Abstract
For much of the last century, the degradation of the sea due to ship pollutions has been recognized as a major concern. Early in the thirties, seven major maritime nations proceeded voluntarily to abating measures of oil discharges from tankers. But from then, it took four decades until the international community reaches a widely accepted agreement, namely the marpol 73/78 convention. Within a number of regional seas, declared as Special Areas, the regulations are even stricter, prohibiting ship discharges almost totally.
To ensure verification, as well as instigation for compliance, effective capabilities for monitoring and intervention are necessary. Key element for successful monitoring however is the regular remote surveillance. To a certain degree this is supported via routine airborne patrol operations, based either on visual inspection or on remote sensors, functioning in the microwave, infrared and ultraviolet spectral regions. Such operations are carried out only over limited geographic areas, since it is not feasible, technically and/or financially, to spread aerial surveillance over the entire breadth of the European waters. As a result, the compliance with the regulations is not applied everywhere with the same care.
Satellites equipped with sar (Synthetic Aperture Radar), due to their capability to detect oil spills on the sea surface, as well as to survey large areas of the sea independently of sunlight and cloud coverage, appear to be ideal for complementing the conventional airborne means. Nevertheless, despite such successful pioneer efforts, many would still argue that the potential of what could be achieved with the spaceborne sar surveillance, in monitoring illicit vessel discharges, has been somehow oversold.
This document concerns exclusively the problem of monitoring ship discharges with spaceborne sar. We distinguish them from major accidental pollution caused by ships in distress, because the unique singularities of the later pose different requirements for investigation. We present the main results of a regional reconnaissance study carried out over the entire Mediterranean Sea during the year 1999.
Résumé
Pendant la plus grande partie du siècle précédent, la dégradation des océans par les pollutions pétrolière du fait de navires a été une préoccupation majeure. Déjà dans les années 30, sept pays maritimes importants avaient volontairement procédé à des mesures diminuant les dégazages par les pétroliers. Mais il a fallu ensuite quatre décennies pour que la communauté internationale arrive à un accord largement accepté, la convention marpol 73/78. Pour une partie des mers régionales, déclarées « Zones Spéciales », les règles sont même plus strictes, interdisant presque totalement les dégazages.
Pour assurer une vérification de ces règles, ainsi qu’une incitation à s’y conformer, des capacités de surveillance et d’intervention sont nécessaires. Cependant, un élément clef d’une surveillance réussie réside dans un contrôle régulier à distance. D’une certaine façon cela est assuré par des opérations de patrouille aéroportée, basées soit sur une inspection visuelle soit sur des capteurs de télédétection opérant dans les régions spectrales microondes, infrarouge et ultraviolet. De telles opérations sont effectuées sur des zones géographiques limitées, du fait qu ’il n ’est pas possible, techniquement et/ou financièrement, d’étendre la surveillance aérienne sur l’ensemble des eaux européennes. Cela a pour résultat que la conformité aux règles n ’est pas appliquée partout avec le même soin.
Les satellites équipés de RSO (Radar à Synthèse d’Ouverture), du fait de leur capacité à détecter les nappes de pétrole la surface ainsi qu ’à étudier de grandes zones de mer indépendamment de la couverture nuageuse et de jour comme de nuit, apparaissent comme un instrument idéal pour compléter les moyens aéroportés classiques. Néanmoins, en dépit des succès rencontrés, nombre de personnes continuent à argumenter que le potentiel de ce qui pourrait être atteint avec une couverture SAR satellitaire, pour surveiller les dégazages illicites, a été quelque peu surestimé.
Ce document concerne exclusivement le problème de la surveillance des dégazages par SAR satellitaire. Nous les distinguons des pollutions accidentelles majeures causées par des navires en détresse, car la particularité unique de ces dernières entraîne des conditions différentes de recherche. Nous présentons les résultats principaux d’une étude de reconnaissance régionale effectuée sur l’ensemble de la mer Méditerranée pendant l’année 1999.
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Pavlakis, P., Tarchi, D. & Sieber, A.J. On the monitoring of illicit vessel discharges using spaceborne sar remote sensing - a reconnaissance study in the Mediterranean sea. Ann. Télécommun. 56, 700–718 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02995563
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02995563
Key words
- Remote sensing
- Land observation satellite
- Océanographic survey
- Synthetic aperture radar
- Ship
- Pollution
- Sea transportation
- Mediterranean basin
- Radar signature
- Oil
- Monitoring