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Review
. 2020 Nov 2:15:2041-2051.
doi: 10.2147/CIA.S273967. eCollection 2020.

Cardiac Cachexia: A Well-Known but Challenging Complication of Heart Failure

Helena Krysztofiak  1 , Marta Wleklik  2 , Jacek Migaj  1   3 , Magdalena Dudek  1   3 , Izabella Uchmanowicz  2 , Magdalena Lisiak  2 , Grzegorz Kubielas  2 , Ewa Straburzyńska-Migaj  1   3 , Maciej Lesiak  1   3 , Marta Kałużna-Oleksy  1   3
Affiliations
Review

Cardiac Cachexia: A Well-Known but Challenging Complication of Heart Failure

Helena Krysztofiak et al. Clin Interv Aging. .

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is a common complication of various cardiac diseases, and its incidence constantly increases. This is caused mainly by aging of populations and improvement in the treatment of coronary artery disease. As HF patients age, they tend to develop comorbidities, creating new problems for health-care professionals. Sarcopenia, defined as the loss of muscle mass and function, and cachexia, defined as weight loss due to an underlying illness, are muscle wasting disorders of particular relevance in the heart failure population, but they go mostly unrecognized. The coexistence of chronic HF and metabolic disorders facilitates the development of cachexia. Cachexia, in turn, significantly worsens a patient's prognosis and quality of life. The mechanisms underlying cachexia have not been explained yet and require further research. Understanding its background is crucial in the development of treatment strategies to prevent and treat tissue wasting. There are currently no specific European guidelines or recommended therapy for cachexia treatment in HF ("cardiac cachexia").

Keywords: cardiac cachexia; heart failure; nutritional status.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Clinical Interplay between Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Frailty. *Sarcopenia as a component of frailty syndrome; *Cardiac cachexia as a last stage of frailty syndrome *Sarcopenia and cardiac cachexia overlap on some points.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Grants and funding

This review paper was conducted as a theoretical part of the research project funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland as a part of a statutory grant of the Wroclaw Medical University for maintaining research potential (no. SUB.E020.19.003).