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Review
. 2022 May;24(5):2179-2200.
doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.16004. Epub 2022 Apr 24.

Diversity and ecology of Radiolaria in modern oceans

Tristan Biard  1
Affiliations
Review

Diversity and ecology of Radiolaria in modern oceans

Tristan Biard. Environ Microbiol. 2022 May.

Abstract

Among the many inhabitants of planktonic communities, several lineages have biomineralized intricate skeletons. These have existed for millions of years and include the Radiolaria, a group of marine protists, many of which bear delicate mineral skeletons of different natures. Radiolaria are well known for their paleontological signatures, but little is known about the ecology of modern assemblages. They are found from polar to tropical regions, in the sunlit layers of the ocean down to the deep and cold bathypelagic. They are closely involved in the biogeochemical cycles of silica, carbon and strontium sulfate, carrying important amounts of such elements to the deep ocean. However, relatively little is known on the actual extent of genetic diversity or biogeographic patterns. The rapid emergence and acceptance of molecular approaches have nevertheless led to major advances in our understanding of diversity within and evolutionary relationships between major radiolarian groups. Here, we review the state of knowledge relating to the classification, diversity and ecology of extant radiolarian orders, highlighting the substantial gaps in our understanding of the extent of their contribution to marine biodiversity and their role in marine food webs.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Schematic classification of Radiolaria based on ribosomal genes (18S and 28S rDNA) modified from Sandin (2019). Non‐supported nodes are reported by a surrounded question mark.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Diversity of the different extant Radiolaria orders. A–B. Acantharia: Lithoptera fenestra and Amphilonche elongata. C–D. Taxopodida: Sticholonche zanclea (C: live specimen; D: scanning electron microscopy image). E–F. Polycystine ‐ Spumellaria: Diplosphaera spinosa and Euchitonia elegans. G–H. Polycystine ‐ Nassellaria: Pteroscenium sp. and Plectaniscus sp. I–J. Polycystine ‐ Orodaria: Oroscena regalis and Cytocladus tricladus. K–L. Polycystine ‐ Collodaria: colonial (Collozoum sp.) and solitary (Thalassicolla nucleata) specimens. All scale bars are 50 μm. Images A–B and E–H courtesy of John Dolan (CNRS). Images C‐D courtesy of Karine Leblanc (CNRS). Monographs I–J from Haecker (1908). Many more images of Radiolaria and plankton can be found online at Aquaparadox and MIO Plankton images.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Schematic illustration of prey capture among different radiolarian orders. A. Nassellaria: the ‘terminal cone (TC)’ comprises several ‘terminal projections’ (TP) and the ‘axial projection’ (AxP). Prey capture (here a ciliate) involves the different pseudopodia of the ‘terminal cone’. B. Spumellaria: prey capture (here a copepod) involves many axopodia (Axo) radiating in all directions and forming a dense pseudopodial network. C. Collodaria: prey capture (here some tintinnids) is similar to Spumellaria and involves a dense axopodial network surrounding the specimen.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Schematic morpho‐molecular classification of Acantharia based on ribosomal genes (18S and 28S rDNA) from Decelle et al. (2012a). A. Phylogeny showing molecular clades, taxonomic suborders and environmental clades. Non‐supported nodes are reported by a surrounded question mark. B. Corresponding extent of the morpho‐molecular framework and main morphological features (including the presence and type of symbionts reported). C. Scanning electron microscopy illustrations of typical strontium sulfate structures found in three acantharian clades. All scale bars are 50 μm. Images courtesy of Karine Leblanc (CNRS).
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Schematic morpho‐molecular classification of Nassellaria based on ribosomal genes (18S and 28S rDNA) from Sandin et al. (2019). A. Phylogeny showing molecular clades, taxonomic super‐families. Group with an asterisk denotes changes in taxonomic nomenclature from Sandin et al. (2019) following the latest classification scheme for Radiolaria (Suzuki et al., 2021). Non‐supported nodes are reported by a surrounded question mark. Colours correspond to molecular lineages (ML): blue = ML I, red = ML II, orange = ML III and green = ML IV. B. Corresponding extent of the morpho‐molecular framework and main morphological features (including the presence and type of symbionts reported). C. Scanning electron microscopy illustrations of typical silicified structures found in the four main nasellarian molecular lineages. All scale bars are 50 μm. Images courtesy of Miguel Sandin (Uppsala University).
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Schematic morpho‐molecular classification of Spumellaria based on ribosomal genes (18S and 28S rDNA) from Sandin et al. (2021). A. Phylogeny showing molecular clades, taxonomic super‐families and environmental clades. Non‐supported nodes are reported by a surrounded question mark. Group with an asterisk denote changes in taxonomic nomenclature from Sandin et al. (2021) following the latest classification scheme for Radiolaria (Suzuki et al., 2021). Colours correspond to molecular lineages (ML): blue = ML I, red = ML II, orange = ML III and green = ML IV. B. Corresponding extent of the morpho‐molecular framework and main morphological features (including the presence and type of symbionts reported). C. Scanning electron microscopy illustrations of typical silicified structures found in the four main spumellarian molecular lineages. All scale bars are 50 μm. Images courtesy of Miguel Sandin (Uppsala University).
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Schematic morpho‐molecular classification of Collodaria based on ribosomal genes (18S and 28S rDNA) from Biard et al. (2015). A. Phylogeny showing molecular clades and taxonomic families. B. Corresponding extent of the morpho‐molecular framework and main morphological features (including the presence and type of symbionts reported). C. Scanning electron microscopy illustrations of typical silicified structures found in the three main collodarian clades. All scale bars are 50 μm.
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