This study aimed to investigate the impact of yeast hydrolysate (YH) on lipogenesis, elucidate it... more This study aimed to investigate the impact of yeast hydrolysate (YH) on lipogenesis, elucidate its mechanistic action, and identify the active compounds responsible for its anti-adipogenic effects. YH (2 mg/mL) significantly reduced Oil Red O-stained lipids. YH (2 mg/mL) also downregulated C/EBPβ and upregulated KLF2, both of which are early adipogenic factors. Moreover, YH (2 mg/mL) decreased C/EBPα, PPARγ, FABP4, FAS, ACC, and HMGCR mRNA expression. Additionally, YH significantly downregulated SEBP1c and SREBP2 and their target genes, which govern fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism; however, 2 mg/mL YH had a greater suppressive effect on SREBP1c than on SREBP2. YH (2 mg/mL) also significantly reduced the mRNA level of G6PD and malic enzyme, which are enzymes that synthesize NADPH for lipid synthesis, compared with the control. Furthermore, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCA) was identified as the active compound with anti-adipogenic effects using so...
Various mixtures were prepared depending on the mixing ratio of Scutellaria baicalensis hot water... more Various mixtures were prepared depending on the mixing ratio of Scutellaria baicalensis hot water extract (SB-HW), and Chrysanthemum morifolium ethanol extract (CM-E) and their anti-inflammatory activity were compared. Among them, SB-HW (80 μg/mL)/CM-E (120 μg/mL) or SB-HW (40 μg/mL)/CM-E (160 μg/mL) significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated NO and IL-6 levels in RAW 264.7 cells. The SB-HW (80 μg/mL)/CM-E (120 μg/mL) mixture, which was determined as active mixture, significantly reduced MUC5AC secretion in PMA and LPS-induced NCI-H292 cells. The active mixture also reduced the production of PGE2 and IL-8 in PMA-induced A549 cells. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the active mixture was composed of high contents of flavone glycosides, such as baicalin and cynaroside. Western blot analysis indicated that the active mixture suppressed phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38, associating with the inhibition of MAPK signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that the active mixture could be a...
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with its full complement of organelles, synthesizes membrane ... more The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with its full complement of organelles, synthesizes membrane phospholipids by pathways that are generally common to those found in higher eukaryotes. Phospholipid synthesis in yeast is regulated in response to a variety of growth conditions (e.g., inositol supplementation, zinc depletion, and growth stage) by a coordination of genetic (e.g., transcriptional activation and repression) and biochemical (e.g., activity modulation and localization) mechanisms. Phosphatidate (PA), whose cellular levels are controlled by the activities of key phospholipid synthesis enzymes, plays a central role in the transcriptional regulation of phospholipid synthesis genes. In addition to the regulation of gene expression, phosphorylation of key phospholipid synthesis catalytic and regulatory proteins controls the metabolism of phospholipid precursors and products.
The olive, Olea europaea, is a small tree native to the countries adjoining to areas of eastern M... more The olive, Olea europaea, is a small tree native to the countries adjoining to areas of eastern Mediterranean basin and southern Caspian Sea. Recent studies showed biological activities such as ant...
Deer antler velvets are known to have effects that they improve various health problems by boosti... more Deer antler velvets are known to have effects that they improve various health problems by boosting immune system. We assumed the active ingredients with anti-inflammatory effects in the deer antler velvets would be in the deer bone and so is the deer bone oil. In this study, we aimed to evaluate anti-inflammatory action of the deer bone oil in LPS-induced murine macrophage (RAW264.7 cells). Cytotoxicity of the sample was determined by MTT assay at the concentration range of 0 to 2 mg/ml in DMEM supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Anti-inflammatory effects on sample-treated cells were evaluated by measuring nitric oxide production in the culture medium. Levels of mRNA and protein expressions are analyzed by real time PCR and western blot, respectively. The nitric oxide production and the levels of mRNA and protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were significantly decreased by deer bone oil fraction. In addition, the expressions of mRNA of s...
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus brevis-fermented γ-aminobuty... more The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus brevis-fermented γ-aminobutyric acid (LB-GABA) on sleep behaviors in invertebrate and vertebrate models. In Drosophila melanogaster, LB-GABA-treated group showed an 8–9%-longer sleep duration than normal group did. LB-GABA-treated group also showed a 46.7% lower level of nighttime activity with a longer (11%) sleep duration under caffeine-induced arousal conditions. The LB-GABA-mediated inhibition of activity was confirmed as a reduction of total movement of flies using a video tracking system. In the pentobarbital-induced sleep test in mice, LB-GABA (100 mg/kg) shortened the time of onset of sleep by 32.2% and extended sleeping time by 59%. In addition, mRNA and protein level of GABAergic/Serotonergic neurotransmitters were upregulated following treatment with LB-GABA (2.0%). In particular, intestine- and brain-derived GABAA protein levels were increased by sevenfold and fivefold, respectively. The electroencephal...
This study aimed to investigate the effects of red ginseng-derived saponin fraction (SF) on lipid... more This study aimed to investigate the effects of red ginseng-derived saponin fraction (SF) on lipid accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) signaling during adipocyte differentiation. SF effectively inhibited lipid accumulation, with the downregulation of adipogenic factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancerbinding protein alpha (C/EBPα). A high dose of SF decreased the protein levels of PPARγ and C/EBPα by over 90% compared to the control. SF-mediated downregulation of adipogenic factors was due to the regulation of early adipogenic factors including C/EBPβ and Krüppel-like Factor 2 (KLF2). In addition, SF (200 μg/mg) decreased intracellular ROS generation by 40% during adipocyte differentiation. However, the SF significantly upregulated Nrf2 and its target proteins, hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NADPH dehydrogenase quinone 1 ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of red ginseng-derived non-saponin fraction ... more The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of red ginseng-derived non-saponin fraction (NSF) on inflammatory responses and monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation in RAW264.7 and THP-1. NSF effectively inhibited inflammatory responses by downregulating nitric oxide (NO) production and protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). NSF (2000 μg/mL) decreased the levels of NO, iNOS, and COX-2 by 33, 83, and 64%, respectively. NSF inhibited the differentiation of monocyte-to-macrophage by decreasing cell adherence along with downregulation of the cluster of differentiation molecule 11β (CD11β) and CD36. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), were significantly reduced with NSF treatment. The NSF-mediated inhibition of inflammatory responses was due to the regulation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB...
Objectives The effects and molecular mechanisms of brassinin (BR), an indole phytoalexin from cru... more Objectives The effects and molecular mechanisms of brassinin (BR), an indole phytoalexin from cruciferous vegetables, on monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and inflammatory responses were investigated in this study. Methods Inflammatory responses from RAW264.7 cells and THP-1 were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (1 µg/ml), and monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation of THP-1 was induced by phorbol myristate acetate (50 ng/ml). The production of inflammatory mediators was determined by ELISA, Western blot or real-time PCR. Reactive oxygen species were examined by DCFH-DA assay. Key findings Brassinin at 50 µm suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2 and reactive oxygen species by 90%, 69%, 52% and 41%, respectively, in RAW264.7 cells. In THP-1 cells, BR inhibited phorbol myristate acetate-induced monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation by suppressing cluster of differentiation molecule β and CD36. In addition, BR...
The effects of parthenolide (PL), a sesquiterpene lactone obtained from feverfew plant, on lipid ... more The effects of parthenolide (PL), a sesquiterpene lactone obtained from feverfew plant, on lipid accumulation and signaling pathway in adipocytes were investigated. PL significantly inhibited lipid accumulation and adipogenic factors during adipogenesis. In particular, PL exerted its inhibitory effects in early adipogenic stage by regulating the early adipogenic factors. In addition, PL regulated the expression of adipokines; leptin, retinol binding protein, and resistin mRNAs were downregulated, whereas adiponectin gene expression was increased. Furthermore, PL significantly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during adipogenesis. This PL-mediated regulation of ROS production was associated with the regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2)-kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) pathway. PL effectively increased the abundance of Nrf2 and its target proteins, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NADPH dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), by promoting the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, indicating that PL-mediated anti-adipogenic effects are associated with the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway.
SCOPE Punicalagin (PCG) is one of the most abundant phytochemicals found in pomegranates. The eff... more SCOPE Punicalagin (PCG) is one of the most abundant phytochemicals found in pomegranates. The effects and mechanistic action of PCG on obesity and obesity-induced inflammatory and oxidant responses were investigated in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS The effect of PCG on adipogenesis was examined using Oil red O staining. The effects and mechanism of action of PCG on inflammatory responses were determined in adipocyte-conditioned medium (ACM)-cultured macrophages, a cell-to-cell contact system, and a transwell system. The effects of PCG on obesity and obesity-induced inflammatory/oxidant responses were examined in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. PCG effectively suppressed lipid accumulation in adipocytes and adipocyte-induced inflammatory responses in adipocyte-macrophage co-culture systems. siRNA transfection indicated that the PCG-mediated anti-inflammatory effect was exerted via the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway. PCG administration resulted in a significant reduction in body and white adipose tissue (WAT) weights. PCG favorably regulated pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, downregulating NF-κB. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis demonstrated that PCG differentially modulated the distribution of CD11c and CD206. PCG regulated the level of antioxidant and oxidant molecules by activating Nrf2/Keap1 signaling. CONCLUSIONS PCG ameliorated obesity and obesity-induced inflammatory responses via activation of Nrf2/Keap1 signaling, suggesting that PCG has potential as an oral agent to control obesity-mediated diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
BACKGROUND Enzymatic hydrolysis and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) are commonly used processing ... more BACKGROUND Enzymatic hydrolysis and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) are commonly used processing techniques in the extraction of active compounds from food materials. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis combined with HHP treatments on ginsenoside metabolites in red ginseng. RESULTS The yield and changes in the levels of polyphenol and ginsenoside were measured in red ginseng treated with commercial enzymes such as Ultraflo L, Viscozyme, Cytolase PCL5, Rapidase and Econase E under atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa), 50 MPa, and 100 MPa. β-Glucosidase activity of Cytolase was the highest at 4258.2 mg-1 , while Viscozyme showed the lowest activity at 10.6 mg-1 . The 100 MPa pressure did not affect the stability or the activity of the β-glucosidase. Specifically, treatment of red ginseng with Cytolase and Econase at 100 MPa significantly increased the dry weight and polyphenol content of red ginseng, compared with treatments at 0.1 MPa and 50 MPa (p<0.05). The amounts of ginsenoside and ginsenoside metabolites derived from red ginseng processed using Cytolase were higher than those derived from red ginseng treated with the other enzymes. In addition, treatment with Cytolase significantly increased the skin and intestinal permeability of red ginseng-derived polyphenols. CONCLUSION Cytolase could be useful as an enzymatic treatment to enhance the yield of bioactive compounds from ginseng under HHP. In addition, ginsenoside metabolites obtained by Cytolase hydrolysis combined with HHP can be used as a functional material to accelerate to the skin and intestines. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
This study aimed to investigate the impact of yeast hydrolysate (YH) on lipogenesis, elucidate it... more This study aimed to investigate the impact of yeast hydrolysate (YH) on lipogenesis, elucidate its mechanistic action, and identify the active compounds responsible for its anti-adipogenic effects. YH (2 mg/mL) significantly reduced Oil Red O-stained lipids. YH (2 mg/mL) also downregulated C/EBPβ and upregulated KLF2, both of which are early adipogenic factors. Moreover, YH (2 mg/mL) decreased C/EBPα, PPARγ, FABP4, FAS, ACC, and HMGCR mRNA expression. Additionally, YH significantly downregulated SEBP1c and SREBP2 and their target genes, which govern fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism; however, 2 mg/mL YH had a greater suppressive effect on SREBP1c than on SREBP2. YH (2 mg/mL) also significantly reduced the mRNA level of G6PD and malic enzyme, which are enzymes that synthesize NADPH for lipid synthesis, compared with the control. Furthermore, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCA) was identified as the active compound with anti-adipogenic effects using so...
Various mixtures were prepared depending on the mixing ratio of Scutellaria baicalensis hot water... more Various mixtures were prepared depending on the mixing ratio of Scutellaria baicalensis hot water extract (SB-HW), and Chrysanthemum morifolium ethanol extract (CM-E) and their anti-inflammatory activity were compared. Among them, SB-HW (80 μg/mL)/CM-E (120 μg/mL) or SB-HW (40 μg/mL)/CM-E (160 μg/mL) significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated NO and IL-6 levels in RAW 264.7 cells. The SB-HW (80 μg/mL)/CM-E (120 μg/mL) mixture, which was determined as active mixture, significantly reduced MUC5AC secretion in PMA and LPS-induced NCI-H292 cells. The active mixture also reduced the production of PGE2 and IL-8 in PMA-induced A549 cells. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the active mixture was composed of high contents of flavone glycosides, such as baicalin and cynaroside. Western blot analysis indicated that the active mixture suppressed phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38, associating with the inhibition of MAPK signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that the active mixture could be a...
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with its full complement of organelles, synthesizes membrane ... more The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with its full complement of organelles, synthesizes membrane phospholipids by pathways that are generally common to those found in higher eukaryotes. Phospholipid synthesis in yeast is regulated in response to a variety of growth conditions (e.g., inositol supplementation, zinc depletion, and growth stage) by a coordination of genetic (e.g., transcriptional activation and repression) and biochemical (e.g., activity modulation and localization) mechanisms. Phosphatidate (PA), whose cellular levels are controlled by the activities of key phospholipid synthesis enzymes, plays a central role in the transcriptional regulation of phospholipid synthesis genes. In addition to the regulation of gene expression, phosphorylation of key phospholipid synthesis catalytic and regulatory proteins controls the metabolism of phospholipid precursors and products.
The olive, Olea europaea, is a small tree native to the countries adjoining to areas of eastern M... more The olive, Olea europaea, is a small tree native to the countries adjoining to areas of eastern Mediterranean basin and southern Caspian Sea. Recent studies showed biological activities such as ant...
Deer antler velvets are known to have effects that they improve various health problems by boosti... more Deer antler velvets are known to have effects that they improve various health problems by boosting immune system. We assumed the active ingredients with anti-inflammatory effects in the deer antler velvets would be in the deer bone and so is the deer bone oil. In this study, we aimed to evaluate anti-inflammatory action of the deer bone oil in LPS-induced murine macrophage (RAW264.7 cells). Cytotoxicity of the sample was determined by MTT assay at the concentration range of 0 to 2 mg/ml in DMEM supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Anti-inflammatory effects on sample-treated cells were evaluated by measuring nitric oxide production in the culture medium. Levels of mRNA and protein expressions are analyzed by real time PCR and western blot, respectively. The nitric oxide production and the levels of mRNA and protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were significantly decreased by deer bone oil fraction. In addition, the expressions of mRNA of s...
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus brevis-fermented γ-aminobuty... more The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus brevis-fermented γ-aminobutyric acid (LB-GABA) on sleep behaviors in invertebrate and vertebrate models. In Drosophila melanogaster, LB-GABA-treated group showed an 8–9%-longer sleep duration than normal group did. LB-GABA-treated group also showed a 46.7% lower level of nighttime activity with a longer (11%) sleep duration under caffeine-induced arousal conditions. The LB-GABA-mediated inhibition of activity was confirmed as a reduction of total movement of flies using a video tracking system. In the pentobarbital-induced sleep test in mice, LB-GABA (100 mg/kg) shortened the time of onset of sleep by 32.2% and extended sleeping time by 59%. In addition, mRNA and protein level of GABAergic/Serotonergic neurotransmitters were upregulated following treatment with LB-GABA (2.0%). In particular, intestine- and brain-derived GABAA protein levels were increased by sevenfold and fivefold, respectively. The electroencephal...
This study aimed to investigate the effects of red ginseng-derived saponin fraction (SF) on lipid... more This study aimed to investigate the effects of red ginseng-derived saponin fraction (SF) on lipid accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) signaling during adipocyte differentiation. SF effectively inhibited lipid accumulation, with the downregulation of adipogenic factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancerbinding protein alpha (C/EBPα). A high dose of SF decreased the protein levels of PPARγ and C/EBPα by over 90% compared to the control. SF-mediated downregulation of adipogenic factors was due to the regulation of early adipogenic factors including C/EBPβ and Krüppel-like Factor 2 (KLF2). In addition, SF (200 μg/mg) decreased intracellular ROS generation by 40% during adipocyte differentiation. However, the SF significantly upregulated Nrf2 and its target proteins, hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NADPH dehydrogenase quinone 1 ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of red ginseng-derived non-saponin fraction ... more The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of red ginseng-derived non-saponin fraction (NSF) on inflammatory responses and monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation in RAW264.7 and THP-1. NSF effectively inhibited inflammatory responses by downregulating nitric oxide (NO) production and protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). NSF (2000 μg/mL) decreased the levels of NO, iNOS, and COX-2 by 33, 83, and 64%, respectively. NSF inhibited the differentiation of monocyte-to-macrophage by decreasing cell adherence along with downregulation of the cluster of differentiation molecule 11β (CD11β) and CD36. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), were significantly reduced with NSF treatment. The NSF-mediated inhibition of inflammatory responses was due to the regulation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB...
Objectives The effects and molecular mechanisms of brassinin (BR), an indole phytoalexin from cru... more Objectives The effects and molecular mechanisms of brassinin (BR), an indole phytoalexin from cruciferous vegetables, on monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and inflammatory responses were investigated in this study. Methods Inflammatory responses from RAW264.7 cells and THP-1 were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (1 µg/ml), and monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation of THP-1 was induced by phorbol myristate acetate (50 ng/ml). The production of inflammatory mediators was determined by ELISA, Western blot or real-time PCR. Reactive oxygen species were examined by DCFH-DA assay. Key findings Brassinin at 50 µm suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2 and reactive oxygen species by 90%, 69%, 52% and 41%, respectively, in RAW264.7 cells. In THP-1 cells, BR inhibited phorbol myristate acetate-induced monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation by suppressing cluster of differentiation molecule β and CD36. In addition, BR...
The effects of parthenolide (PL), a sesquiterpene lactone obtained from feverfew plant, on lipid ... more The effects of parthenolide (PL), a sesquiterpene lactone obtained from feverfew plant, on lipid accumulation and signaling pathway in adipocytes were investigated. PL significantly inhibited lipid accumulation and adipogenic factors during adipogenesis. In particular, PL exerted its inhibitory effects in early adipogenic stage by regulating the early adipogenic factors. In addition, PL regulated the expression of adipokines; leptin, retinol binding protein, and resistin mRNAs were downregulated, whereas adiponectin gene expression was increased. Furthermore, PL significantly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during adipogenesis. This PL-mediated regulation of ROS production was associated with the regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2)-kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) pathway. PL effectively increased the abundance of Nrf2 and its target proteins, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NADPH dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), by promoting the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, indicating that PL-mediated anti-adipogenic effects are associated with the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway.
SCOPE Punicalagin (PCG) is one of the most abundant phytochemicals found in pomegranates. The eff... more SCOPE Punicalagin (PCG) is one of the most abundant phytochemicals found in pomegranates. The effects and mechanistic action of PCG on obesity and obesity-induced inflammatory and oxidant responses were investigated in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS The effect of PCG on adipogenesis was examined using Oil red O staining. The effects and mechanism of action of PCG on inflammatory responses were determined in adipocyte-conditioned medium (ACM)-cultured macrophages, a cell-to-cell contact system, and a transwell system. The effects of PCG on obesity and obesity-induced inflammatory/oxidant responses were examined in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. PCG effectively suppressed lipid accumulation in adipocytes and adipocyte-induced inflammatory responses in adipocyte-macrophage co-culture systems. siRNA transfection indicated that the PCG-mediated anti-inflammatory effect was exerted via the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway. PCG administration resulted in a significant reduction in body and white adipose tissue (WAT) weights. PCG favorably regulated pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, downregulating NF-κB. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis demonstrated that PCG differentially modulated the distribution of CD11c and CD206. PCG regulated the level of antioxidant and oxidant molecules by activating Nrf2/Keap1 signaling. CONCLUSIONS PCG ameliorated obesity and obesity-induced inflammatory responses via activation of Nrf2/Keap1 signaling, suggesting that PCG has potential as an oral agent to control obesity-mediated diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
BACKGROUND Enzymatic hydrolysis and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) are commonly used processing ... more BACKGROUND Enzymatic hydrolysis and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) are commonly used processing techniques in the extraction of active compounds from food materials. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis combined with HHP treatments on ginsenoside metabolites in red ginseng. RESULTS The yield and changes in the levels of polyphenol and ginsenoside were measured in red ginseng treated with commercial enzymes such as Ultraflo L, Viscozyme, Cytolase PCL5, Rapidase and Econase E under atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa), 50 MPa, and 100 MPa. β-Glucosidase activity of Cytolase was the highest at 4258.2 mg-1 , while Viscozyme showed the lowest activity at 10.6 mg-1 . The 100 MPa pressure did not affect the stability or the activity of the β-glucosidase. Specifically, treatment of red ginseng with Cytolase and Econase at 100 MPa significantly increased the dry weight and polyphenol content of red ginseng, compared with treatments at 0.1 MPa and 50 MPa (p<0.05). The amounts of ginsenoside and ginsenoside metabolites derived from red ginseng processed using Cytolase were higher than those derived from red ginseng treated with the other enzymes. In addition, treatment with Cytolase significantly increased the skin and intestinal permeability of red ginseng-derived polyphenols. CONCLUSION Cytolase could be useful as an enzymatic treatment to enhance the yield of bioactive compounds from ginseng under HHP. In addition, ginsenoside metabolites obtained by Cytolase hydrolysis combined with HHP can be used as a functional material to accelerate to the skin and intestines. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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