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Review
. 2016:2016:7203587.
doi: 10.1155/2016/7203587. Epub 2016 Jan 20.

Hib Vaccines: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives

Adi Essam Zarei  1 , Hussein A Almehdar  2 , Elrashdy M Redwan  3
Affiliations
Review

Hib Vaccines: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives

Adi Essam Zarei et al. J Immunol Res. 2016.

Abstract

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) causes many severe diseases, including epiglottitis, pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. In developed countries, the annual incidence of meningitis caused by bacteria is approximately 5-10 cases per population of 100,000. The Hib conjugate vaccine is considered protective and safe. Adjuvants, molecules that can enhance and/or regulate the fundamental immunogenicity of an antigen, comprise a wide range of diverse compounds. While earlier developments of adjuvants created effective products, there is still a need to create new generations, rationally designed based on recent discoveries in immunology, mainly in innate immunity. Many factors may play a role in the immunogenicity of Hib conjugate vaccines, such as the polysaccharides and proteins carrier used in vaccine construction, as well as the method of conjugation. A Hib conjugate vaccine has been constructed via chemical synthesis of a Hib saccharide antigen. Two models of carbohydrate-protein conjugate have been established, the single ended model (terminal amination-single method) and cross-linked lattice matrix (dual amination method). Increased knowledge in the fields of immunology, molecular biology, glycobiology, glycoimmunology, and the biology of infectious microorganisms has led to a dramatic increase in vaccine efficacy.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
H. influenzae type b capsular polysaccharides repeating unit.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic diagram summarizing the types of currently used Hib vaccines according to the type of PRP (nPRP-native PRP, oPRP-oligosaccharide PRP, and sPRP-synthetic PRP).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Main steps in the glycoconjugate process.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Single ended model (neoglycoprotein).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Cross-linked lattice model.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The most important fields in the future of vaccinology as a whole and Hib vaccines in particular.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The most important approaches to improve glycoconjugate vaccines.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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