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. 2021 Apr 15;10(4):481.
doi: 10.3390/pathogens10040481.

Investigation on Anthrax in Bangladesh during the Outbreaks of 2011 and Definition of the Epidemiological Correlations

Domenico Galante  1 , Viviana Manzulli  1 , Luigina Serrecchia  1 , Pietro Di Taranto  2 , Martin Hugh-Jones  3 , M Jahangir Hossain  4   5 , Valeria Rondinone  1 , Dora Cipolletta  1 , Lorenzo Pace  1 , Michela Iatarola  1 , Francesco Tolve  1 , Angela Aceti  1 , Elena Poppa  1 , Antonio Fasanella  1
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Investigation on Anthrax in Bangladesh during the Outbreaks of 2011 and Definition of the Epidemiological Correlations

Domenico Galante et al. Pathogens. .

Abstract

In 2011, in Bangladesh, 11 anthrax outbreaks occurred in six districts of the country. Different types of samples were collected from May to September in the six districts where anthrax had occurred in order to detect and type Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) strains. Anthrax was detected in 46.6% of the samples analysed, in particular in soils, but also in bone samples, water, animal feed, and rumen ingesta of dead animals. Canonical single nucleotide polymorphisms (CanSNPs) analysis showed that all the isolates belonged to the major lineage A, sublineage A.Br.001/002 of China and Southeast Asia while the multi-locus variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) analysis (MLVA) with 15 VNTRs demonstrated the presence of five genotypes, of which two resulted to be new genotypes. The single nucleotide repeats (SNRs) analysis showed 13 SNR types; nevertheless, due to its higher discriminatory power, the presence of two isolates with different SNR-type polymorphisms was detected within two MLVA genotypes. This study assumes that soil is not the only reason for the spread of the disease in Bangladesh; contaminated feed and water can also play an important role in the epidemiology of anthrax. Possible explanations for these epidemiological relationships are discussed.

Keywords: Bacillus anthracis; Bangladesh; MLVA; epidemiology; food contamination.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Distribution of the detected genotypes in the different districts of Bangladesh. 1: Gt_1/Ban; 2: Gt_2/Ban; 3: Gt_3/Ban; 5: Gt_5/Ban; 6: Gt_6/Ban. Image modified from “Map of Bangladesh”—“World of Maps”—Public Domain (Map of Bangladesh (Political Map): Worldofmaps.net—online Maps and Travel Information, Available at: https://www.worldofmaps.net/en/asia/maps-of-bangladesh/map-of-bangladesh-political-map.htm, accessed 14 April 2021).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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