The MPA Guide: A framework to achieve global goals for the ocean

doi:10.1126/science.abf0861

. 2021 Sep 10;373(6560):eabf0861.

doi: 10.1126/science.abf0861. Epub 2021 Sep 10.

The MPA Guide: A framework to achieve global goals for the ocean

Kirsten Grorud-Colvert^{1

2}, Jenna Sullivan-Stack¹, Callum Roberts³, Vanessa Constant¹, Barbara Horta E Costa^{4

5}, Elizabeth P Pike^{6

7}, Naomi Kingston^{1

8}, Dan Laffoley^{9

10}, Enric Sala^{11

12}, Joachim Claudet^{13

14}, Alan M Friedlander^{15

16}, David A Gill¹⁷, Sarah E Lester^{1

12}, Jon C Day¹⁸, Emanuel J Gonçalves^{16

17

19

20}, Gabby N Ahmadia^{21

22

23}, Matt Rand^{9

7}, Angelo Villagomez^{9

7}, Natalie C Ban^{8

22}, Georgina G Gurney²³, Ana K Spalding^{18

19

10

24

2}, Nathan J Bennett^{13

25}, Johnny Briggs⁷, Lance E Morgan², Russell Moffitt^{6

7}, Marine Deguignet⁸, Ellen K Pikitch^{11

5}, Emily S Darling^{22

14}, Sabine Jessen^{6

26}, Sarah O Hameed^{25

27}, Giuseppe Di Carlo²⁸, Paolo Guidetti^{29

30}, Jean M Harris³¹, Jorge Torre³², Zafer Kizilkaya³³, Tundi Agardy^{20

34}, Philippe Cury^{4

35}, Nirmal J Shah^{10

36}, Karen Sack^{21

37}, Ling Cao³⁸, Miriam Fernandez^{24

39}, Jane Lubchenco^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA.
² Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
³ Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
⁴ Center of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal.
⁵ School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
⁶ Marine Protection Atlas, Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA, 98103-9090, USA.
⁷ Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC 20004-2008, USA.
⁸ UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.
⁹ IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland.
¹⁰ School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.
¹¹ National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA.
¹² Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2190, USA.
¹³ National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans, 75005 Paris, France.
¹⁴ Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, USA.
¹⁵ Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA.
¹⁶ Pristine Seas, National Geography Society, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
¹⁷ Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
¹⁸ ARC Centre of Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia.
¹⁹ Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), ISPA-Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal.
²⁰ Oceano Azul Foundation, Oceanário de Lisboa, Esplanada D. Carlos I,1990-005 Lisbon, Portugal.
²¹ Ocean Conservation, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
²² School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
²³ Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.
²⁴ Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama; Coiba Scientific Station (Coiba AIP), Panama City, Panama.
²⁵ The Peopled Seas Initiative, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
²⁶ National Ocean Program, Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, Ottawa, ON K2P 0A4, Canada.
²⁷ Blue Parks Program, Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
²⁸ World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF)-Mediterranean, Rome 00198, Italy.
²⁹ Department of Integrative Marine Ecology (EMI), Stazione Zoologica A. Dohrn-National Institute of Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy.
³⁰ National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), V16149 Genoa, Italy.
³¹ Institute for Coastal and Marine Research (CMR), Nelson Mandela University, Gomeroy Avenue, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa.
³² Comunidad y Biodiversidad, A.C. Isla del Peruano 215, Col. Lomas de Miramar, Guaymas, Sonora, 85454, Mexico.
³³ Mediterranean Conservation Society, Bornova, Izmir 35100 Turkey.
³⁴ Sound Seas, Colrain, MA 01340, USA.
³⁵ MARBEC, Montpellier University, CNRS, IRD, IFREMER, Sète, France.
³⁶ Nature Seychelles, Centre for Environment and Education, Sanctuary at Roche Caiman, Mahe, Seychelles.
³⁷ Ocean Unite, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
³⁸ School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 230000, China.
³⁹ Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas de Las Cruces and Departmento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

PMID: 34516798
DOI: 10.1126/science.abf0861

The MPA Guide: A framework to achieve global goals for the ocean

Kirsten Grorud-Colvert et al. Science. 2021.

. 2021 Sep 10;373(6560):eabf0861.

doi: 10.1126/science.abf0861. Epub 2021 Sep 10.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA.
² Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
³ Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
⁴ Center of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal.
⁵ School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
⁶ Marine Protection Atlas, Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA, 98103-9090, USA.
⁷ Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington, DC 20004-2008, USA.
⁸ UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.
⁹ IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland.
¹⁰ School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.
¹¹ National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA.
¹² Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2190, USA.
¹³ National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans, 75005 Paris, France.
¹⁴ Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, USA.
¹⁵ Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA.
¹⁶ Pristine Seas, National Geography Society, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
¹⁷ Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
¹⁸ ARC Centre of Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia.
¹⁹ Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), ISPA-Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal.
²⁰ Oceano Azul Foundation, Oceanário de Lisboa, Esplanada D. Carlos I,1990-005 Lisbon, Portugal.
²¹ Ocean Conservation, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
²² School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
²³ Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.
²⁴ Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama; Coiba Scientific Station (Coiba AIP), Panama City, Panama.
²⁵ The Peopled Seas Initiative, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
²⁶ National Ocean Program, Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, Ottawa, ON K2P 0A4, Canada.
²⁷ Blue Parks Program, Marine Conservation Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
²⁸ World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF)-Mediterranean, Rome 00198, Italy.
²⁹ Department of Integrative Marine Ecology (EMI), Stazione Zoologica A. Dohrn-National Institute of Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy.
³⁰ National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), V16149 Genoa, Italy.
³¹ Institute for Coastal and Marine Research (CMR), Nelson Mandela University, Gomeroy Avenue, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa.
³² Comunidad y Biodiversidad, A.C. Isla del Peruano 215, Col. Lomas de Miramar, Guaymas, Sonora, 85454, Mexico.
³³ Mediterranean Conservation Society, Bornova, Izmir 35100 Turkey.
³⁴ Sound Seas, Colrain, MA 01340, USA.
³⁵ MARBEC, Montpellier University, CNRS, IRD, IFREMER, Sète, France.
³⁶ Nature Seychelles, Centre for Environment and Education, Sanctuary at Roche Caiman, Mahe, Seychelles.
³⁷ Ocean Unite, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
³⁸ School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 230000, China.
³⁹ Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas de Las Cruces and Departmento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

PMID: 34516798
DOI: 10.1126/science.abf0861

Abstract

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are conservation tools intended to protect biodiversity, promote healthy and resilient marine ecosystems, and provide societal benefits. Despite codification of MPAs in international agreements, MPA effectiveness is currently undermined by confusion about the many MPA types and consequent wildly differing outcomes. We present a clarifying science-driven framework—The MPA Guide—to aid design and evaluation. The guide categorizes MPAs by stage of establishment and level of protection, specifies the resulting direct and indirect outcomes for biodiversity and human well-being, and describes the key conditions necessary for positive outcomes. Use of this MPA Guide by scientists, managers, policy-makers, and communities can improve effective design, implementation, assessment, and tracking of existing and future MPAs to achieve conservation goals by using scientifically grounded practices.

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The MPA Guide: A framework to achieve global goals for the ocean

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The MPA Guide: A framework to achieve global goals for the ocean

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