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Eritrea

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From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
State of Eritrea
ሃገረ ኤርትራ  Hagere Ertra
دولة إرتريا  Dawlat Iritriyā
Emblem of Eritrea
Emblem
Anthem: ኤርትራ ኤርትራ ኤርትራ  (Tigrinya)
"Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea"
Location of Eritrea
Capital
and largest city
Asmara
Official languagesTigrinya[1]
Arabic[1]
English[1][2]
Ethnic groups
(2012[3])
55% Tigrinya
30% Tigre
4% Saho
2% Kunama
2% Rashaida
2% Bilen
5% othera
Demonym(s)Eritrean
GovernmentUnitary single-party presidential republic under an totalitarian dictatorship
• President
Isaias Afewerki
Independence
• From Italy
November 1941
• From United Kingdom under UN Mandate
1951
• from Ethiopia de facto
May 24, 1991
• From Ethiopia de jure
May 24, 1993
Area
• Total
117,600 km2 (45,400 sq mi) (101st)
• Water (%)
0.14%
Population
• 2012 estimate
6,086,495 (107th)
• 2008 census
5,291,370
• Density
51.8/km2 (134.2/sq mi) (154th)
GDP (PPP)2012 estimate
• Total
$4.397 billion[4]
• Per capita
$777[4]
GDP (nominal)2012 estimate
• Total
$3.108 billion[4]
• Per capita
$549[4]
HDI (2011)Steady 0.349
low · 177th
CurrencyNakfa (ERN)
Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+3 (not observed)
Driving sideright
Calling code291
ISO 3166 codeER
Internet TLD.er
  1. Afar, Beni-Amer, Nara.
  2. Working languages only.[5]
A map of Eritrea

Eritrea is a country on the eastern coast of Africa. Its official name is The State of Eritrea.

Part of a series on the
Habesha Community
ሐበሻ | Habesha
Ethiopia/Eritrea | Arms of the flag of Eritrea/Lion of Judah
National origin groups
Ethnic groups
Homeland Regions
Historical Kingdoms
Diaspora Communities
Religions
Religions
Christianity in Ethiopia and Eritrea and in the Habesha Community
Languages
Major Languages
Native Languages
Foreign & Diaspora Languages
Related national groups
History
Lists


Geography

[change | change source]
Eritrean highlands.

Eritrea is located on the coast of the Red Sea. It is north of the Bab-el-Mandeb and the Horn of Africa. Eritrea has borders with the countries of Sudan, Ethiopia, and Djibouti. The land area of Eritrea is 101,000 km², and it is one of the smallest countries in Africa.[51]

History

[change | change source]

Eritrea became an independent country on May 24, 1993.[51] It is one of the newest countries in the world.

Many different countries have ruled the land that is now called Eritrea. Between 1885 and 1941 it was a colony of Italy. Between 1941 and 1952, the United Nations put it under the protection of the United Kingdom. After 1952, Eritrea became a part of Ethiopia.[51] This was the reason for a long civil war between the Eritreans and the government of Ethiopia.

Eventually, in 1993, Eritrea became an independent country after a vote by its people.[51]

Eritreans

[change | change source]

Eritreans are the native inhabitants of Eritrea, as well as the global diaspora of Eritreans displaced by the Eritrean War of Independence and seeking refuge from human rights violations by the Eritrean government. Eritreans constitute several component ethnic groups, many of which are closely related to ethnic groups in Ethiopia and other parts of the Horn of Africa.

The Eritrean national identity began to develop during the Scramble for Africa, when Italy claimed Eritrea as one of its colonies. This marked the establishment of Eritrea's present-day borders.[52] Following Italy's defeat in World War II and the subsequent British administration of Eritrea, the former colony was federated with Ethiopia in 1952. Tensions increased through the 1950s between Eritreans wishing for independence and the Ethiopian government, culminating in the Eritrean War of Independence.

Component Ethnicities

[change | change source]
Eritreans
Total population
Eritrea: 3.6–6.7 million[53][54]
Eritrean diaspora: ≥600,000
Regions with significant populations
 Eritrea3.6–6.7 million[53][54]
 Ethiopia179,276[55]
 Sudan159,748 (Eritrean-born)[56]
 Germany84,000 (Eritrean citizens)[57]
 Uganda49,913[58]
 Sweden49,636[59]
 United States47,449[60][61][62]
  Switzerland42,978[63]
 Canada36,290[64]
 England and  Wales24,812[65]
 Israel20,500[66]
 Norway19,957[67]
 United Arab Emirates17,916 (Eritrean-born)[56]
 Italy13,592 (Eritrean-born)[56]
 Australia9,383[68]
 Denmark8,060[69]
 Kuwait4,725 (Eritrean-born)[56]
 South Sudan3,318 (Eritrean-born)[56]
 Egypt2,368 (Eritrean-born)[56]
 Netherlands2,150 (Eritrean-born)[56]
 Kenya2,127 (Eritrean-born)[56]
 Libya1,983 (Eritrean-born)[56]
 Qatar1,854 (Eritrean-born)[56]
 Finland1,642[70]
 South Africa1,604 (Eritrean-born)[56]
 Bahrain1,550 (Eritrean-born)[56]
 Greece1,055[71]
 Yemen1,009 (Eritrean-born)[56]
 Lithuania55 (Eritrean-citizens)[72]
Languages
Tigrinya, Tigre, Kunama, Bilen, Nara, Saho, Afar, Beja, and other Languages of Eritrea
Religion
Christian (Eritrean Orthodox, P'ent'ay, Catholic, Protestant), Muslim, Animism[73][74]
Related ethnic groups
Ethiopians, Djiboutians, Somalis, other Horn Africans, and other Afro-Asiatic and Nilo-Saharan populations.

Tigrinya

[change | change source]
See the main article: Tigrinya people

The majority of the Tigrinya inhabit the highlands of Eritrea; however, migration to other parts of the country has occurred. Their language is called Tigrinya. They are the largest ethnic group in the country, constituting about 60% of the population.[75] The predominantly Tigrinya populated urban centers in Eritrea are the capital Asmara, Mendefera, Dekemhare, Adi Keyh, Adi Quala and Senafe, while there is a significant population of Tigrinya in other cities including Keren, and Massawa.

They are 96% Christians, (of which 90% are of the Eritrean Orthodox faith, 5% Roman Catholic and Eastern Catholic (whose mass is held in Ge'ez as opposed to Latin), and 5% belonging to various Protestant and other Christian denominations, the majority of which belong to the (Lutheran) Evangelical Church of Eritrea).

Tigre

[change | change source]
See the main article: Tigre people

The Tigre reside in the western lowlands in Eritrea. Many also migrated to Sudan at the time of the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict and lived there since. They are a nomadic and pastoralist people, related to the Tigrinya and to the Beja people. They are a predominantly Muslim nomadic people who inhabit the northern, western, and coastal lowlands of Eritrea, where they constitute 30% of local residents.[75] Some also inhabit areas in eastern Sudan. 95% of the Tigre people adhere to the Islamic religion Sunni Islam, but there are a small number of Christians among them as well (often referred to as the Mensaï in Eritrea). Their language is called Tigre.

Jeberti

[change | change source]

The Jeberti people in Eritrea trace descent from early Muslim adherents. The term Jeberti is also locally sometimes used to generically refer to all Islamic inhabitants of the highlands.[76] The Jeberti in Eritrea speak Arabic and Tigrinya.[77] They account for about 4% of the Tigrinya speakers in the nation.

Afar

[change | change source]
See the main article: Afar people

According to the CIA, the Afar constitute under 5% of the nation's population.[75] They live in the Debubawi Keyih Bahri Region of Eritrea, as well as the Afar Region in Ethiopia, and Djibouti. They speak the Afar language as a mother tongue, and are predominantly Muslim. Afars in Eritrea number about 397,000 individuals, the smallest population out of the countries they reside in. In Djibouti, there are about 780,000 group members, and in Ethiopia, they number approximately 1,300,000.

Saho

[change | change source]
See the main article: Saho people

The Saho represent 4% of Eritrea's population.[75] They principally reside in the Debubawi Keyih Bahri Region and the Northern Red Sea Region of Eritrea. Their language is called Saho. They are predominantly Muslim, although a few Christians known as the Irob live in the Debub Region of Eritrea and the Tigray region of Ethiopia.

Bilen

[change | change source]
See the main article: Bilen people

The Bilen in Eritrea represent around 2% of the country's population.[75] They are primarily concentrated in the north-central areas, in and around the city of Keren, and south towards Asmara, the nation's capital. Many of them entered Eritrea from Kush (central Sudan) in the 8th century and settled at Merara, after which they went to Lalibela and Lasta. The Bilen then returned to Axum in Ethiopia's Tigray Province, and battled with the natives; in the resulting aftermath, the Bilen returned to their main base at Merara. The Bilen include adherents of both Islam and Christianity. They speak the Bilen as a mother tongue. Christian adherents are mainly urban and have intermingled with the Tigrinya who live in the area. Muslim adherents are mainly rural and have interbred with the adjacent Tigre.

Beja

[change | change source]
See the main article: Beja people

The Beja in Eritrea, or Hedareb, constitute under 5% of local residents.[75] They mainly live along the north-western border with Sudan. Group members are predominantly Muslim and communicate in Hedareb as a first or second language. The Beja also include the Beni-Amer people, who have retained their native Beja language alongside Hedareb.

Kunama

[change | change source]
See the main article: Kunama people

According to the CIA, the Kunama constitute around 2% of Eritrea's population.[75] They mainly live in the country's Gash Barka Region, as well as in adjacent parts of Ethiopia's Tigray Region. Many of them reside in the contested border village of Badme. Their language is called Kunama. Although some Kunama still practice traditional beliefs, most are converts to either Christianity (Roman Catholic and Protestant) or Islam.

Nara

[change | change source]
See the main article: Nara people

The Nara represent under 5% of the nation's population.[75] They principally reside along the south-western border with Sudan and Ethiopia. They are generally Muslim, with a few Christians and some practising their indigenous beliefs. Their language is called Nara.

Rashaida Arabs in Eritrean

[change | change source]
See the main article: Rashaida people

The Rashaida are one of Eritrea's nine recognized ethnic groups. They represent around 2% of the population of Eritrea.[75] The Rashaida reside in the northern coastal lowlands of Eritrea and the northern eastern coasts of Sudan. They are predominantly Muslim and are the only ethnic group in Eritrea to have Arabic as their communal language, specifically the Hejazi dialect. The Rashaida first came to Eritrea in the 19th century from the Arabian Coast.[78]

Italians in Eritrea

[change | change source]
See the main article: Italian Eritreans

A few monolingual Italian Eritreans remain. As of 2008, they were estimated at 900 people, down from around 38,000 residents at the end of World War II. They contributed with the development of the Eritrean language with a local "Pidgin".[79]

Eritrean diaspora

[change | change source]

Government

[change | change source]

Eritrea is known for being the most oppressive country in Africa, sometimes considered to be the "North Korea of Africa".[80] The nation has been accused of many human rights violations, severely limited freedoms, and many arbitrary (made-up) arrests.

Administrative divisions

[change | change source]

Eritrea is divided into six administrative regions. These areas are then divided into 58 districts.

A map of Eritrea regions. 1.Northern Red Sea, 2.Anseba, 3.Gash-Barka, 4.Central(to right), 5.Southern, 6.Southern Red Sea
Regions of Eritrea
Region Area (km2) Population Capital
Central 1,300 1,053,254 Asmara
Anseba 23,200 893,587 Keren
Gash-Barka 33,200 1,103,742 Barentu
Southern 8,000 1,476,765 Mendefera
Northern Red Sea 27,800 897,454 Massawa
Southern Red Sea 27,600 398,073 Assab

Culture

[change | change source]

The population of Eritrea is about 3.6 million.[51] About 0.5 million people live in Asmara. People from Eritrea are called Eritreans. Most of them speak Tigrinya or Tigre as their first language. The people usually use Tigrinya or Arabic for official business.

Eritrea has nine ethnic groups. These are the Afar people, the Bilen people, the Hedareb people, the Kunama, the Nara, the Rashaida, the Saho, the Tigre, and Tigray-Tigrinya.

The currency of Eritrea is called the Nakfa. Eritrea is a very poor country. Almost half of Eritrea's economy comes from Eritreans who live abroad. They send money home to their families. Most of the rest comes from farming.

Football and cycling are the most popular sports in Eritrea. In recent years, Eritrean athletes have also seen increasing success in the international arena.

[change | change source]

References

[change | change source]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eritrea.
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hailemariam, Chefena; Kroon, Sjaak; Walters, Joel (1999). "Multilingualism and Nation Building: Language and Education in Eritrea" (PDF). Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 20 (6): 474–493. doi:10.1080/01434639908666385. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
  2. ↑ Eritrea Archived 2020-05-15 at the Wayback Machine. CIA – The World Factbook. cia.gov. Retrieved on June 25, 2012.
  3. ↑ CIA – Eritrea – Ethnic groups Archived 2019-01-06 at the Wayback Machine. Cia.gov. Retrieved on June 25, 2012.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Eritrea". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
  5. ↑ "ERITREA AT A GLANCE". October 1, 2009. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Terrazas, Aaron Matteo (June 2007). "Beyond Regional Circularity: The Emergence of an Ethiopian Diaspora". Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 United States Census Bureau 2009–2013, Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2009–2013, USCB, 30 November 2016, <https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009-2013-lang-tables.html>.
  8. ↑ "The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-17. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  9. ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS, 30 November 2016, <https://www.border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/research/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf Archived 2017-04-17 at the Wayback Machine>.
  10. ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS, 30 November 2016, Archived 17 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2013-02-05). "2011 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations — Detailed Mother Tongue (232), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada and Forward Sortation Areas, 2011 Census". 12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 August 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Statistics Canada, 2011 Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98–314-XCB2011032
  13. ↑ Anon, 2016. 2011 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations | Detailed Mother Tongue (232), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada and Forward Sortation Areas, 2011 Census. [online] Www12.statcan.gc.ca. Available at: <http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/tbt-tt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=103001&PRID=10&PTYPE=101955&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2011&THEME=90&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=> [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016].
  14. ↑ Immigrant languages in Canada. 2016. Immigrant languages in Canada. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/98-314-x2011003_2-eng.cfm. [Accessed 13 December 2016].
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Population by country of origin". Statistics Denmark.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "Anzahl der Ausländer in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland". Das Statistik Portal.
  17. ↑ Roughly half of the Eritrean diaspora
  18. ↑ Amharas are estimated to be the largest ethnic group of estimated 20.000 Ethiopian Germans|https://www.giz.de/fachexpertise/downloads/gtz2009-en-ethiopian-diaspora.pdf Archived 2018-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents". Statistics Norway.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "Foreign-born persons by country of birth, age, sex and year". Statistics Sweden.
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  22. ↑ pp, 25 (2015) United Kingdom. Available at: https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB (Accessed: 30 November 2016).
  23. ↑ "United Kingdom". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  24. ↑ Trimingham, J. (2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 978-1136970221. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Adejumobi, Saheed A. (2007). The History of Ethiopia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-313-32273-0.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Eusebius of Caesarea, the author of Ecclesiastical History in the 4th century, states that Saint Mark came to Egypt in the first or third year of the reign of Emperor Claudius, i.e. AD 41 or 43 Otto Friedrich August Meinardus (2002). Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-977-424-757-6.
  27. ↑ "The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-17. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  28. ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS, 30 November 2016, <https://www.border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/research/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf Archived 2017-04-17 at the Wayback Machine>.
  29. ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS, 30 November 2016, Archived 17 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2013-02-05). "2011 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations — Detailed Mother Tongue (232), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada and Forward Sortation Areas, 2011 Census". 12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 August 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ↑ Statistics Canada, 2011 Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98–314-XCB2011032
  32. ↑ Anon, 2016. 2011 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations | Detailed Mother Tongue (232), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada and Forward Sortation Areas, 2011 Census. [online] Www12.statcan.gc.ca. Available at: <http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/tbt-tt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=103001&PRID=10&PTYPE=101955&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2011&THEME=90&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=> [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016].
  33. ↑ Immigrant languages in Canada. 2016. Immigrant languages in Canada. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/98-314-x2011003_2-eng.cfm. [Accessed 13 December 2016].
  34. ↑ Roughly half of the Eritrean diaspora
  35. ↑ Amharas are estimated to be the largest ethnic group of estimated 20.000 Ethiopian Germans|https://www.giz.de/fachexpertise/downloads/gtz2009-en-ethiopian-diaspora.pdf Archived 2018-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ↑ pp, 25 (2015) United Kingdom. Available at: https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB (Accessed: 30 November 2016).
  37. ↑ "United Kingdom". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  38. ↑ Trimingham, J. (2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 978-1136970221. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  39. ↑ "The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-17. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  40. ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS, 30 November 2016, <https://www.border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/research/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf Archived 2017-04-17 at the Wayback Machine>.
  41. ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS, 30 November 2016, Archived 17 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2013-02-05). "2011 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations — Detailed Mother Tongue (232), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada and Forward Sortation Areas, 2011 Census". 12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 August 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  43. ↑ Statistics Canada, 2011 Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98–314-XCB2011032
  44. ↑ Anon, 2016. 2011 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations | Detailed Mother Tongue (232), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada and Forward Sortation Areas, 2011 Census. [online] Www12.statcan.gc.ca. Available at: <http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/tbt-tt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=103001&PRID=10&PTYPE=101955&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2011&THEME=90&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=> [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016].
  45. ↑ Immigrant languages in Canada. 2016. Immigrant languages in Canada. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/98-314-x2011003_2-eng.cfm. [Accessed 13 December 2016].
  46. ↑ Roughly half of the Eritrean diaspora
  47. ↑ Amharas are estimated to be the largest ethnic group of estimated 20.000 Ethiopian Germans|https://www.giz.de/fachexpertise/downloads/gtz2009-en-ethiopian-diaspora.pdf Archived 2018-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
  48. ↑ pp, 25 (2015) United Kingdom. Available at: https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB (Accessed: 30 November 2016).
  49. ↑ "United Kingdom". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  50. ↑ Trimingham, J. (2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 978-1136970221. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 51.4 "Eritrea". Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
  52. ↑ Ullendorff, Edward. The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People 2nd ed., p. 90. Oxford University Press (London), 1965. ISBN 0-19-285061-X.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Cite error: The named reference UNDESA_WPP_2019_total_population was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Cite error: The named reference COMESA_ERpop_2019 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  55. ↑ Cite error: The named reference EthiopiaPop was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  56. ↑ 56.00 56.01 56.02 56.03 56.04 56.05 56.06 56.07 56.08 56.09 56.10 56.11 56.12 Cite error: The named reference UNPop was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  57. ↑ Cite error: The named reference GermanyPop was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  58. ↑ "Refugees in Uganda by country of origin 2024". Statista. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  59. ↑ "Population Statistics Sweden 2023". Statistics Sweden 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  60. ↑ Cite error: The named reference USPop was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  61. ↑ Cite error: The named reference USPop2 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  62. ↑ Cite error: The named reference USPop3 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  63. ↑ Cite error: The named reference SwissPop was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  64. ↑ Cite error: The named reference CanadaPop was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  65. ↑ Cite error: The named reference EnglandWalesPop was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  66. ↑ Cite error: The named reference IsraelPop was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  67. ↑ Cite error: The named reference NorwayPop was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  68. ↑ Cite error: The named reference AustraliaPop2 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  69. ↑ Cite error: The named reference DenmarkPop was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  70. ↑ Cite error: The named reference FinlandPop was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  71. ↑ Eritrea - International emigrant stock
  72. ↑ [1]
  73. ↑ Cite error: The named reference Religions was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  74. ↑ "National Profiles". www.thearda.com. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 75.4 75.5 75.6 75.7 75.8 "The World Factbook". Archived from the original on January 6, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  76. ↑ Kifleyesus, Abbebe (January 2009). "Jeberti Women Traders' Innumeracy: Its Impact on Commercial Activity in Eritrea". L'Homme: Revue française d'anthropologie (189): 59. doi:10.4000/lhomme.21986. Retrieved February 27, 2015.
  77. ↑ Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 336. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0.
  78. ↑ Alders, Anne. "the Rashaida". Archived from the original on July 9, 2006. Retrieved June 7, 2006.
  79. ↑ Italian language in Eritrea[permanent dead link]
  80. ↑ Halper, Yishai. "'The North Korea of Africa': Where You Need a Permit to Have Dinner With Friends". Haaretz.
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