iBet uBet web content aggregator. Adding the entire web to your favor.
iBet uBet web content aggregator. Adding the entire web to your favor.



Link to original content: https://unpaywall.org/10.1038/S42256-023-00759-6
Multi-modal molecule structure–text model for text-based retrieval and editing | Nature Machine Intelligence
Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Article
  • Published:

Multi-modal molecule structure–text model for text-based retrieval and editing

Nature Machine Intelligence volume 5, pages 1447–1457 (2023)Cite this article

Subjects

A preprint version of the article is available at arXiv.

Abstract

There is increasing adoption of artificial intelligence in drug discovery. However, existing studies use machine learning to mainly utilize the chemical structures of molecules but ignore the vast textual knowledge available in chemistry. Incorporating textual knowledge enables us to realize new drug design objectives, adapt to text-based instructions and predict complex biological activities. Here we present a multi-modal molecule structure–text model, MoleculeSTM, by jointly learning molecules’ chemical structures and textual descriptions via a contrastive learning strategy. To train MoleculeSTM, we construct a large multi-modal dataset, namely, PubChemSTM, with over 280,000 chemical structure–text pairs. To demonstrate the effectiveness and utility of MoleculeSTM, we design two challenging zero-shot tasks based on text instructions, including structure–text retrieval and molecule editing. MoleculeSTM has two main properties: open vocabulary and compositionality via natural language. In experiments, MoleculeSTM obtains the state-of-the-art generalization ability to novel biochemical concepts across various benchmarks.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on SpringerLink
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1: Pipeline of pretraining and downstream tasks.
Fig. 2: Results for zero-shot structure–text retrieval.
Fig. 3: Pipelines for the zero-shot text-based molecule editing.
Fig. 4: Visualization results for the zero-shot text-based molecule editing.
Fig. 5: Visual analysis on text-based molecule editing.

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All the datasets are provided on Hugging Face at https://huggingface.co/datasets/chao1224/MoleculeSTM/tree/main. Specifically for the release of PubChemSTM, we encountered a big challenge regarding the textual data license. As confirmed with the PubChem group, performing research on these data does not violate their license; however, PubChem does not possess the license for the textual data, which necessitates an extensive evaluation of the license for each of the 280 structure–text pairs in PubChemSTM. This has hindered the release of PubChemSTM. Nevertheless, we have (1) described the detailed preprocessing steps in Supplementary Section A.1, (2) provided the molecules with CID file (https://huggingface.co/datasets/chao1224/MoleculeSTM/blob/main/PubChemSTM_data/raw/CID2SMILES.csv) in PubChemSTM and (3) have also provided the detailed preprocessing scripts (https://github.com/chao1224/MoleculeSTM/tree/main/preprocessing/PubChemSTM). By utilizing these scripts, users can easily reconstruct the PubChemSTM dataset.

Code availability

The source code can be found on GitHub (https://github.com/chao1224/MoleculeSTM/tree/main) and Zenodo62. The scripts for pretraining and three downstream tasks are provided at https://github.com/chao1224/MoleculeSTM/tree/main/scripts. The checkpoints of the pretrained models are provided on Hugging Face at https://huggingface.co/chao1224/MoleculeSTM/tree/main. Beyond the methods described so far, to help users try our MoleculeSTM model, this release includes demos in notebooks (https://github.com/chao1224/MoleculeSTM). Furthermore, users can customize their own datasets by checking the datasets folder (https://github.com/chao1224/MoleculeSTM/tree/main/MoleculeSTM/datasets).

References

  1. Sullivan, T. A tough road: cost to develop one new drug is $2.6 billion; approval rate for drugs entering clinical development is less than 12%. Policy Medicine https://www.policymed.com/2014/12/a-tough-road-cost-to-develop-one-new-drug-is-26-billion-approval-rate-for-drugs-entering-clinical-de.html (2019).

  2. Patronov, A., Papadopoulos, K. & Engkvist, O. in Artificial Intelligence in Drug Design (ed. Heietz, A.) 153–176 (Springer, 2022).

  3. Jayatunga, M. K., Xie, W., Ruder, L., Schulze, U. & Meier, C. AI in small-molecule drug discovery: a coming wave. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 21, 175–176 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Jumper, J. et al. Highly accurate protein structure prediction with alphafold. Nature 596, 583–589 (2021).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Rohrer, S. G. & Baumann, K. Maximum unbiased validation (MUV) data sets for virtual screening based on PubChem bioactivity data. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 49, 169–184 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Liu, S. et al. Practical model selection for prospective virtual screening. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 59, 282–293 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Duvenaud, D. K. et al. Convolutional networks on graphs for learning molecular fingerprints. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems Vol. 2 (eds Cortes, C. et al.) 2224–2232 (Curran Associates, 2015).

  8. Liu, S., Demirel, M. F. & Liang, Y. N-gram graph: simple unsupervised representation for graphs, with applications to molecules. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems Vol. 32 (eds Wallach, H. et al.) 8464–8476 (Curran Associates, 2019).

  9. Wu, Z. et al. MoleculeNet: a benchmark for molecular machine learning. Chem. Sci. 9, 513–530 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Jin, W., Barzilay, R. & Jaakkola, T. Hierarchical generation of molecular graphs using structural motifs. In International Conference on Machine Learning Vol. 119, 4839–4848 (PMLR, 2020).

  11. Irwin, R., Dimitriadis, S., He, J. & Bjerrum, E. J. Chemformer: a pre-trained transformer for computational chemistry. Mach. Learn. Sci. Technol. 3, 015022 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Wang, Z. et al. Retrieval-based controllable molecule generation. In International Conference on Learning Representations (PMLR, 2023).

  13. Liu, S. et al. GraphCG: unsupervised discovery of steerable factors in graphs. In NeurIPS 2022 Workshop: New Frontiers in Graph Learning (NeurIPS, 2022).

  14. Krenn, M., Häse, F., Nigam, A., Friederich, P. & Aspuru-Guzik, A. Self-referencing embedded strings (SELFIES): a 100% robust molecular string representation. Mach. Learn. Sci. Technol. 1, 045024 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Xu, K., Hu, W., Leskovec, J. & Jegelka, S. How powerful are graph neural networks? In International Conference on Learning Representations (PMLR, 2019).

  16. Schütt, K. T., Sauceda, H. E., Kindermans, P.-J., Tkatchenko, A. & Müller, K.-R. SchNet—a deep learning architecture for molecules and materials. J. Chem. Phys. 148, 241722 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Satorras, V. G., Hoogeboom, E. & Welling, M. E(n) equivariant graph neural networks. In International Conference on Machine Learning Vol. 139, 9323–9332 (2021).

  18. Atz, K., Grisoni, F. & Schneider, G. Geometric deep learning on molecular representations. Nat. Mach. Intell. 3, 1023–1032 (2021).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Ji, Y. et al. DrugOOD: out-of-distribution dataset curator and benchmark for AI-aided drug discovery—a focus on affinity prediction problems with noise annotations. In Proc. AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence Vol. 37, 8023–8031 (2023).

  20. Irwin, J. J., Sterling, T., Mysinger, M. M., Bolstad, E. S. & Coleman, R. G. ZINC: a free tool to discover chemistry for biology. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 52, 1757–1768 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Hu, W. et al. Strategies for pre-training graph neural networks. In International Conference on Learning Representations (PMLR, 2020).

  22. Liu, S., Guo, H. & Tang, J. Molecular geometry pretraining with SE(3)-invariant denoising distance matching. In International Conference on Learning Representations (PMLR, 2022).

  23. Larochelle, H., Erhan, D. & Bengio, Y. Zero-data learning of new tasks. In Proc. AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence Vol. 2, 646–651 (AAAI, 2008).

  24. Radford, A. et al. Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision. In International Conference on Machine Learning Vol. 139, 8748–8763 (PMLR, 2021).

  25. Nichol, A. et al. GLIDE: towards photorealistic image generation and editing with text-guided diffusion models. In International Conference on Machine Learning Vol. 162, 16784–16804 (PMLR, 2022).

  26. Ramesh, A., Dhariwal, P., Nichol, A., Chu, C. & Chen, M. Hierarchical text-conditional image generation with clip latents. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.11126 (2022).

  27. Patashnik, O., Wu, Z., Shechtman, E., Cohen-Or, D. & Lischinski, D. StyleCLIP: text-driven manipulation of StyleGAN imagery. In Proc. IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision 2085–2094 (IEEE, 2021).

  28. Li, S. et al. Pre-trained language models for interactive decision-making. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems Vol. 35 (eds Koyejo, S. et al.) 31199–31212 (Curran Associates, 2022).

  29. Fan, L. et al. MineDojo: building open-ended embodied agents with internet-scale knowledge. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems Vol. 35 (eds Koyejo, S. et al.) 18343–18362 (Curran Associates, 2022).

  30. Zeng, Z., Yao, Y., Liu, Z. & Sun, M. A deep-learning system bridging molecule structure and biomedical text with comprehension comparable to human professionals. Nat. Commun. 13, 862 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Liu, S. et al. Pre-training molecular graph representation with 3D geometry. In International Conference on Learning Representations (PMLR, 2022).

  32. Beltagy, I., Lo, K. & Cohan, A. SciBERT: pretrained language model for scientific text. In Proc. 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (eds Inui, K. et al.) 3615–3620 (ACL, 2019).

  33. Oord, A.V., Li, Y. & Vinyals, O. Representation learning with contrastive predictive coding. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.03748 (2018).

  34. Kim, S. et al. PubChem in 2021: new data content and improved web interfaces. Nucleic Acids Res. 49, D1388–D1395 (2021).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Hughes, J. P., Rees, S., Kalindjian, S. B. & Philpott, K. L. Principles of early drug discovery. Br. J. Pharmacol. 162, 1239–1249 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Vaswani, A. et al. Attention is all you need. In Advances in Neural Information Processing System Vol. 30 (eds von Luxburg, U. et al.) 6000–6010 (Curran Associates, 2017).

  37. Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K. & Toutanova, K. BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In Proc. 2019 Association for Computational Linguistics (eds Burstein, J. et al.) 4171–4186 (ACL, 2019).

  38. Gu, X., Lin, T.-Y., Kuo, W. & Cui, Y. Open-vocabulary object detection via vision and language knowledge distillation. In International Conference on Learning Representations (PMLR, 2022).

  39. Wishart, D. S. et al. DrugBank 5.0: a major update to the drugbank database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 46, D1074–D1082 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Mendez, D. et al. ChEMBL: towards direct deposition of bioassay data. Nucleic Acids Res. 47, D930–D940 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Jensen, J. H. A graph-based genetic algorithm and generative model/Monte Carlo tree search for the exploration of chemical space. Chem. Sci. 10, 3567–3572 (2019).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Talley, J. J. et al. Substituted pyrazolyl benzenesulfonamides for the treatment of inflammation. US patent 5,760,068 (1998).

  43. Dahlgren, D. & Lennernäs, H. Intestinal permeability and drug absorption: predictive experimental, computational and in vivo approaches. Pharmaceutics 11, 411 (2019).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Guroff, G. et al. Hydroxylation-induced migration: the NIH shift. Recent experiments reveal an unexpected and general result of enzymatic hydroxylation of aromatic compounds. Science 157, 1524–1530 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Bradley, A. P. The use of the area under the ROC curve in the evaluation of machine learning algorithms. Pattern Recognit. 30, 1145–1159 (1997).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Sun, F.-Y., Hoffmann, J., Verma, V. & Tang, J. InfoGraph: unsupervised and semi-supervised graph-level representation learning via mutual information maximization. In International Conference on Learning Representations (PMLR, 2020).

  47. Wang, Y., Wang, J., Cao, Z. & Farimani, A. B. Molecular contrastive learning of representations via graph neural networks. Nat. Mach. Intell. 4, 279–287 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Lo, K., Wang, L. L., Neumann, M., Kinney, R. & Weld, D. S. S2ORC: the semantic scholar open research corpus. In Proc. Association for Computational Linguistics (eds Jurafsky, D. et al.) 4969–4983 (ACL, 2020).

  49. Sterling, T. & Irwin, J. J. ZINC 15—ligand discovery for everyone. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 55, 2324–2337 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Axelrod, S. & Gomez-Bombarelli, R. GEOM, energy-annotated molecular conformations for property prediction and molecular generation. Sci. Data 9, 185 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Aggarwal, S. Targeted cancer therapies. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 9, 427–428 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Guney, E. Reproducible drug repurposing: when similarity does not suffice. In Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing (eds Altaman, R. B. et al.) 132–143 (World Scientific, 2017).

  53. Ertl, P., Altmann, E. & McKenna, J. M. The most common functional groups in bioactive molecules and how their popularity has evolved over time. J. Med. Chem. 63, 8408–8418 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Böhm, H.-J., Flohr, A. & Stahl, M. Scaffold hopping. Drug Discov. Today Technol. 1, 217–224 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Hu, Y., Stumpfe, D. & Bajorath, J. Recent advances in scaffold hopping: miniperspective. J. Med. Chem. 60, 1238–1246 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Drews, J. Drug discovery: a historical perspective. Science 287, 1960–1964 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Gomez, L. Decision making in medicinal chemistry: the power of our intuition. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 9, 956–958 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Leo, A., Hansch, C. & Elkins, D. Partition coefficients and their uses. Chem. Rev. 71, 525–616 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Bickerton, G. R., Paolini, G. V., Besnard, J., Muresan, S. & Hopkins, A. L. Quantifying the chemical beauty of drugs. Nat. Chem. 4, 90–98 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Ertl, P., Rohde, B. & Selzer, P. Fast calculation of molecular polar surface area as a sum of fragment-based contributions and its application to the prediction of drug transport properties. J. Med. Chem. 43, 3714–3717 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Butina, D. Unsupervised data base clustering based on daylight’s fingerprint and Tanimoto similarity: a fast and automated way to cluster small and large data sets. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 39, 747–750 (1999).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Liu, S. et al. Multi-modal molecule structure-text model for text-based editing and retrieval. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8303265 (2023).

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was done during S.L.’s internship at NVIDIA Research. We thank the insightful comments from M. L. Gill, A. Stern and other team members from AIAlgo and Clara team at NVIDIA. We also thank the kind help from T. Dierks, E. Bolton, P. Thiessen and others from PubChem for confirming the PubChem license.

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors jointly supervised this work: Jian Tang, Chaowei Xiao, Animashree Anandkumar.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mila-Québec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Shengchao Liu, Jiarui Lu & Jian Tang

  2. Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Shengchao Liu & Jiarui Lu

  3. NVIDIA Research, Santa Clara, CA, USA

    Weili Nie, Chaowei Xiao & Animashree Anandkumar

  4. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA

    Chengpeng Wang

  5. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

    Zhuoran Qiao & Animashree Anandkumar

  6. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

    Ling Liu

  7. HEC Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Jian Tang

  8. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    Chaowei Xiao

Authors
  1. Shengchao Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Weili Nie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chengpeng Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jiarui Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Zhuoran Qiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ling Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jian Tang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Chaowei Xiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Animashree Anandkumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

S.L., W.N., C.W., Z.Q., C.X. and A.A. conceived and designed the experiments. S.L. performed the experiments. S.L. and C.W. analysed the data. S.L., C.W. and J.L. contributed analysis tools. S.L., W.N., C.W., J.L., Z.Q., L.L., J.T., C.X. and A.A. wrote the paper. J.T., C.X. and A.A. contributed equally to advising this project.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Animashree Anandkumar.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Peer review

Peer review information

Nature Machine Intelligence thanks Rocío Mercado and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Primary Handling Editor: Jacob Huth, in collaboration with the Nature Machine Intelligence team.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Sections A–E, Figs. 1–4 and Tables 1–25.

Source Data Fig. 2

Source data for Fig. 2.

Source Data Fig. 4

Source data for Fig. 4.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Liu, S., Nie, W., Wang, C. et al. Multi-modal molecule structure–text model for text-based retrieval and editing. Nat Mach Intell 5, 1447–1457 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-023-00759-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-023-00759-6

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

Nature Briefing: Translational Research

Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Translational Research newsletter — top stories in biotechnology, drug discovery and pharma.

Get what matters in translational research, free to your inbox weekly. Sign up for Nature Briefing: Translational Research