iBet uBet web content aggregator. Adding the entire web to your favor.
iBet uBet web content aggregator. Adding the entire web to your favor.



Link to original content: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29221595
Genetic and environmental risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis - PubMed Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2017 Feb;31(1):3-18.
doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2017.08.003. Epub 2017 Sep 18.

Genetic and environmental risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis

Kevin D Deane  1 , M Kristen Demoruelle  2 , Lindsay B Kelmenson  2 , Kristine A Kuhn  2 , Jill M Norris  3 , V Michael Holers  2
Affiliations
Review

Genetic and environmental risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis

Kevin D Deane et al. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017 Feb.

Abstract

Multiple genetic and environmental factors have been associated with an increased risk for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Of these, the strongest associations have been seen with female sex, a family history of RA, the genetic factor the "shared epitope," and exposure to tobacco smoke. There is also renewed interest in mucosal inflammation and microbial factors as contributors to the development of RA. However, the identification of a "preclinical" period of RA that can be defined as local or systemic autoimmunity as measured by autoantibodies and other biomarkers prior to the development of clinically apparent synovitis suggests that the risk factors for RA are acting long prior to first clinical evidence of IA. As such, a major challenge to the field will be to investigate the full spectrum of the development of RA, from initiation and propagation of autoimmunity during preclinical RA and transition to clinically apparent synovitis and classifiable RA, to determine which genetic and environmental factors are important at each stage of disease development. Understanding the exact role and timing of action of risk factors for RA is especially important given the advent of prevention trials in RA, and the hope that a full understanding of genetic and environmental factors in RA could lead to effective preventive interventions.

Keywords: Microbiome; Mucosal inflammation; Preclinical rheumatoid arthritis; Rheumatoid arthritis environmental risk factors; Rheumatoid arthritis genetic risk factors; Rheumatoid arthritis prevention.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. A general model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) development
In this model, genetic and environmental factors interact to initiate autoimmunity, propagate autoimmunity and ultimately lead to clinically apparent tissue injury and inflammatory arthritis that is classifiable RA. The period of disease development during which there are detectable RA-related biomarkers without clear inflammatory arthritis can be termed ‘Preclinical RA’. Importantly, the genetic and environmental factors that influence each of these stages of disease may be different.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Smolen JS, Aletaha D, McInnes IB. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2016;388(10055):2023–38. - PubMed
    1. Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, McShane DJ, Fries JF, Cooper NS, et al. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1988;31(3):315–24. - PubMed
    1. Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, Funovits J, Felson DT, Bingham CO, 3rd, et al. 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(9):2569–81. - PubMed
    1. Deane KD, El-Gabalawy H. Pathogenesis and prevention of rheumatic disease: focus on preclinical RA and SLE. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014;10(4):212–28. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Barra L, Pope J, Bessette L, Haraoui B, Bykerk V. Lack of seroconversion of rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide in patients with early inflammatory arthritis: a systematic literature review. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50(2):311–6. - PubMed