵< Tib. bza’ ma (ZMC#0392: Ersu)
WrT: ’bras zan; bza’ ma
051.31
wheat / barley
dàmài
大麦〔大麥〕
ɕə⁵³ (Nq)
me³³dzæ⁵³ (TBL#0411)
khɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0187: Ersu)
WrT: so ba
xiǎomài 小麦〔小麥〕
ʂa⁵⁵ {麦子（总称）} (Nq)
ʂæ⁵³ (TBL#0410)
ʂɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0188: Ersu)
WrT: gro
qīngkē
青稞
ɕu⁵³ (Nq)
ʂu⁵³ (TBL#0412)
ʂu³³ (ZMC#0189: Ersu)
WrT: nas
qiáomài 荞麦〔蕎麥〕
ngi⁵³ (Nq)
ngi³⁵ {苦荞};
ji³³mu⁵³ {花荞} (TBL#0413)
ndzɿ³³khuɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0191: Ersu 苦荞)
ndzɿ³³ (ZMC#0190: Ersu 荞子（甜荞）)
WrT: bra bo
52
D.
052
Animal names or animal products (N anim)
*sya (STC#181)
meat / animal
ròu
肉
ʂʅ⁵³ (Nq)
ʂɿ⁵³ (TBL#0443)
ʂɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0399: Ersu)
WrT: sha
yěshòu
野兽〔野獸〕
əɹ³³tɐ⁵³ < Tib. ri dwags (Nq)
ȵi³³wu⁵³ (TBL#0303)
WrT: ri dwags [eat grass]; gcan gzan [eat meat]
053
*bya (STC#177),
bird
niǎo
鸟〔鳥〕
*s-ŋak (TSR#141)
xɑ⁵³ (Nq)
bʑe³³xua⁵³ (TBL#0326)
xuɑi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0142: Ersu)
WrT: bya / bye’u
máquè
麻雀
xɑ³³jɯ⁵³ (Nq)
xua³³jʉ⁵³ (TBL#0336)
xuɑi³³su⁵⁵ (ZMC#0142: Ersu)
WrT: khang byi’u
054
*kwiy (STC#159)
dog
gǒu
狗
tɕhi⁵³ (Nq)
tɕhu⁵³ (TBL#0289)
tʂho⁵⁵ (ZMC#0119: Ersu)
WrT: khyi
53
055
*ŋya (STC#189)
fish
yú
鱼〔魚〕
ju³⁵ (Nq)
ȵæ³⁵ (TBL#0351)
zu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0151: Ersu)
WrT: nya
056
*s-rik (STC#439),
louse
*sar ⪤ *śar (STC pp.15, 53, 84, 147, 172, 189)
shīzi
虱子
ʂe³³mi⁵³ (Nq)
ʂu³³mæ⁵³ (TBL#0356)
ʂɛ³³ (ZMC#0162: Ersu)
WrT: shig
tiàozao
跳蚤
ɬe⁵³ (Nq)
ɬe³³ (TBL#0355)
ntsho⁵⁵ɬo⁵⁵ (ZMC#0161: Ersu)
WrT: lji ba
057
*b-ru·l (STC#447)
snake
shé
蛇
bu³³rə⁵³ (Nq)
bɯ³³ɣɯɹ³⁵ (TBL#0347)
bɛ³³rɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0152: Ersu)
WrT: sbrul
058
*s-bal (STC#015, 021, 107)
frog
qīngwā
青蛙
be³³mi⁵³ (Nq)
bi³³mæ⁵³ (TBL#0349)
háma
蛤蟆
psɿ⁵⁵ma⁵⁵ȵi⁵⁵zɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0150: Ersu)
*They have no distinction between ‘frog’ and ‘toad’
in Lyuzu.
WrT: sbal ba
54
059
insect, bug, vermin
*buw (STC#027)
chóngzi 虫〔蟲〕
bə³³di⁵³ (Nq)
be³³dʑi⁵³ (TBL#0353)
bɛ³³dzɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0169: Ersu)
WrT: ’bu
060
*bya² (PLB);
bee
*kwa·y (STC#157),
*was (STC#017),
*taŋ (STC#494)[cf. BIRD#053]
fēng
蜂
bi³³jə⁵³ (Nq)
bi³⁵ (TBL#0367 蜜蜂)
bzɿ³³ (ZMC#0153: Ersu 蜜蜂)
WrT: sbrang bu; sbrang ma / sbrang nor bu {蜜蜂}
butterfly
húdié
ke³³le⁵³ (Nq)
蝴蝶
mu⁵³tɕu⁵³kæ³³læ³³ (TBL#0370)
no³³mɑ⁵⁵kɑ⁵⁵lɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0154: Ersu)
WrT: phye ma leb
dragonfly
*** (Nq)
qīngtíng 蜻蜓
*** (TBL#0369)
*** (ZMC#0155: Ersu)
WrT: bla ma ma ni
061
*m-kruw (STC#118),
dove
gēzi
鸽子〔鴿子〕
*kuy ‘pigeon’ (STC#495)
lo³³lu⁵³ (Nq)
luo³³lʉ⁵³ (TBL#0302)
ndzɑ³³lo⁵⁵əɹ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0140: Ersu)
WrT: phug ron / mug gu (Khams) ’ang gu (dBus)
bānjiū
斑鸠〔斑鳩〕
do³³du⁵³ (Nq)
luo⁵³li⁵³(nboɹ³³mæ³³) (TBL#0342)
WrT: ’jo lo
55
062
*mruk (STC pp.43, 112),
monkey
*woy (STC#314);
*m-yuk (PLB: JAM 1973e)
hóuzi
猴子
mi³³jə⁵³ (Nq)
gæ³³tʂʉ⁵³ / mi³⁵ (TBL#0308)
mi³³ (ZMC#0128: Ersu)
WrT: spre’u
063
*pwak (STC#043);
pig
zhū
猪
*wak (PLB: TSR#168)
we⁵³ (Nq)
ɣu³⁵ / pha³¹ (TBL#0284)
vɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0115: Ersu)
WrT: phag pa
064
*k-rak (STC pp.88, 107, 187-9)
fowl
jī
鸡〔雞〕
rɑ⁵⁵ (Nq)
ɣua³⁵ (TBL#0293)
rɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0135: Ersu)
WrT: bya (de)
065
*s-ram (STC#438)
otter
shuǐtǎ
水獭〔水獺〕
ʂe⁵³ (Nq)
ʂe³⁵ (TBL#0317)
ʂɿ⁵⁵ji⁵⁵ (ZMC#0133: Ersu)
WrT: sram
066
horse
mǎ
*s-raŋ ⪤ *m-raŋ (STC#145)
马〔馬〕
mbɐ³³qhʌ⁵⁵ / ke³³tshe⁵⁵ (Nq)
nboɹ³⁵ (TBL#0268)
nbo³³ (ZMC#0113: Ersu)
WrT: rta
56
067
*rwak (STC#199)
ant
mǎyǐ
蚂蚁〔螞蟻〕
bu³³ra⁵⁵ (Nq)
bu³³əɹ⁵³ (TBL#0365)
ʂɛ³³bɛ⁵⁵ra⁵⁵ (ZMC#0157: Ersu)
WrT: grog ma
068
*d-wam (STC#461)
bear
xióng
熊
ŋue³³mo⁵³ (Nq)
ŋu³³mu⁵³ (TBL#0311)
xaɹ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0125: Ersu)
WrT: dom
068.1
*rpat
leech
zhì
蛭
They only have ‘water leech’ in Lyuzu (see below).
WrT: pad pa
068.2
water leech
*m-li·t
mǎhuáng 蚂蟥
ke³³ndze⁵³ (Nq)
(shuǐzhì
nbi³⁵ (TBL#0364)
水蛭)
WrT: srin ’bu pad pa
069
rat / rodent
*k-r-wak (TSR#188);
*bwiy (STC#173) ‘bamboo rat’,
*b-yuw (STC#093) ‘rat, rabbit’
lǎoshǔ
老鼠
go³³je⁵³ (Nq)
ɣuo³³jʉ⁵³ (TBL#0320 ‘mouse’)
gu⁵⁵phɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0134: Ersu)
WrT: byi ba / tsi tsi
57
E.
Natural objects or phenomena; the inanimate landscape; vegetable and
mineral kingdoms (N nat)
070
*pla (STC#137)
ashes
chéntǔ
尘土〔塵土〕
zɯ³³mbə⁵⁵ (Nq)
phu³³li⁵⁵ (TBL#0045)
WrT: thal ba
huī
灰
zu⁵³ (Nq)
ʑy³⁵ (TBL#0063 草木灰)
əɹ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0472: Ersu 草木灰)
WrT: go thal
071
*C-tim¹ (PLB:Bradley 1975a, #320-2)
cloud
yúncai
云〔雲〕
mə³³khɑ⁵⁵ (Nq)
tɕe⁵³ (TBL#0007)
tsɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0006: Ersu)
WrT: sprin pa
072
*r-ka (STC#097),
earth
dì
地
*mliy (STC#152)
sa³³tɕha⁵³ (Nq)
sæ⁵³ (TBL#0022)
mɛ³³li⁵⁵ (ZMC#0017: Ersu（天地）)
cf. rɿ⁵⁵ȵi⁵⁵ma⁵⁵ (ZMC#0028: Ersu 旱地 WrT: zhing kha)
WrT: sa
tǔ
土
zu³³ (Nq)
tʂhʉ⁵³ (TBL#0040)
tʃhu⁵⁵li⁵⁵ (ZMC#0031: Ersu)
WrT: sa
58
ní
泥
zu³³bæ⁵³ (Nq)
tʂhʉ³³ly⁵³ (TBL#0046)
za³³mi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0032: Ersu)
WrT: ’dam pa / ’dam bag
073
*bar ⪤ *par (STC#220),
fire
huǒ
火
*mey (STC#290)
mə⁵³ / sa³³mə⁵³ {[sa³³] ‘wood’} (Nq)
me³⁵ (TBL#0018)
mɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0045: Ersu)
WrT: me
074
*ba·r (STC#001)
flower
huā
花
me³³to⁵³ < Tib. me tog (Nq)
mi³³tɕu⁵³; mi³³tuo⁵³ < Tib. me tog (TBL#0377)
mi⁵⁵to⁵⁵ < Tib. me tog (ZMC#0228: Ersu)
WrT: me tog
075
*sey (STC#057)
fruit
shuǐguǒ 水果
tʂhʅ³³sɿ⁵³ {persimmom 柿子} (Nq)
se³³sɿ⁵³ (TBL#0378)
si⁵⁵sɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0213: Ersu)
WrT: shing tog / shing ’bras
guǒshí
果实〔果實〕
tʂhʅ³³sɿ⁵³ {persimmom 柿子} (Nq)
WrT: ’bras bu
076
*mrak (STC#149)
grass
cǎo
草
əɹ³³ze⁵³ (Nq)
ʐu³⁵ / bu³⁵ (TBL#0436)
ȵi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0218: Ersu)
WrT: rtswa
59
077
*la (STC#486),
leaf
yèzi
叶子〔葉子〕
*lap (STC#321),
*pak (STC#040)
sæ³³tɕhe⁵³ (Nq)
se³³phʑæ⁵⁵ (TBL#0376)
si⁵⁵tshɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0224: Ersu)
WrT: lo ma
078
*s-la ⪤ *g-la (STC#144)
moon
moon
yuèliang 月亮
ɬe⁵⁵ (Nq)
ɬæ³³phe⁵³ (TBL#0004)
ɬɑ³³phɛ⁵³ (ZMC#0003: Ersu)
month
yuè
月
ɬe⁵³ (Nq)
ɬæ⁵³ (TBL#0771)
ɬɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0074: Ersu)
WrT: zla ba
079
mountain
shān
山
*kaŋ¹ (PLB: Bradley 1975a, #312)
mbe⁵³ (Nq)
mbi³⁵ (TBL#0023)
mbi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0025: Ersu)
WrT: ri ; la
080
*r-wa (STC#443)
rain
yǔ
雨
ɣue⁵³ (Nq)
ɣuæ⁵³ (TBL#0010)
guɑ³³ (ZMC#0008: Ersu)
WrT: char pa
60
081
river / valley
hé
*klu·ŋ (STC#127),
河
*kor (#349)
dʐu³³khu⁵³ (Nq)
†dʐu³³mæ⁵³ {river+big} (TBL#0030)
† This word means ‘big river’.
dʒo⁵⁵khuɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0018: Ersu)
WrT: chu bo / klung ma
hégǔ
河谷
ko³³mo⁵³ {mountain valley 山谷} (Nq)
cf. luo³³ku⁵³ (TBL#0025 山谷 WrT: ri ’gag)
WrT: lung pa / rong sa
082
*lam (STC#087)
road
lù
路
ʐʅ³⁵ (Nq)
cf. ʐʅ³³phe⁵⁵ {distance 路程}
ʐɿ³⁵ / zɿ³³phæ⁵³ (TBL#0038)
rɿ⁵⁵phɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0474: Ersu)
WrT: lam
083
*bul ⪤ *pul (STC pp.166, 173),
root
gēn
根
*r-sa (STC#442)
se³³mbe⁵³ (Nq)
se³³mbɯ⁵³ (TBL#0375)
nbaɹ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0222: Ersu)
WrT: rtsa ba
084
*g-ryum (STC#245),
salt
yán
盐〔鹽〕
*tsa (STC#214)
tshɿ⁵³ (Nq)
tshɿ⁵³ (TBL#0061)
tshɿ³³ (ZMC#0398: Ersu)
WrT: tshwa
61
085
*muw (STC#488)
sky
tiān
天
na³³nkha⁵³mu³³; mu⁵⁵ (Nq)
muo³⁵ / na³³nkhæ⁵³mu³⁵ (TBL#0001)
(tiānkōng 天空)
mɛ³³tɕo⁵⁵ (ZMC#0001: Ersu)
WrT: gnam / nam mkha’
086
*kuw (STC#256)
smoke
yān
烟〔煙〕
me³³nkhɯ⁵³ (Nq)
me³³nkhɯ⁵³ (TBL#0019)
mɛ³³ŋkhɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0046: Ersu)
WrT: du ba
087
*s-kar (STC#049)
star
xīngxing 星星
kəɹ⁵⁵ (Nq)
kəɹ³⁵ (TBL#0005)
tʂɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0004: Ersu)
WrT: skar ma
088
*da¹ (PLB cf. Lahu á-tà )
stick
gùnzi
棍子
zɯ³³pu⁵³ [general term]
sɐ³³khɯɹ⁵⁵ {small stick} (Nq)
tʂha⁵⁵lu⁵³ (TBL#0586)
zɿ⁵⁵bu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0429: Ersu)
WrT: rgyug pa
62
089
*brak (STC#134) ‘rock’,
stone
*r-luŋ (STC#088),
*k-lok ⪤ *k-loŋ (PLB:TSR#190)
shítou
石头〔石頭〕
lo³³pu⁵³ (Nq)
luo³³bo⁵³ / luo³³mæ⁵³ (TBL#0043)
əɹ⁵⁵khuɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0042: Ersu)
WrT: rdo
yánshí
岩石
lo³³bu⁵³ (Nq)
luo³³bo⁵³ / ɦɯɹ⁵⁵khuæ⁵³ (TBL#0027)
WrT: grag
090
*nam (STC#048),
sun / day
sun
tàiyáng
太阳〔太陽〕
*niy (STC#081),
*tsyar (STC#187)
ni³³ma⁵⁵ (Nq)
ȵi³³mi⁵³ / ȵi³³me⁵³ (TBL#0002)
ȵo³³ma⁵⁵ (ZMC#0002: Ersu)
WrT: nyi ma
day
tiān
(rì
nɯ⁵⁵ (Nq)
天
(te⁵³) ȵy⁵³ {(one) day} (TBL#0910)
日)
ȵo⁵⁵ (ZMC#0088: Ersu)
WrT: nyin / nyi ma
091
tree / wood
shù
*siŋ (STC#233);
树〔樹〕
*sik (PLB: TSR#118)
sə³³pu⁵³ (Nq)
se³³pu⁵³ (TBL#0372)
si⁵⁵pu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0178: Ersu)
WrT: shing (sdong)
63
mùtou
木头〔木頭〕
sa³³tʂhʅ⁵³ {wood} (Nq)
se⁵⁵ {firewood} (Nq)
se³⁵ (TBL#0511)
*** (ZMC#0469: Ersu 木头)
si⁵⁵ (ZMC#0468: Ersu 柴 ‘firewood’)
WrT: shing
092
*twiy (STC#168),
water
shuǐ
水
*m-tśril (STC p.30)
dʐʅ⁵⁵ (Nq)
(n)dʐu³⁵ (TBL#0047)
dʒo⁵⁵ (ZMC#0010: Ersu)
WrT: chu
093
*g-liy (STC#454)
wind
fēng
风〔風〕
mə⁵⁵ (Nq)
me⁵⁵le⁵³ (TBL#0009)
mɛ⁵⁵əɹ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0007: Ersu)
WrT: rlung / lhags pa
094
*ka·k (STC#327),
branch
shùzhī
树枝〔樹枝〕
*ku·ŋ (STC#359)
sə³³kəɹ⁵⁵ (Nq)
se³³kæ⁵³li³¹ (TBL#0374)
si⁵⁵kɑ³³lɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0225: Ersu)
WrT: yal ga
cf. trunk
shùgàn
树干〔樹幹〕
sa³³tʂhʅ⁵³ {the same as ‘wood’} (Nq)
sə³³nga⁵³ {log} (Nq)
se³³nga⁵³ (TBL#0373)
WrT: sdong po
64
095
*d-ŋul (STC pp.15, 173)
silver
yínzi
银子〔銀子〕
ŋu⁵³ (Nq)
ŋu³⁵ (TBL#0052)
ŋuaɹ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0036: Ersu)
WrT: dngul
gold
jīnzi
ȵi⁵³ (Nq)
金子
ȵi³⁵ (TBL#0051)
ȵi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0035: Ersu)
WrT: gser
096
*g-pa (STC#044)
bamboo
zhúzi
竹子
m̥i⁵³ (Nq)
n̥i⁵³ (TBL#0389)
xi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0183: Ersu)
WrT: smyug ma
097
shade / shadow
yǐngzi
*g-rip ⪤ *s-rip (STC p.113)
影子
mə³⁵;
tʂu³³tʂu⁵³ (Nq)
əɹ³⁵na⁵³ (TBL#0698)
rɑ⁵⁵nɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0520: Ersu)
WrT: grib ma
yīnyǐng 阴影〔陰影〕
mə³³tɕhi⁵³ (Nq)
WrT: grib ma / grib nag / grib so
bèiyīnchù 背阴处〔背陰處〕*** (Nq)
WrT: nyi grib ’khel sa
65
098
*tsik (STC#064)
joint
tshɿ³³tshɿ⁵³ (Nq 骨节)
(guān)jié （关）节
〔（關）節〕
tshɿ³³tshɿ⁵³ ta³³ta³³ (TBL#0136 骨节)
WrT: rus tshigs / lhu tshigs
wrist
na³³tshɯ⁵³ (Nq)
shǒuwànzi 手腕子
tshɿ³³ta⁵³ (TBL#0108)
WrT: lag tshigs
099
thorn (prick)
cì
*tsow (STC#276)
刺
tshɿ³³pu⁵³ (Nq)
tshɿ³⁵ (TBL#0391)
ntʃho⁵⁵ (ZMC#0230: Ersu)
WrT: tsher ma
100
*ya (STC#417)
night
yèli
夜里〔夜裡〕
khwe⁵⁵ (Nq)
*** (TBL#0753 夜里)
nkhuaɹ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0105: Ersu 夜里（晚上）)
WrT: mtshan mo
cf. bàngwǎn 傍晚
(huánghūn 黄昏)
mu⁵⁵khwi⁵⁵ {dusk/evening} (Nq)
nkhu³⁵ (TBL#0752 晚上)
WrT: dgong dag
66
101
*si·r (STC#372),
iron
tiě
铁〔鐵〕
*syam (STC#228)
ʂɯ⁵³ (Nq)
ʂɯ⁵³ (TBL#0054)
ʂɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0038: Ersu)
WrT: lcags
102
field
tiándì
田地
re³⁵; rɯ³³me⁵³{earth, field} (Nq)
ʐɿ³³mæ⁵³ (TBL#0041 地（田～）)
WrT: sa zhing
102.1
swidden
*hya¹ (PLB: Bradley 1975a, #414)
huǒtián 火田
re³⁵ {field} (Nq)
WrT: zhing kha
102.2
irrigated paddy field
*ʔdan³;
*C-mi¹ (PLB: Bradley 1975a, #415)
shuǐtián 水田
† re³⁵ {field} (Nq)
jy³³xua⁵⁵ (TBL#0042)
zu⁵⁵xuɑi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0027: Ersu)
†There is no distinction between swidden and paddy field
in the Lyuzu language, because they have no paddy field.
WrT: chu zhing
67
F.
103
Artifacts and social organization (N art)
*m-da (STC pp.96, 111-112, 118),
arrow
jiàn
(shǐ
箭
矢)
*b-la (STC#449)
mɐɹ³³ʂʅ⁵³ (Nq)
maɹ³³ji⁵³ (TBL#0637)
maɹ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0428: Ersu)
WrT: mda’
104
*kap (STC#052);
needle
zhān
针〔針〕
*k-rap (PLB: TSR#191)
gɐ³⁵ (Nq)
ɣɯ³⁵ / ɣa³⁵ (TBL#0578)
xaɹ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0420: Ersu)
WrT: khab
105
*kim ⪤ *kyim ⪤ *kyum (STC#053)
house
fángzi
房子
ȵi³³tshɯ⁵³ (Nq)
ȵi³⁵ (TBL#0494)
ji⁵⁵ (ZMC#0348: Ersu 房屋)
WrT: khang pa
jiā
家
ȵǐe³⁵ (Nq)
jɑ⁵⁵vɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0349: Ersu)
WrT: khyim / nang
106
*d-liy (STC#463)
bow
gōng
弓
maɹ⁵⁵ (Nq)
maɹ³⁵ (TBL#0636)
si⁵⁵li⁵⁵ (ZMC#0427: Ersu)
WrT: gzhu
68
107
*m-liy (STC#474)
boat
chuán
(zhōu
船
*** (Nq)
舟)
gʉ³⁵ < Tib. gru (TBL#0602)
gu⁵⁵ < Tib. gru (ZMC#0481: Ersu)
WrT: gru
108
*tsum (STC#075)
mortar
jiù
臼
thɐ³³kho⁵³ (Nq)
tsuo⁵³mo⁵³ (TBL#0627)
tsu³³ŋ̍⁵⁵ (ZMC#0436: Ersu)
WrT: sgog gtun
mò
磨
gɛ³⁵ {stone mortar with handle} (Nq)
tɕhu³³tha⁵³ {water mortar} < Tib. chu ’thag (Nq)
əɹ³³ tha⁵³ < Tib. rang ’thag (TBL#0631)
rɑ⁵⁵thɑ⁵⁵ < Tib. rang ’thag (ZMC#0434 水磨)
WrT: chu ’khor / mchig / rang ’thag / chu ’thag
109
*r-wa ⪤ *g-wa (STC#444),
village
cūnzhuāng
村庄
〔村莊〕
*kak (PLB:TSR#022)
xu³³tɕhe⁵³ (Nq)
fu³⁵ (TBL#0066 村子)
rɛ³³wɑ³³ (ZMC#0362 村寨)
WrT: grong tsho
69
G.
110
Spatial/directional (N spat)
*bay (STC#047)
leftside
zuǒbiān 左边〔左邊〕
le³³ji⁵⁵pu³³ (Nq)
le³³ji⁵³ (TBL#0710)
li⁵⁵ (ZMC#0053: Ersu)
WrT: g-yon pa
111
*g-ya ⪤ *g-ra (STC#098)
rightside
yòubiān 右边〔右邊〕
le³³tɕi⁵⁵pu³³ (Nq)
le³³tɕy⁵³ (TBL#0711)
lɛ⁵⁵tʃu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0054: Ersu)
WrT: g-yas pa
112
far (v.)
yuǎn
*dzya·l (STC#229),
远〔遠〕
*wiy² (PLB)
ʂɐ³³ʂɐ⁵³ (Nq)
əɹ³³ʂa³⁵ (TBL#0974) {[əɹ³³] ‘route, distance’}
ʂɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0817: Ersu)
WrT: thag ring po
113
near (v.)
jìn
*ney (STC#291)
近
mɐ³³ʂɐ⁵³ (Nq) {not far}
əɹ³³ȵi⁵³ (TBL#0975) {[əɹ³³] ‘route, distance’}
ȵi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0818: Ersu)
WrT: thag nye po
70
114
*niŋ (STC#368)
year
nián
年
ti⁵⁵tɕhə⁵³ (Nq)
dʐu⁵³tʂhɯ³¹ (TBL#0777)
bu⁵⁵tʂhɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0063: Ersu)
WrT: lo
71
H.
115
Numerals and quantifiers (N num)
twenty / score
èrshí
二十
*(m)-kul (STC#397)
nə³³tshɿ⁵³ (Nq)
ne³³tshɿ⁵³ (TBL#0816)
nɛ⁵⁵tshɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0930: Ersu)
WrT: nyi shu
116
*it (STC pp.94, 162),
one
*kat (p.94),
*t(y)ik ⪤ *(g-)tyik (STC pp.84, 94, 169, 189)
yī
一
tə⁵³ (Nq)
te³¹ (TBL#0797)
tɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0911: Ersu)
WrT: gcig
117
*s-nis (STC#005) [cf. TWO #120]
seven
qī
七
ki⁵³ (Nq)
skŋ̍⁵³ (TBL#0803)
ʃɿ⁵⁵n̩⁵⁵ (ZMC#0917: Ersu)
WrT: bdun
118
*gip (STC#016)
ten
shí
十
tɕhe³³tɕhi⁵³ (Nq)
tɕhe⁵³tɕhe⁵³ (TBL#0806)
tɕhɛ⁵⁵tɕhɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0920: Ersu)
WT: bcu
72
119
*r-gya (STC#164)
hundred
bǎi
百
ɐ³³ ʑɛ⁵³ (Nq)
(te³³) ʑæ⁵³ (TBL#0824)
zɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0939: Ersu)
WrT: brgya (tham pa)
120
*g-nis (STC#004)
two
èr
二
nə⁵³ (Nq)
ne³⁵ (TBL#0798)
nɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0912: Ersu)
WrT: gnyis
121
*g-sum (STC#409)
three
sān
三
si⁵³ (Nq)
ɕi⁵³ (TBL#0799)
si⁵⁵ (ZMC#0913: Ersu)
WrT: gsum
122
*b-liy (STC#410)
four
sì
四
tʂʅ⁵³ (Nq)
ʐu³⁵ (TBL#0800)
ʐo³³ (ZMC#0914: Ersu)
WrT: bzhi
123
*l-ŋa ⪤ *b-ŋa (STC#078)
five
wǔ
五
ɐ⁵³ (Nq)
ŋa⁵³ (TBL#0801)
ŋuaɹ³³ (ZMC#0915: Ersu)
WrT: lnga
73
124
*d-ruk (STC#411);
six
liù
六
*C-krok (PLB:TSR#35)
tʂhu⁵³ (Nq)
tʂhʉ⁵³ (TBL#0802)
tʂhu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0916: Ersu)
WrT: drug
125
*b-r-gyat (TSR#163)
eight
bā
八
ngi⁵³ (Nq)
dʑi³⁵ (TBL#0804)
ʒɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0918: Ersu)
WrT: brgyad
126
*d-kuw (TSR#013)
nine
jiǔ
九
zi⁵³ (Nq)
ŋgɯ³⁵ (TBL#0805)
ŋgɛ³³ (ZMC#0919: Ersu)
WrT: dgu
127
(be) many (v.)
duō
*mra (TSR#148)
多
dɐ³³pa⁵³ (Nq)
miæ⁵³miæ⁵³ (TBL#0987)
WrT: mang po
jɑ³³mi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0819: Ersu)
rich/bumper (harvest)
mi³³mi⁵³ (Nq)
fēng (shōu) 丰〔豐〕（收）
WrT: rgyas po; thon legs
cf. little, few
shǎo
少
ȵi³³ȵi⁵³ (Nq)
ȵi⁵³ȵi⁵³ (TBL #0988)
ȵi³³ȵi⁵⁵ (ZMC #0820: Ersu)
WrT: nyung ngu
74
I.
128
Verbs of utterance, body position of function (V body)
*braŋ (STC#135),
be born
chūshēng
出生
*kruŋ (STC#382)
əɹ³³be⁵³ (Nq)
WrT: skye ba / ’khrungs pa / bltams pa
shēng háizi 生孩子
(nɐ³³nɐ⁵⁵) be³³ {nɐ³³nɐ⁵⁵ ‘baby’} (Nq)
de³³tsɿ⁵³ (TBL#1620)
dzɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0774: Ersu)
WrT: (phu gu) skye
xià dàn
下蛋
(rɐ³³tɕu⁵⁵) be³⁵ {rɐ³³tɕu⁵⁵ ‘chicken egg’} (Nq)
tɕu³⁵ (TBL#1718)
WrT: (sgo nga) gtong
129
sleep / lie down
shuì
睡
*ip (STC#114),
*mwiy (STC#196),
khə³³jə⁵⁵ (Nq)
khe³³ju⁵³ (TBL#1646)
maɹ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0582: Ersu)
tǎng
躺
ɐ³³phe⁵⁵gi³³ (Nq)
khu³³ju⁵³ (TBL#1661)
WT: nyal
130
*krap (STC#116),
weep
kū
哭
*ŋuw (STC#076)
ŋwe⁵⁵ (Nq)
ŋu³⁵ (TBL#1485)
nbɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0718: Ersu)
WrT: ngu
75
*n(y)it (STC#236)
131
*m-nwi(y) (STC#191),
laugh
xiào
笑
*rya-t (STC#202)
əɹ³⁵ (Nq)
əɹ³⁵ (TBL#1735)
rɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0717: Ersu)
WrT: dgod
132
*siy (STC#232)
die
sǐ
死
thɯ³³xɯ⁵³ (Nq)
thu⁵³ʂu⁵³ (TBL#1651)
ʂo⁵⁵ (ZMC#0780: Ersu)
WrT: shi
133
*m-sow (STC#295);
awaken
xǐnglai
醒
*nuw² ⪤ *s-nuw² (PLB)
də³³tɕɯ⁵³ (Nq)
de³³tɕæ⁵³ (TBL#1739)
da³³tsɑ⁵³ (ZMC#0583: Ersu)
WrT: gnyid sad
134
*su(w) (STC#423)
cough
késou
咳嗽
də³³tshɯ⁵⁵ (Nq)
tshe⁵³ (TBL#1477)
WrT: glo rgyag
135
*g-ryap (STC#246)
stand
zhàn
站
khe³³ndʑɯ⁵⁵ (Nq)
khe³³ndʑæ⁵³ (TBL#1784)
ndzɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0569: Ersu)
WrT: lang
76
136
*tu·ŋ (STC#361)
sit
zuò
坐
nɐ³³ndzɯ⁵⁵ (Nq)
ne³³ʑi⁵³ (TBL#1819)
zɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0574: Ersu)
WrT: sdod
kneel
guì
pẽ³³nbi⁵⁵khɯ³³ (Nq)
跪
pi³³nbĩ⁵⁵ khe³³kɯ⁵³ (TBL#1360)
hkɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0566: Ersu)
WrT: pus mo ’dzugs
77
J.
137
Verbs of motion (V mot)
fall (from a height)
drop
diào
*kla (STC#123)
thɐ³³kho⁵³ (Nq)
掉
the³³ɬa⁵³ (TBL#1274)
nɑ⁵⁵dʐɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0764: Ersu)
WrT: zag pa / lhung ba
set of the sun
(ni³³ma⁵⁵) ne³³tɕi⁵⁵ {(the sun) sets} (Nq)
luò
ne³³tɕu⁵³ (TBL#1512 落（太阳～）)
落
tɕhu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0752: Ersu 落下（太阳）)
WrT: nub / bzhud
138
climb, ascend
shàng
*l-tak (STC pp.52, 110, 123),
上
*syar ‘rise’ (STC#090, p.28)
(ȵi³³wa⁵⁵) tə³³ju⁵⁵ {(upstairs) up-go}(Nq)
(khua⁵³wu⁵³) te³³ji³¹ (TBL#1609（～楼）)
dʑi³³i⁵⁵ (ZMC#0743: Ersu（山）)
WrT: yar ’gro / ’dzeg pa
shēng
升起〔昇起〕
(ni³³mɐ⁵⁵) dɐ³³ntshu⁵³ {(the sun) rises} (Nq)
khe³³ʂæ⁵⁵ (TBL#1623)
hkhu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0751: Ersu（太阳）)
WrT: shar
pá
爬
(mbe³³) lo⁵³ {climb (the mountain)}(Nq)
(mbi³³) lu⁵³ (TBL#1538（～山）)
be³³be⁵³ (TBL#1539（～树）)
WrT: ’dzeg pa
78
139
*yu(w) (STC#289, p.101);
descend
*ʔ-yuk [above 1.121(5E)];
*zak (TSR#121)
xià
下
nə³³ji⁵³ (Nq)
ne³³ji⁵³ (TBL#1716（～楼）)
ȵi³³ji⁵⁵ (ZMC#0744: Ersu（山）)
WrT: mar ’gro / ’bab pa
jiàng
降
nə³³ji⁵³ (Nq)
ne³³dʐæ⁵³ (TBL#1418 降落)
WrT: ’bab pa
jiǎn
减
nə³³tʂhwe⁵³ (Nq)
ne³³ȵi⁵³ (TBL#1415)
WrT: ’phri
140
*pur ⪤ *pir (STC#398),
fly
*pyam (STC#093, p.29; #171, p.51),
*pyaw ‘fly, swim, float’ (STC#176)
fēi
飞〔飛〕
dʑe³³dʑe⁵³ (Nq)
bʑe³⁵ (TBL#1318)
guaɹ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0782: Ersu)
WrT: ’phur
piāo
飘〔飄〕
dʑi³³dʑi⁵³ (Nq)
WrT: lding / hyang
fú
浮
tɕhu³³tɕhu⁵⁵ (Nq)
bu⁵⁵gɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0758: Ersu)
WrT: gyeng
piāo
漂
a³³se⁵⁵ (Nq)
gæ³³gæ⁵⁵ (TBL#1553 漂浮)
WrT: lding / hyang
79
141
*p(w)ak (STC#046);
hide
duǒcáng 躲藏
*wak ⪤ *ʔ-wak (PLB:TSR#178)
khɐ³³nphe⁵³ (Nq)
khe³³nphe⁵³ (TBL#1295)
WrT: gab pa / yib pa
cángnì
藏匿
thɐ³³tɕhi⁵⁵ɕi³³ {put away; take in} (Nq)
the³³kɯ⁵³ʂɯ⁵³ /
–– ȵæ⁵³ əɹ⁵³dʐʉ³³ (TBL#1169 藏（东西）)
WrT: skung ba
142
*ploŋ (STC#140)
run / flee
pǎo
跑
tɕi⁵⁵ (Nq)
pʑe³⁵ (TBL#1544)
li⁵⁵gɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0573: Ersu)
WrT: rgyug pa
táozǒu
逃走
pho³³ji⁵³ (Nq)
pho³⁵ (TBL#1663)
thɑ³³kuɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0711: Ersu)
WrT: ’bros pa
143
emerge
*twak (STC p.17),
chūxiàn 出现〔出現〕
*pro (STC#248)
do³³tɐ⁵⁵ (Nq)
WrT: thon pa / mngon pa
80
K.
144
Verb of emotion, cognition, perception (V psych)
fear / frighten
*grok ⪤ *krok (STC#473),
*kri(y) (STC#416),
*b-ray (STC#450)
hàipà
害怕
de³³kɯ⁵³; mɐ³³tʂwe⁵³ (Nq)
de³³kɯ⁵³ (TBL#1366)
tɕi⁵⁵ma⁵⁵ (ZMC#0730: Ersu)
WrT: skrag pa / zhad pa
145
*m-kyen (STC#223),
know
zhīdao
知道
*syey (STC#182)
xɐ³³ khu⁵³ (Nq)
hũ³³sɿ⁵³ (TBL#1798)
hɑ³³sɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0722: Ersu)
WrT: shes pa
146
*kyeŋ (STC#162),
ashamed
hàixiū
害羞
*s-rak (STC#431),
bu³³ʂu⁵⁵ (Nq)
nbu³³ʂu⁵³ (TBL#1365)
WrT: ngo tsha
147
*b-la·p (STC#335)
forget
wàngjì
忘记〔忘記〕
thə³³mə⁵³ (Nq)
the³³me⁵³ (TBL#1704)
thɛ³³mɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0726: Ersu)
WrT: brjed pa
81
*g-yak (STC#452)
148
*maŋ (STC#082);
dream
mèng
梦〔夢〕
*s-mak ⪤ *s-maŋ (PLB:TSR)
jɐ³³mɐ⁵⁵ mo³³ (Nq)
{jɐ³³mɐ⁵⁵ [n.] ‘dream’ + mo³³ [v.] ‘see’}
ʑi³³ma⁵³ (TBL#0699)
ji⁵⁵mɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0519: Ersu)
WrT: rmi lam / gnyid lam
149
*mraŋ (STC#149)
see
kànjiàn
看见〔看見〕
thɐ̃³³ndo⁵³ (Nq)
kho³³nduo⁵³ (TBL#1471)
ndo⁵⁵ (ZMC#0529: Ersu)
WrT: mthong
cf. look at
kàn
khɐ³³htsho⁵³ / dɐ³³htsho⁵³ (Nq)
看
WrT: lta
150
*m-nam (STC#464)
smell
wénjiàn 闻见〔聞見〕
tʂu³³we⁵³ (Nq)
hĩ⁵⁵hĩ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0548: Ersu 闻)
WrT: snom
cf. sniff at
xiù
嗅
*** (Nq)
te⁵³hɯ̃⁵³hɯ̃³¹ (TBL#1707 闻（嗅）)
WrT: dri ma snum
82
L.
151
Stative verbs with human patients (V hum stat)
*ba (STC#025)
thin
báo
薄
bi³³bi⁵³ (Nq)
bi⁵³bi⁵³ (TBL#0981)
bzɿ³³bzɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0814: Ersu)
WrT: srab po
shòu
*** (Nq)
瘦
ne³³kua⁵³ (TBL#1026)
ȵo⁵⁵ (ZMC#0814: Ersu)
WrT: sha skam po
152
*r-ga (STC#445)
old
lǎo
thɐ³³mo⁵³ (Nq)
老
tho³³mo⁵³ (TBL#1493)
mo⁵⁵mo⁵⁵ (ZMC#0857: Ersu（人）)
WrT: rga ba / rgan pa
jiù
旧〔舊〕
ne³³mɐ⁵⁵ (Nq)
pæ³³læ⁵³ (TBL#1051)
lɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0867: Ersu（衣服）)
WrT: rnying pa
153
*kruŋ (STC#382),
alive
huó
活
*s-riŋ ⪤ *s-raŋ (STC#404)
tshũ³³ntshu⁵³ (Nq)
tshʉ⁵⁵ntshʉ⁵³ (TBL#1087（～的）living [adj.])
de³³ntshʉ⁵³ (TBL#1396（～了）become alive/active)
sɛ³³dʒo⁵⁵tɛ³³ (ZMC#0781: Ersu（鱼）)
WrT: gson po
83
154
*na (STC#080),
ill
bìng
病
*nyuŋ (STC#194)
ȵi⁵³ (Nq)
de³³ȵi⁵³ (TBL#1160)
ȵi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0776: Ersu)
WrT: na
155
*tsow (STC#277)
fat
féi
肥
tshu⁵³ [adj.] / dɐ³³tshu⁵³ [v.] (Nq)
de³³tshʉ⁵³ / tshʉ³³tshʉ⁵³ (TBL#1025（猪～）)
jɑ³³ndɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0850: Ersu（肉）)
pàng
胖
(tɕho⁵³) tshu³³tshu⁵⁵ { tɕho⁵³ ‘person’} (Nq)
de³³tshʉ⁵³ (TBL#1024)
bɑ⁵⁵bu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0849: Ersu（人）)
WrT: rgyags pa
156
*g-ya (STC#451),
itchy
yǎng
痒
*m-sak (STC#465)
dɐ³³kəɹ⁵³ (Nq)
de³³dʐɿ⁵³ (TBL#1749)
ntshuɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0900: Ersu)
WrT: za phrug
84
M.
157
Stative verbs with non-human patients (V inan stat)
*bliŋ ⪤ *pliŋ (STC#142),
full
mǎn
满〔滿〕
*dyam ⪤ *tyam (STC#226)
dɐ³³bɐɹ⁵³ (Nq)
de³³baɹ⁵³ (TBL#0984)
dɑ³³baɹ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0846: Ersu)
de³³baɹ⁵³ (TBL#1518 满（～了）be full / filled up)
WrT: gang ba
158
long / tall
*duŋ (STC#020; #231, p.75),
*low (STC#279),
*s-riŋ (STC#433)
cháng
长〔長〕
ʂa³³ʂa⁵³ (Nq)
ʂa⁵³ʂa⁵³ (TBL#0972)
jɑ³³ʂɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0809: Ersu)
WrT: ring po
gāo
高
bo³³mbo⁵³ (Nq)
bo⁵³nbo⁵³ (TBL#0968)
jɑ³³nbo⁵⁵ (ZMC#0802: Ersu)
WrT: mtho(n) ba
159
*dz(y)im (STC#071),
sweet
tián
甜
*twi(y) (STC#166)
dɐ³³bi⁵⁵ (Nq)
de³³tʂhu⁵³ (TBL#1073)
tʃho⁵⁵ (ZMC#0888: Ersu)
WrT: mngar mo
85
160
*graŋ (STC#120),
cold
lěng
冷
*kyam (STC#224)
dɐ³³phi⁵³ (Nq)
de³³nphi⁵³ (TBL#1063)
nphi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0884: Ersu)
WrT: grang mo
liáng
凉快〔涼快〕
mbi³⁵ (Nq)
nbi³³ʂuæ⁵³ʂuæ³¹ (TBL#1066)
nbi³³ʂɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0886: Ersu)
WrT: bsil po
161
*ka (STC#008)
bitter
kǔ
苦
dɐ³³kha⁵⁵ (Nq)
de³³kha⁵³ (TBL#1074)
tʃhi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0889: Ersu)
WrT: kha po
162
*kri(y) (STC#413),
sour
suān
酸
*s-kyur ⪤ *su·r (STC#042)
dɐ³³tʂu⁵⁵ (Nq)
de³³tʂu⁵³ (TBL#1072)
tʃɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0887: Ersu)
WrT: skyur mo
163
*kyeŋ (STC#162),
red
hóng
红〔紅〕
*r-ni (STC pp.46, 91),
ȵi³³tsɯ⁵⁵tsɯ³³ (Nq)
de³³ȵi⁵³ (TBL#1007)
ȵi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0837: Ersu)
WrT: dmar po
86
*tsyak (STC#184)
164
*s-liy (STC#095)
heavy
zhòng
重
də³³də⁵³ (Nq)
de³³de⁵³ (TBL#1014)
jɑ³³nɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0830: Ersu)
WrT: ljid po
165
*lum (STC#381)
warm
lukewarm (water)
mbi³³mbi⁵³ (Nq)
wēn
†
温
tshæ³³pu⁵³ li³³li³¹ (TBL#1064（水～）)
† This phrase means ‘Sth hot became cool’ in Nq dialect.
nuǎnhuo 暖和
tshe³³tshe⁵⁵ (Nq)
mæ³³nphi⁵³ mæ³³tshæ³¹ (TBL#1065)
tshɑ⁵⁵tshɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0885: Ersu)
WrT: dro(n) po
166
*z-lum (STC#143),
round
yuán
圆〔圓〕
*wal (STC#091)
wa³³wa⁵⁵{plane} / ta³³li⁵³{sphericity} (Nq)
ɣua³³ɣua⁵³{plane};
ta³³ li⁵³li³¹{sphericity} (TBL#0990)
pu⁵⁵li⁵⁵li⁵⁵ (ZMC#0807: Ersu)
WrT: sgor sgor
167
ripe / well-cooked *s-min (STC#432)
shóu
熟
dɐ³³tshe⁵³ (Nq)
de³³hĩ⁵³ (TBL#1637（饭～）)
dɛ⁵⁵xi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0869: Ersu（肉）)
WrT: ’tshod pa
ripe
de³³hĩ⁵³ (TBL#1638（果子～）)
WrT: smin pa
87
168
soft (to touch)
ruǎn
*now (STC#274)
软〔軟〕
nu³³nu⁵³ (Nq)
ȵu⁵³ȵu⁵³ (TBL#1035)
ȵo³³ȵo⁵⁵ (ZMC#0832: Ersu)
nèn
嫩
nu³³nu⁵³ (Nq)
zæ³³zæ⁵³ (TBL#1057（植物～）)
zɑ⁵⁵zɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0859: Ersu（菜）)
WrT: snyi ba / mnyen pa
169
*bok (STC p.181),
white
*ŋow (STC#296),
*plu (pp.41, 46, 60-61, 89)[cf. SILVER #095]
bái
白
dɐ³³lu⁵³ (Nq)
de³³lʉ⁵³ (TBL#1006)
əɹ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0840: Ersu)
WrT: dkar po
170
*tyaŋ (STC#225);
black
*sim ⪤ syim (STC#380);
*(s-)nak (STC pp.88, 102, 155; TSR#142)
hēi
黑
dɐ³³nɐ⁵³ (Nq)
de³³nua⁵³ (TBL#1005)
nuɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0841: Ersu)
WrT: nag po
171
*r-ta-t (STC#426),
thick
hòu
厚
*tow (STC#319),
dy³³dy⁵³ (Nq)
ʑy⁵³ʑy⁵³ (TBL#0980)
jɑ³³bu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0813: Ersu)
WrT: mthug po
88
*tu·k (STC#356)
172
*sar (STC pp.147, 172, 189)
new
xīn
新
sa³³pa⁵³ < Tib. gsar pa (Nq)
sæ³³pæ⁵³ (TBL#1050)
sɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0866: Ersu)
WrT: gsar pa
173
*s-ryam (STC pp.53, 171, 189),
sharp
jiānruì
尖锐〔尖銳〕
*tak (STC p.87; TSR#41)
thʌ̃³³nthʌ⁵³ (Nq)
thua⁵³nthua⁵³ (TBL#0992)
ŋɛ⁵⁵tʃɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0806: Ersu（刀）)
WrT: rno ba
174
lightweight
qīng
轻〔輕〕
*r-ya·ŋ
gu³³gu⁵³ (Nq)
gu³³gu⁵³ (TBL#1015)
go⁵⁵go⁵⁵ (ZMC#0829: Ersu)
WrT: yang ba
89
N.
175
Action verbs with human agent (V hum act)
*am (STC#481),
eat
chī
(shí
吃〔喫〕
食)
*dza (STC#066)
dzɿ⁵³ (Nq)
dzɿ⁵³ (TBL#1198)
dzɿ³³ (ZMC#0533: Ersu)
WrT: za ba
176
*am (STC#481);
drink
hē
(yǐn
喝
*Ndaŋ¹ (PLB:TSR p.15)
tɕhu⁵³ (Nq)
饮〔飲〕)
tɕhi⁵³ (TBL#1370)
tshɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0534: Ersu（水）)
WrT: ’thung ba
177
*biy (STC#427),
give
gěi
给〔給〕
*pek (STC pp.101, 149)
khe⁵⁵ (Nq)
khe³⁵ (TBL#1345)
WrT: ster ba
178
*du-t ⪤ *tu-t (STC#421),
tie
bǎng
kǔn
绑〔綁〕
捆〔綑〕
*kik (STC#484)
tɐ³³tsha⁵⁵tsha³³ (Nq)
khe³³tsa⁵³le³¹ (TBL#1141)
tɐ³³tsha⁵⁵tsha³³ (Nq)
tsɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0664: Ersu（柴）)
WrT: sdom pa
xì
shuān
系〔繫〕
拴
khə³³phu⁵⁵ (Nq)
khə³³phu⁵⁵ (Nq)
khe³³phu⁵³ / khe³³phʐu⁵³ (TBL#1645（～牛）)
WrT: ’dogs pa
90
jié
结〔結〕
khə³³phu⁵⁵ (Nq)
WrT: mdud pa
179
*r-kuw (STC#033)
steal
tōu
偷
tʂhə³³sɯ⁵³ (Nq)
nphʐu³⁵ (TBL#1686)
npho⁵⁵ (ZMC#0715: Ersu)
WrT: rku ba
180
*m/s-lyak (STC#211)
lick
tiǎn
舔
dɐ³³gə⁵³ (Nq)
de³³ɣɯ⁵³ (TBL#1674)
gɛ⁵⁵gɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0537: Ersu)
WrT: rdag pa
181
bite
yǎo
咬
*gam (STC#491),
*hap (STC#089),
*ku·k (STC#388),
*wa (STC#424)
khə³³kɯɹ⁵³ (Nq)
ne³³tʂɿ⁵³ (TBL#1753)
tʂɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0535: Ersu)
WrT: so rgyag pa
jiáo
嚼
ta³³tsha⁵³ (Nq)
na³³ta⁵³ta³³ (TBL#1424)
htɑ³³htɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0536: Ersu)
WrT: mur ba
kěn
啃
tʂhi⁵³ (Nq)
tʂhɯ³⁵ (TBL#1481)
ntɕhi⁵⁵ (ZMC#0539: Ersu)
WrT: ’brad pa
91
182
*hyak (STC#230);
scratch / scrape
*kret ⪤ Nkret (TSR#097);
náo
挠
*krak ⪤ *Nkrak (TSR#096);
*kut (STC#383),
*pruk (STC#391)
dɐ³³tʂho⁵³ (Nq)
te⁵³ntʂhɯ⁵³ntʂɯ⁵³ (TBL#1530（～痒）)
ntʂho⁵⁵ntʂho⁵⁵ (ZMC#0555: Ersu（搔痒）)
zhuā
抓
dɐ³³tʂho⁵³ (Nq)
te⁵³ntʂhɯ⁵³ (TBL#1805)
sāo
搔
(see ZMC#0555 挠)
WrT: ’phur ba / ’brad pa / ’phrug pa
183
cook / boil
zhǔ
*klak (STC#124),
煮
*prut (STC#131),
*pryo (STC#250)
tʂu⁵³ (Nq)
khe³³tʂu⁵³ {rice} (TBL#1804)
tʃho⁵⁵ (ZMC#0627（饭）)
WrT: ’tshod pa
184
*krit (STC#119)
grind
niǎn
碾
***
WrT: bgru ba
dǎo
捣〔搗〕
dɐ³³htɕu⁵⁵ (Nq)
no³³tshu⁵³ (TBL#1259 捣碎)
WrT: rdzog pa
grind, sharpen (knife)
mó (dāo) 磨（刀）
(bu³³tsho⁵⁵) te³³su⁵³ {bu³³tsho⁵⁵ ‘knife’} (Nq)
te⁵³su⁵³ (TBL #1526: whet (a knife))
su⁵⁵ (ZMC #0640: Ersu)
WrT: rdar
92
185
*kruw (STC#117),
wash
xǐ
*m-s(y)il (STC#492)
ne³³tshɯ⁵³ (Nq)
洗
ne³³tshe⁵³ (TBL#1713（～衣）)
~ clothes
tshɛ³³ (ZMC#0649: Ersu（衣服）)
~ hands
tshɛ³³ (ZMC#0648: Ersu（手）)
WrT: ’khrud ba
186
*klaw (STC#269),
dig
*r-ko-t (STC#420),
*la·y (STC#288),
*tu (STC#258)
wā
nbə⁵³ (Nq)
挖
nbu³⁵ (TBL#1698)
dzɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0597: Ersu)
jué
dɐ³³tʂho⁵³ (Nq)
掘
nbo³⁵ (TBL#1458)
WrT: ’dru ba / rko ba
187
let go; set free; loosen
*g-lwat (STC#209)
shìfàng
thɐ³³gʌ⁵⁵ (Nq)
释放〔釋放〕
the³³le⁵³ (TBL#1626)
WrT: sgrol ba / glod pa
sōng
松〔鬆〕
*** (Nq)
ŋe³³le⁵³ / ŋe³³ndzʉ⁵³ (TBL#1041)
zɑ⁵⁵zɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0880: Ersu（绑得松）)
WrT: glod pa / lhod pa
188
extinguish
xīmiè
*mit (STC#374)
熄灭〔熄滅〕
tha³³pho⁵³ (Nq)
tha³³pha⁵³ (TBL#1522 灭（火～）)
WrT: shi ba / yal ba
93
189
*s-mut (STC p.75)
blow
chuī
吹
dɐ³³mɑ⁵³ (Nq)
~ trumpet
de³³phʐa⁵³ / ntʂha⁵³ (TBL#1218（～喇叭）)
WrT: ’bud ba
blow away (a speck of dust)
te⁵³mu⁵³ (TBL#1219（～灰）)
maɹ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0544: Ersu（火）)
WrT: phu rgyag pa
guā
刮
mə³³ tɯ⁵⁵gə³³ (Nq)
me³³ le⁵³læ³³ (TBL#1353（～风）)
əɹ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0753: Ersu（风）)
WrT: lhags pa rgyag pa / rlung rgyag pa
190
*b-rey (STC#293)
buy
mǎi
买〔買〕
wu³⁵ (Nq)
vu³³ji⁵³ (TBL#1516)
ʐɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0616: Ersu)
WrT: nyo ba
borrow
jiè
借
(ba³³dʐʅ⁵⁵) ɕi³³ {ba³³dʐʅ⁵⁵ ‘money’} (Nq)
~ money
khe³³ɕu⁵³ (TBL#1442（～钱）)
ɕo⁵⁵ (ZMC#0692: Ersu 借（钱）)
khe³³hĩ⁵³ (Nq)
~ tools
khe³³hĩ³¹ (TBL#1443（～工具）)
191
*d-rup (STC#456),
sew
*(ʔ-)grup ⪤ *ʔdrup;
*byar ⪤ *pyar (STC#178)
féng
缝〔縫〕
ndʐɯ³³ndʐɯ⁵³ (Nq)
ndʐɯ⁵³ndʐɯ⁵³ (TBL#1324)
WrT: ’tshem pa
94
patch
bǔ
补〔補〕
(gə³³mo⁵⁵) pu³³{gə³³mo⁵⁵ ‘cloth’} (Nq)
~ cloth
pe⁵³pe³³ (TBL#1161（～衣）)
pɛ³³pɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0653: Ersu（衣服）)
WrT: glon pa / lhan pa rgyag pa
192
*g-sat (STC#058)
kill
shā
nɐ³³sɯ⁵³ (Nq)
杀〔殺〕
ngaɹ⁵³ (TBL#1602)
WT: gsod ba
slaughter
zǎi
tʂhʅ⁵³ {animal} (Nq)
宰
ntʂhɿ⁵³ {animal} (TBL#1602)
sɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0633: Ersu 杀（鸡）)
WrT: bsha’ ba; gsod ba
193
*tak (STC#017)
weave
zhī
织〔織〕
de³⁵ (Nq)
de³¹ (TBL#1799)
dɛ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0613: Ersu（布）)
WrT: ’thag pa
194
*nu·l (STC#365),
rub
cā
擦
*s(y)wiy (STC#180)
dɐ³³tɕhɯ⁵⁵ tɕhɯ³³ (Nq)
ne³³phiæ⁵³phiæ³¹ (TBL#1163（～桌子）)
ʃɿ³³ɕo⁵⁵ (ZMC#0624: Ersu（桌子）)
wipe away, erase
*** (TBL#1164 擦掉)
WrT: phyi ba / phyi bdar / sub ba
95
195
*nyap (STC#192),
squeeze
jǐ
挤〔擠〕
*tsyur (STC#188)
(dʐe³³nu⁵⁵) tshe³³ {dʐe³³nu⁵⁵ ‘milk’} (Nq)
ntshʉ⁵³ (TBL#1405（～奶）)
tʃɛ³³ (ZMC#0611: Ersu（奶）)
WrT: ’jo ba
press (a tube of toothpaste)
nɐ³³tʂho⁵³ (Nq)
*** (TBL#1404（～牙膏）)
WrT: ’tshir ba
zhà
榨
*** (Nq)
(ji³³tʂaɹ⁵³) kæ⁵³ (TBL#1781（～油）)
WrT: ’tshir ba
196
*ga·p (STC#219)
shoot
shè
射
(maɹ³³) tʂhɯ⁵³ (Nq)
gɐɹ⁵⁵ {launch 发出} (Nq)
(maɹ³³) tʂhɯ⁵³ (TBL#1611（～箭）)
WrT: ’phen ba
197
*tek (PLB:TSR#14)
kick
tī
tʂho⁵⁵ (ZMC#0688: Ersu 射（箭）)
踢
dɐ³³go⁵³ (Nq)
ɣuo³³ɣuo⁵³ (TBL#1667)
gu⁵⁵ (ZMC#0565: Ersu)
WrT: rdog rgyag gzhu ba
198
*par (STC p.35),
sell
mài
卖〔賣〕
*ywar (STC pp.15, 51, 89)
khe⁵³ (Nq)
nkhæ³⁵ (TBL#1517)
nkhɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0617: Ersu)
WrT: ’tshong ba
96
199
put, place
fàngzhì
*s-ta (STC#019)
放置
dʐa³³le⁵⁵ (Nq)
dʐua³³le³³ (TBL#1314)
phsɿ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0660: Ersu)
WrT: ’jog pa
200
drive / hunt
qūgǎn
*rak ⪤ Ngak (PLB:TSR#162)
驱赶〔驅趕〕
dɐ³³tʂe⁵³ (Nq)
ŋe³³tʂæ⁵³ (TBL#1576 驱逐)
tʃɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0713: Ersu 赶（走）)
WrT: ’ded pa / ‘bud pa
dǎliè
打猎〔打獵〕
mu³³nba⁵³ (TG)
mu³³nbæ⁵³mu³¹ (TBL#1230)
ȵi⁵⁵tʃɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0686: Ersu)
WrT: rngon pa / khyi ra rgyag pa
200.1
burn
*bar ⪤ *par (STC#220),
*ka·ŋ (STC#330),
ránshāo 燃烧〔燃燒〕
ploŋ (STC#139),
*tsow (STC#275),
*duk ⪤ *ʔduk (TSR#62),
*put (TSR#8)
dɐ³³be⁵³ (Nq)
de³³bæɹ⁵³ (TBL#1269)
WrT: ’bar ba
200.2
cut
*da·n (STC#22),
*lep (STC#351),
*mrak (STC#147),
*ra-t (STC#458),
*ri·t (STC#371),
*tsywar (STC#240),
*kut (STC#383),
*tsyat (STC#185),
*tuk (STC#387);
*Ntök ⪤ *ʔtök (TSR#101),
qiē
切
*ʔtwap ⪤ *C-dwap (TSR#69)
ne³³tɕhu⁵³ (Nq)
(gu³³tshe⁵⁵) tɕhe³³ {gu³³tshe⁵⁵ ‘vegetable’} (Nq)
ne³³tɕhu⁵³ (TBL#1574（～菜）)
WrT: gtub pa
luɑ⁵⁵luɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0634: Ersu（菜）)
97
gē
割
(ǝɹ³³ze⁵⁵) khu⁵³ {ǝɹ³³ze⁵⁵ ‘grass’} (Nq)
khu⁵³ (TBL#1342（～草）)
*** (ZMC#0601: Ersu（稻子）)
WrT: rnga ba / ’breg pa
cf. (ɕi³³) tɕhe⁵³ {ɕi³³ ‘meat’}(Nq)
ne³³lua⁵³; ne³³tʂhɿ⁵³ (TBL#1339（～肉）)
dɐ³³tʂhi⁵³ (Xk（～绳）)
ne³³lua⁵³ (TBL#1340（～绳）)
*** (TBL#1341 割断)
WrT: gcod pa
jiǎn
剪
(tsɐ³³khi⁵⁵) the³³tshe⁵⁵ {cut with scissors} (Nq)
{tsɐ³³khi⁵⁵ ‘scissors’}
pæ³³tɕi⁵³ (TBL#1416)
WrT: ’breg pa / ’dra ba
kǎn
砍
(sa³³phu⁵⁵) tʂhʅ⁵³ {sa³³phu⁵⁵ ‘tree’} (Nq)
tsɿ³⁵ (TBL#1467（～树）)
luɑ⁵⁵ (ZMC#0602: Ersu（树）)
chop/hew (bones)
(ǝɹ³³khu⁵³) za⁵³{ǝɹ³³khu⁵³ ‘bone’} (Nq)
dze³⁵ (TBL#1468（～骨头）)
WrT: gcod pa
98
References
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pp.99-273.
–––––––––––––––––––
My field research on the Lyuzu language was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific
Research (S): 16102001 from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, directed
by prof. Yasuhiko NAGANO at National Museum of Ethnology.
日本学術振興会科学研究費補助金
研究成果報告書
基盤研究Ｓ
課題番号：16102001
vol. 3
『チベット文化圏における言語基層の解明
── チベット・ビルマ系未記述言語の調査とシャンシュン語の解読』
研究代表者：国立民族学博物館
長野泰彦
2009
100
巧 那須野