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Review
. 2021 Jun 10:8:637010.
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.637010. eCollection 2021.

Interplay Between Exercise and Gut Microbiome in the Context of Human Health and Performance

Matthieu Clauss  1   2 , Philippe Gérard  1 , Alexis Mosca  3   4 , Marion Leclerc  1
Affiliations
Review

Interplay Between Exercise and Gut Microbiome in the Context of Human Health and Performance

Matthieu Clauss et al. Front Nutr. .

Abstract

Gut microbiota and exercise have recently been shown to be interconnected. Both moderate and intense exercise are typically part of the training regimen of endurance athletes, but they exert different effects on health. Moderate exercise has positive effects on the health of average athletes, such as a reduction in inflammation and intestinal permeability and an improvement in body composition. It also induces positive changes in the gut microbiota composition and in the microbial metabolites produced in the gastrointestinal tract. Conversely, intense exercise can increase gastrointestinal epithelial wall permeability and diminish gut mucus thickness, potentially enabling pathogens to enter the bloodstream. This, in turn, may contribute to the increase in inflammation levels. However, elite athletes seem to have a higher gut microbial diversity, shifted toward bacterial species involved in amino acid biosynthesis and carbohydrate/fiber metabolism, consequently producing key metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids. Moreover, rodent studies have highlighted a bidirectional relationship, with exercise impacting the gut microbiota composition while the microbiota may influence performance. The present review focuses on gut microbiota and endurance sports and how this interconnection depends upon exercise intensity and training. After pointing out the limits of the studies so far available, we suggest that taking into account the microbiota composition and its metabolic contribution to human host health could help in monitoring and modulating athletes' health and performance. Such an integrated approach should help in the design of microbiome-based solutions for health or performance.

Keywords: gut microbial diversity; gut microbial ecosystem; inflammation; probiotics; sportomics.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Beneficial effects of exercise and gut microbiota modifications in inactive subjects. Exercise induces beneficial molecular adaptations allowing the enhancement of cardiorespiratory fitness. Bacterial diversity increases, including SCFA- producing species. Conversely, pathobionts such as E. coli or E. faecalis, potentially disease-causing species which, under normal circumstances, are found as a non-harming symbiont, decrease. Longitudinal studies monitoring exercise intensity and modality, diet, subjects' characteristics and gut microbiota are still lacking. Modified from Aya et al. (40), with permission.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Ecosystem level adaptation of gut microbiota in athletes. Recent research indicates that unique gut microbiota may be present in elite athletes, and special and unique species can positively impact the host, providing metabolites from the fermentation of dietary fiber. Ecosystem level syntrophy: gut bacterial species can hydrolyze fibers and subsequently ferment the sugar monomers into SCFA, while other fermentative species depend upon the hydrolytic ones. Such a syntrophy have been described between Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium strains. Modified from Aya et al. (40), with permission.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Reported effects of probiotic ingestion by athletes or subjects practicing moderate physical exercise.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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