Abstract
Researchers generally place the most trust in peer-reviewed, published information, such as journals and conference papers. By contrast, software engineering (SE) practitioners typically do not have the time, access, or expertise to review and benefit from such publications. As a result, practitioners are more likely to turn to other sources of information that they trust, e.g., trade magazines, online blog posts, survey results, or technical reports, collectively referred to as grey literature (GL). Furthermore, practitioners also share their ideas and experiences as GL, which can serve as a valuable data source for research. While GL itself is not a new topic in SE, using, benefitting, and synthesizing knowledge from the GL in SE is a contemporary topic in empirical SE research and we are seeing that researchers are increasingly benefitting from the knowledge available within GL. The goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of GL in SE, together with insights on how SE researchers can effectively use and benefit from the knowledge and evidence available in the vast amount of GL.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aberkane A (2018) Exploring ethics in requirements engineering. Master thesis, Utrecht University
Adams RJ, Smart P, Huff AS (2016) Shades of grey: guidelines for working with the grey literature in systematic reviews for management and organizational studies. Int J Manage Rev 19:432–454
Augusto L, Bakker MR, Morel C et al (2010) Is ‘grey literature’ a reliable source of data to characterize soils at the scale of a region? A case study in a maritime pine forest in southwestern France. Eur J Soil Sci 61(6):807–822
Bajwa SS, Wang X, Nguyen Duc A et al (2017) “Failures” to be celebrated: an analysis of major pivots of software startups. Empir Softw Eng 22(5):2373–2408
Banks MA (2006) Towards a continuum of scholarship: the eventual collapse of the distinction between grey and non-grey literature. Publ Res Q 22(1):4–11
Bansal N, Chiang F, Koudas N et al (2007) Seeking stable clusters in the blogosphere. In: Proceedings of VLDB endowment, pp 806–817
Bonato S (2018) Searching the grey literature: a handbook for searching reports, working papers, and other unpublished research. RL & Associates LLC
Briand L (2012) Embracing the engineering side of software engineering. IEEE Softw 29(4):96–96
Brito G, Terra R, Valente MT (2018) Monorepos: a multivocal literature review. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.09477
Brooks F (1995) The mythical man-month: essays on software engineering. Pearson Education, London
Calderón A, Ruiz M, O’Connor RV (2018) A multivocal literature review on serious games for software process standards education. Comput Stand Interfaces 57:36–48
Calefato F, Lanubile F, Novielli N (2018) How to ask for technical help? Evidence-based guidelines for writing questions on Stack Overflow. Inf Softw Technol 94:186–207
Chavez TA, Perrault AH, Reehling P et al (2007) The impact of grey literature in advancing global karst research: an information needs assessment for a globally distributed interdisciplinary community. Publ Res Q 23:3
Corporation ED (2018) Global developer population and demographic study 2018. https://evansdata.com/reports/viewRelease.php?reportID=9
Cruzes DS, Dybå T (2011) Recommended steps for thematic synthesis in software engineering. In: International symposium on empirical software engineering and measurement. IEEE, pp 275–284
de Franca BBN, Helvio Jeronimo J, Travassos GH (2016) Characterizing DevOps by hearing multiple voices. In: Proceedings of the Brazilian symposium on software engineering, pp 53–62
DeMarco T, Lister T (2013) Peopleware: productive projects and teams. Addison-Wesley, Boston
Devanbu P, Zimmermann T, Bird C (2016) Belief & evidence in empirical software engineering. In: IEEE/ACM international conference on software engineering. IEEE, pp 108–119
Efstathiou V, Chatzilenas C, Spinellis D (2018) Word embeddings for the software engineering domain. In: Proceedings of the international conference on mining software repositories. ACM, pp 38–41
Elliott C (2019) Jinfo Blog: Garner additional research sources with grey literature. https://web.jinfo.com/go/blog/70203
Facca FM, Lanzi PL (2005) Mining interesting knowledge from weblogs: a survey. Data Knowl Eng 53(3):225–241
Farace DJ (1997) Rise of the phoenix: a review of new forms and exploitations of grey literature. Publ Res Q 13(2):69–76
Garousi V, Küçük B (2018) Smells in software test code: a survey of knowledge in industry and academia. J Syst Softw 138:52–81
Garousi V, Mäntylä MV (2016) When and what to automate in software testing? A multivocal literature review. Inf Softw Technol 76:92–117
Garousi V, Felderer M, Mäntylä MV (2016a) The need for multivocal literature reviews in software engineering: complementing systematic literature reviews with grey literature. In: International conference on evaluation and assessment in software engineering. Limmerick, pp 171–176
Garousi V, Petersen K, Özkan B (2016b) Challenges and best practices in industry-academia collaborations in software engineering: a systematic literature review. Inf Softw Technol 79:106–127
Garousi V, Felderer M, Fernandes JM et al (2017a) Industry-academia collaborations in software engineering: an empirical analysis of challenges, patterns and anti-patterns in research projects. In: Proceedings of international conference on evaluation and assessment in software engineering, Karlskrona, pp 224–229
Garousi V, Felderer M, Hacaloğlu T (2017b) Software test maturity assessment and test process improvement: a multivocal literature review. Inf Softw Technol 85:16–42
Garousi V, Borg M, Oivo M (2018) Cut to the chase: revisiting the relevance of software engineering research. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.01395
Garousi V, Felderer M, Mäntylä MV (2019) Guidelines for including grey literature and conducting multivocal literature reviews in software engineering. Inf Softw Technol 106:101–121
Giustini D, Thompson D (2010) Finding the hard to finds: searching for grey (gray) literature. https://blogs.ubc.ca/dean/2010/02/finding-the-hard-to-finds-searching-for-grey-gray-literature-2010/
Gruetze T, Krestel R, Naumann F (2016) Topic shifts in stackoverflow: ask it like Socrates. In: International conference on applications of natural language to information systems. Springer, pp 213–221
Institute for Work & Health (2019) What researchers mean by... Grey literature. https://www.iwh.on.ca/what-researchers-mean-by/grey-literature
Inui K, Abe S, Hara K et al (2008) Experience mining: building a large-scale database of personal experiences and opinions from web documents. In: IEEE Computer Society, pp 314–321
Kitchenham B, Charters S (2007) Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering. EBSE technical report. EBSE-2007-01
Kitchenham BA, Dybå T, Jorgensen M (2004) Evidence-based software engineering. In: Proceedings of international conference on software engineering, pp 273–281
Kitchenham B, Budgen D, Brereton P (2015) Evidence-based software engineering and systematic reviews. CRC, Boca Raton
Kulesovs I (2015) iOS applications testing. In: Proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference, pp 138–150
Kurashima T, Tezuka T, Tanaka K (2006) Mining and visualizing local experiences from blog entries. In: International conference on database and expert systems applications. Springer, pp 213–222
Kurashima T, Fujimura K, Okuda H (2009) Discovering association rules on experiences from large-scale blog entries. In: European conference on information retrieval, pp 546–553
Lakshmanan G, Oberhofer M (2010) Knowledge discovery in the blogosphere: approaches and challenges. IEEE Internet Comput 14(2):24–32
Lawrence S, Giles CL (1999) Accessibility of information on the web. Nature 400:107
Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J (2008) Searching for studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (eds) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester
Leitner P, Wittern E, Spillner J et al (2018) A mixed-method empirical study of function-as-a-service software development in industrial practice. J Syst Softw 149:340–359
Luzi D (2000) Trends and evolution in the development of grey literature: a review. Int J Grey Lit 1(3):106–117
Lwakatare LE, Kuvaja P, Oivo M (2016) Relationship of DevOps to agile, lean and continuous deployment: a multivocal literature review study. In: Proceedings of international conference on product-focused software process improvement, pp 399–415
MacDonald BH, Cordes RE, Wells PG (2007) Assessing the diffusion and impact of grey literature published by international intergovernmental scientific groups: the case of the Gulf of Maine council on the marine environment. In: Proceedings of the international conference on grey literature, pp 84–94
MacLeod L, Storey M-A, Bergen A (2015) Code, camera, action: how software developers document and share program knowledge using YouTube. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on program comprehension, pp 104–114
Mäntylä MV, Smolander K (2016) Gamification of software testing – an MLR. In: International conference on product-focused software process improvement, pp 611–614
Marsolek W, Cooper K, Farrell S et al (2018) The types, frequencies, and findability of disciplinary grey literature within prominent subject databases and academic institutional repositories. J Librariansh Sch Commun 6(1)
McKimmie T, Szurmak J (2002) Beyond grey literature: how grey questions can drive research. J Agric Food Inf 4(2):71–79
Molléri JS, Petersen K, Mendes E (2016) Survey guidelines in software engineering: an annotated review. In: Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE international symposium on empirical software engineering and measurement, 58, pp 51–56
Myrbakken H, Colomo-Palacios R (2017) DevSecOps: a multivocal literature review. In: Conference on software process improvement and capability determination, pp 17–29
Pappas C, Williams I (2011) Grey literature: its emerging importance. J Hosp Librariansh 11:228
Park KC, Jeong Y, Myaeng SH (2010) Detecting experiences from weblogs. In: Proceedings of the annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, pp 1464–1472
Parnin C, Treude C (2011) Measuring API documentation on the web. ACM, New York, pp 25–30
Parnin C, Treude C, Storey M-A (2013) Blogging developer knowledge: motivations, challenges, and future directions. In: IEEE international conference on program comprehension, pp 211–214
Passos C, Braun AP, Cruzes DS et al (2011) Analyzing the impact of beliefs in software project practices. In: International symposium on empirical software engineering and measurement. IEEE, pp 444–452
Patton MQ (2002) Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Sage, Thousand Oaks
Petersen K, Vakkalanka S, Kuzniarz L (2015) Guidelines for conducting systematic mapping studies in software engineering: an update. Inf Softw Technol 64:1–18
Planning S (2002) The economic impacts of inadequate infrastructure for software testing. National Institute of Standards and Technology
Putta A, Paasivaara M, Lassenius C (2018) Benefits and challenges of adopting the scaled agile framework (SAFe): preliminary results from a multivocal literature review. In: International conference on product-focused software process improvement. Springer, pp 334–351
Rainer A (2017) Using argumentation theory to analyse software practitioners’ defeasible evidence, inference and belief. Inf Softw Technol 87:62–80
Rainer A, Williams A (2019) Using blog-like documents to investigate software practice: benefits, challenges, and research directions. J Softw Evol Process 31(11):e2197
Rainer A, Hall T, Baddoo N (2003) Persuading developers to “buy into” software process improvement: a local opinion and empirical evidence. In: International symposium on empirical software engineering. IEEE, pp 326–335
Raulamo P, Mäntylä MV, Garousi V (2017) Choosing the right test automation tool: a grey literature review. In: International conference on evaluation and assessment in software engineering. Karlskrona, pp 21–30
Research Triangle Institute (2002) The economic impacts of inadequate infrastructure for software testing. American National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Technical report 7007.011
Rincon P (2010) Stricter checks for climate body. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-11131897
Rosen C, Shihab E (2016) What are mobile developers asking about? A large scale study using stack overflow. Empir Softw Eng 21(3):1192–1223
Sadaqat M, Colomo-Palacios R, Knudsen LES (2018) Serverless computing: a multivocal literature review. In: Norwegian conference for organizations’ use of information technology (NOKOBIT)
Sánchez-Gordón M, Colomo-Palacios R (2018) A multivocal literature review on the use of DevOps for e-learning systems. In: Proceedings of international conference on technological ecosystems for enhancing multiculturality, pp 883–888
Sharma P, Savarimuthu BTR, Stanger N et al (2017) Investigating developers’ email discussions during decision-making in Python language evolution. In: Proceedings of international conference on evaluation and assessment in software engineering. Karlskrona, ACM, pp 286–291
Sharp H, deSouza C, Dittrich Y (2010) Using ethnographic methods in software engineering research. In: ACM/IEEE international conference on software engineering, pp 491–492
Soldani J, Tamburri DA, Van Den Heuvel W-J (2018) The pains and gains of microservices: a systematic grey literature review. J Syst Softw 146:215–232
Storey M-A, Singer L, Cleary B et al (2014) The (r) evolution of social media in software engineering. In: Proceedings of the on future of software engineering, ACM, pp 100–116
Swanson R, Rahimtoroghi E, Corcoran T et al (2014) Identifying narrative clause types in personal stories. In: Proceedings of the annual meeting of the special interest group on discourse and dialogue, pp 171–180
The Standish Group (2019) CHAOS report. https://www.standishgroup.com/outline
Thompson L (2001) Grey literature in engineering. Sci Technol Libr 19(3–4):57–73
Tom E, Aurum A, Vidgen R (2013) An exploration of technical debt. J Syst Softw 86(6):1498–1516
University of New England (2019) Grey literature. https://www.une.edu.au/library/support/eskills-plus/research-skills/grey-literature
Williams A, Rainer A (2017) Toward the use of blog articles as a source of evidence for software engineering research. In: Proceedings of the international conference on evaluation and assessment in software engineering, pp 280–285
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Garousi, V., Felderer, M., Mäntylä, M.V., Rainer, A. (2020). Benefitting from the Grey Literature in Software Engineering Research. In: Felderer, M., Travassos, G. (eds) Contemporary Empirical Methods in Software Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32489-6_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32489-6_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-32488-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-32489-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)