Nitrogen

Nitrogen, ₇N

Nitrogen
Appearance	colorless gas, liquid or solid
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(N)	[7001140064300000000♠14.00643, 7001140072800000000♠14.00728] conventional: 7001140070000000000♠14.007
Nitrogen in the periodic cairt
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Airn Cobalt Nickel Capper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Siller (element) Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gowd Mercur (element) Thallium Leid (element) Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium - ↑ N ↓ P carbon ← nitrogen → oxygen
Atomic nummer (Z)	7
Group	group 15 (pnictogens)
Period	period 2
Block	p-block
Element category	Reactive nonmetal
Electron confeeguration	[He] 2s2 2p3
Electrons per shell	2, 5
Pheesical properties
Phase at STP	gas
Meltin pynt	63.15 K ​(−210.00 °C, ​−346.00 °F)
Bylin pynt	77.36 K ​(−195.79 °C, ​−320.33 °F)
Density (at STP)	1.251 g/L
whan liquid (at b.p.)	0.808 g/cm3
Treeple pynt	63.1526 K, ​12.53 kPa
Creetical pynt	126.19 K, 3.3978 MPa
Heat o fusion	(N2) 0.72 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	(N2) 29.124 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressur P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 37 41 46 53 62 77
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 strangly acidic
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 3.04
Ionisation energies	(more)
Covalent radius	71±1 pm
Van der Waals radius	155 pm
Colour lines in a spectral range Spectral lines o nitrogen
Ither properties
Naitural occurrence	primordial
Creestal structur	​hexagonal
Speed o soond	(gas, 27 °C) 353 m/s
Thermal conductivity	25.83 × 10−3 W/(m·K)
Magnetic orderin	diamagnetic
CAS Nummer	7727-37-9
History
Diskivery	Daniel Rutherford (1772)
Named by	Jean-Antoine Chaptal (1790)
Main isotopes o nitrogen
Iso­tope Abun­dance Hauf-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 13N syn 9.965 min ε 13C 14N 99.634% stable 15N 0.366% stable

Nitrogen is a chemical element wi the symbolN an atomic nummer 7. Elemental nitrogen is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, an maistly inert diatomic gas at staundart condeetions, constitutin 78.09% bi volume o Yird's atmosphere. The element nitrogen wis discovered as a separable component o air, bi Scots physician Daniel Rutherford, in 1772. It belangs tae the pnictogen faimily.

Nitrogen is a common element in the universe, estimatit at aboot seivent in tot abundance in the galaxy an the Solar System. It is synthesised bi fusion o carbon an hydrogen in supernovae. Due tae the volatility o elemental nitrogen an its common compoonds wi hydrogen an oxygen, nitrogen is far less common on the rocky planets o the inner Solar System, an it is a relatively rare element on Yird as a hale. Houiver, as on Yird, nitrogen an its compounds occur commonly as gases in the atmospheres o planets an muins that hae atmospheres.

Mony industrially important compoonds, sic as ammonie, nitric acid, organic nitrates (propellants an explosives), an cyanides, contain nitrogen. The extreme strang bond in elemental nitrogen dominates nitrogen chemistry, causin difficulty for baith organisms an industry in convertin the N
₂ intae uissfu compoonds, but at the same time causin release o muckle amoonts o eften uissfu energy whan the compoonds burn, explode, or decay back intae nitrogen gas. Synthetically-produced ammonie an nitrates are key industrial fertilizers an fertilizer nitrates are key pollutants in causin the eutrophication o watter seestems.

Ootside thair major uisses as fertilizers an energy-stores, nitrogen compounds are versatile organics. Nitrogen is pairt o materials as diverse as Kevlar fabric an cyanoacrylate "super" glue. Nitrogen is a constituent o molecules in every major pharmacological drog class, includin the antibiotics. Mony drugs are mimics or prodrugs o naitural nitrogen-containin signal molecules: for example, the organic nitrates nitroglycerin an nitroprusside control bluid pressur bi bein metabolized tae naitural nitric oxide. Plant alkaloids (eften defence chemicals) contain nitrogen bi defineetion, an sicweys mony notable nitrogen-containin drugs, sic as caffeine an morphine are aither alkaloids or synthetic mimics that act (as mony plant alkaloids dae) upon receptors o ainimal neurotransmitters (for example, seenthetic amphetamines).

Nitrogen occurs in aw organisms, primarily in amino acids (an sicweys proteins) an in the nucleic acids (DNA an RNA). The human body contains aboot 3% bi wicht o nitrogen, the fowerth maist abundant element in the body efter oxygen, carbon, an hydrogen. The nitrogen cycle descrieves movement o the element frae the air, intae the biosphere an organic compounds, then back intae the atmosphere.

Freemit airtins

• Nitrogen at The Periodic Table o Videos (Varsity o Nottingham)
• Etymology o Nitrogen
• Why heich nitrogen density in explosives? Archived 2013-05-26 at the Wayback Machine
• WebElements.com – Nitrogen
• It's Elemental – Nitrogen
• Chemistry in its element podcast (MP3) frae the Ryal Society o Chemistry's Chemistry Warld: Nitrogen
• Schenectady Coonty Community College – Nitrogen Archived 2007-08-22 at the Wayback Machine
• Nitrogen N2 Properties, Uises, Applications
• Haundlin procedures for liquid nitrogen Archived 2007-08-24 at the Wayback Machine