Sugar-Cane being transported to Choutarwa Sugar Mill of then Champaran, a photo of 1905 In every part of ancient Bihar, several of the confectioners prepare the kind of coarse sugar called Shukkur, which in fact was entirely similar to the Muscavado sugar of Jamaica, and was prepared by putting some of the thin extract of sugar-cane into coarse sackcloth bags, and by putting a weight on these to squeeze out the molasses. ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... In Bihar there were 15 houses of the Mahuri tribe, where refined sugar was made by placing 25 sers of the Shukkur in a basket, and on the surface was laid some of the aquatic plants usually employed to refine sugar.  BARRAH ESTATES, LTD. AND CHAMPARAN SUGAR COMPANY, LTD This factory was built by a Mr. Stewart about the year 1820, The managers in the earliest days of the concern included M/S Stewart, Moran Henry Hill, Captain Hickey, Henry and Joseph Hill and H. L. Hollway.  Manufacture was done by carbonation process. Limestone was placed in a kiln with coke, in the proportion of ten to one, and then burned, the carbonic gas being forced direct from the kiln through the tanks, this being the latest method of manufacture. The mill was able to deal daily for 100 days in the year with 300 tons of cane with an average return of 8 per cent, of sugar to cane. There was a great demand for the sugar made . Nearly the whole of the output was disposed off locally and to the State of Punjab.
Evaporative plant of Champaran Sugar Company at Bara-Chakiya BHIKHANPUR AND JAPAHA SUGAR CONCERNS OF THEN TIRHUT  Permission was given by the East India Company for the erection of an indigo factory at Bihkhanpur, in the then district of Tirhut, in the year 1819.The letter addressed by the Commissioners of the Company to a Mr. Cahill authorized him " to hold 50 bighas of land " required by him for that purpose. The property afterward comprised 5,000 acres, the productive portion consisting of 2,000 acres of sugar-cane, 1,500 acres of indigo, and 1,500 acres of wheat, barley, oats, mustard, and other crops. The sugar factory and an excellent sugar store (which cover eight acres of land, and were erected on the banks of a beautiful lake, from which a good supply of water for all purposes could be obtained) were commodious buildings, constructed of brick, and equipped with excellent machinery, which was able to crush about three hundred tons of cane in a day of twenty-four hours. MAKING OF SUGAR- MODERN EARLY PRACTICES: The juice was pumped through boxes of sulfur fumes prior to being heated, and it was subsequently passed on to the deification plant, from which the clarified juice was transferred to eliminators for the removal of more impurities, the latter under pressure being passed through press filters. Following upon these measures the product was pumped into settling tanks, from which the juice was filtered through Taylor's filters and then through Harvey's " Triple " evaporator, leaving those as a clarified syrup, which was boiled in the vacuum pans and converted into sugar.  The syrup leave the pans as a mixture of sugar and molasses, going into a receiver with agitators which kept it in motion, and from there it was charged into the centrifugal machines, when the molasses was separated from the sugar. The latter was then conveyed by the use of elevators to the sugar floor, and after passing through a drier it was either crushed or kept as grained sugar, according to the demand, it was then packed in double gunny bags containing 200 lbs. C. R. CLAYTON-DAUBENY SUGAR CONCERNS OF RYAM-DARBHANGA Indigo was somewhat extensively grown in former years at Ryam, in the district of Darbhanga. which was within the dehat of 180 square miles under the control of Mr. C. R. Clayton-Daubeny, but since the cultivation of that plant was discontinued the whole of the estate has been dealt with on the Zemindary system, a portion of the and being devoted to the production of sugar-cane, rice, wheat, barley, and other crops. The registered office of the company was at 1 23/1 Halsey Road, Cawnpore, the capital and debentures are Rs. 4,00,000 and Rs. 3,00,000 respectively, and the managing agents in India were Messrs. Begg, Sutherland & Co., of Cawnpore.The total area under sugar-cane of the Bhuri variety was about 5,000 acres(including 400 acres belonging to Mr. Clayton-Daubeny personally), and a fair average yield was about 10 tons to the acre. The company had erected a very substantial 400-ton mill, and it was fitted with a most up-to-date plant (by Messrs. Mirrilees, Watson & Co., of Glasgow),
The whole of the manufacturing was done on the Swadeshi system,, under which a guarantee was given by the Government that no bones or other substances antagonistic to caste principles were used.
Polo Pony Group of C. E. CLAYTON-DAUBENY,RYAM SUGAR CONCERN OF DARBHANGA Bibliography-
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