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Review
. 2016 Jul 19;371(1699):20150133.
doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0133.

A molecular palaeobiological exploration of arthropod terrestrialization

Jesus Lozano-Fernandez  1 , Robert Carton  2 , Alastair R Tanner  3 , Mark N Puttick  4 , Mark Blaxter  5 , Jakob Vinther  1 , Jørgen Olesen  6 , Gonzalo Giribet  7 , Gregory D Edgecombe  8 , Davide Pisani  9
Affiliations
Review

A molecular palaeobiological exploration of arthropod terrestrialization

Jesus Lozano-Fernandez et al. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. .

Abstract

Understanding animal terrestrialization, the process through which animals colonized the land, is crucial to clarify extant biodiversity and biological adaptation. Arthropoda (insects, spiders, centipedes and their allies) represent the largest majority of terrestrial biodiversity. Here we implemented a molecular palaeobiological approach, merging molecular and fossil evidence, to elucidate the deepest history of the terrestrial arthropods. We focused on the three independent, Palaeozoic arthropod terrestrialization events (those of Myriapoda, Hexapoda and Arachnida) and showed that a marine route to the colonization of land is the most likely scenario. Molecular clock analyses confirmed an origin for the three terrestrial lineages bracketed between the Cambrian and the Silurian. While molecular divergence times for Arachnida are consistent with the fossil record, Myriapoda are inferred to have colonized land earlier, substantially predating trace or body fossil evidence. An estimated origin of myriapods by the Early Cambrian precedes the appearance of embryophytes and perhaps even terrestrial fungi, raising the possibility that terrestrialization had independent origins in crown-group myriapod lineages, consistent with morphological arguments for convergence in tracheal systems.This article is part of the themed issue 'Dating species divergences using rocks and clocks'.

Keywords: arthropod evolution; molecular clock; molecular palaeobiology; phylogeny; terrestrialization.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Bayesian phylogeny of Panarthropoda. This tree was obtained under the CAT − GTR + G model. All nodes but one had a posterior probability of 1. bpcomp maxdiff = 0; minimum effective size = 55; maximum rel_diff = 0.2. Most silhouettes from organisms are from Phylopic (phylopic.org/).
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Results of molecular clock analyses. (a) Divergence times obtained under the CIR autocorrelated, relaxed, molecular clock model. (b) Divergence times obtained using the Uncorrelated Gamma Multipliers model. In both cases, nodes in the tree represent average divergence times estimated using the root prior with 636 Ma mean and 30 Ma SD. Brown bars represent 95% credibility intervals from the considered analysis. Grey bars represent the joint priors (for the considered nodes and analyses). Green bars in figure 2b indicate 95% credibility intervals obtained using the exponential prior of average 636 Ma. Blue branches indicate marine lineages. Brown branches terrestrial lineages. In the timescale, numbers represent Myr before the present.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Results of the ancestral environment reconstruction analysis indicating that the last common total-group branchiopod ancestor was most likely a marine organism. The pie charts show the scaled marginal likelihoods of ancestral states for all nodes, with the scaled likelihoods of the total-group ancestor also shown in the text. Branch lengths are proportional to time.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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