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Link to original content: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25620933
Forced sustained swimming exercise at optimal speed enhances growth of juvenile yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) - PubMed Skip to main page content
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. 2015 Jan 8:5:506.
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00506. eCollection 2014.

Forced sustained swimming exercise at optimal speed enhances growth of juvenile yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi)

Arjan P Palstra  1 , Daan Mes  1 , Kasper Kusters  1 , Jonathan A C Roques  2 , Gert Flik  2 , Kees Kloet  3 , Robbert J W Blonk  1
Affiliations

Forced sustained swimming exercise at optimal speed enhances growth of juvenile yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi)

Arjan P Palstra et al. Front Physiol. .

Abstract

Swimming exercise at optimal speed may optimize growth performance of yellowtail kingfish in a recirculating aquaculture system. Therefore, optimal swimming speeds (U opt in m s(-1) or body lengths s(-1), BL s(-1)) were assessed and then applied to determine the effects of long-term forced and sustained swimming at U opt on growth performance of juvenile yellowtail kingfish. U opt was quantified in Blazka-type swim-tunnels for 145, 206, and 311 mm juveniles resulting in values of: (1) 0.70 m s(-1) or 4.83 BL s(-1), (2) 0.82 m s(-1) or 3.25 BL s(-1), and (3) 0.85 m s(-1) or 2.73 BL s(-1). Combined with literature data from larger fish, a relation of U opt (BL s(-1)) = 234.07(BL)(-0.779) (R (2) = 0.9909) was established for this species. Yellowtail kingfish, either forced to perform sustained swimming exercise at an optimal speed of 2.46 BL s(-1) ("swimmers") or allowed to perform spontaneous activity at low water flow ("resters") in a newly designed 3600 L oval flume (with flow created by an impeller driven by an electric motor), were then compared. At the start of the experiment, ten fish were sampled representing the initial condition. After 18 days, swimmers (n = 23) showed a 92% greater increase in BL and 46% greater increase in BW as compared to resters (n = 23). As both groups were fed equal rations, feed conversion ratio (FCR) for swimmers was 1.21 vs. 1.74 for resters. Doppler ultrasound imaging showed a statistically significant higher blood flow (31%) in the ventral aorta of swimmers vs. resters (44 ± 3 vs. 34 ± 3 mL min(-1), respectively, under anesthesia). Thus, growth performance can be rapidly improved by optimal swimming, without larger feed investments.

Keywords: Doppler ultrasound imaging; aquaculture; feed conversion ratio; growth; optimal swimming speed; swimming exercise.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The constructed swim-flume. (A) side-view; and (B) schematic overview. An industrial inverter provided an alternating current with adjustable frequency (Hz) to an electric motor, which in turn powered the impeller. Water was led through the swimming compartment, forcing fish (n = 23) to swim at the optimal swimming speed. Fish (n = 23) in the rest-compartment were not subjected to water flow and displayed spontaneous activity. To maintain high water quality in the rest-compartment, low water flow was generated by a small pump, which was placed in the curve outside the compartment. See text for detailed description.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Average COT values for each of the three size groups and polynomial plotting of trend-lines. Each of the graphs representing the subsequent size groups gives the polynomial relation between COT and U and the R2-value. Averages and standard errors are based on data of decreasing numbers of fish for increasing speeds because of fish fatiguing and because of rejecting data of fish that were utilizing the lower flows near the wall of the swim-tunnel: (A) 0.20 m s−1: n = 7; 0.40 m s−1: n = 7; 0.60 m s−1: n = 6; 0.80 m s−1: n = 2, (B) 0.20 m s−1: n = 5; 0.40 m s−1: n = 8; 0.60 m s−1: n = 8; 0.80 m s−1: n = 7; 1.00 m s−1: n = 6, (C) 0.20 m s−1: n = 7; 0.40 m s−1: n = 7; 0.60 m s−1: n = 7; 0.80 m s−1: n = 6; 1.00 m s−1: n = 5. COT values of the smaller fish of group 1 were generally much higher than those of groups 2 and 3. Individual variation in COT decreased at increasing swimming speeds.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Swimming-enhanced growth. After 18 days, swimmers (“SWIM,” n = 23) showed (A) a significant 92% greater increase in body length (BL) and (B) a significant 46% greater increase in body weight (BW) as compared to resters (“REST,” n = 23), while (C) Fulton's condition factor (K) was not different between the two groups. Asterisks above REST-bars indicate a significant difference (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01) between the REST group and the START-group (n = 10: “time”-effects), while asterisks above SWIM-bars indicate significant differences between swimmers and resters (n = 23: “treatment”-effects).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Optimal swimming speed Uopt (in body length per second BL s−1) in relation to size in BL. Shown are the three Uopt-values obtained in this study (circles) of group 1 (4.85 BL s−1), group 2 (3.25 BL s−1) and group 3 (2.73 BL s−1); the Uopt (2.25 BL s−1) of yellowtail kingfish of size 362 ± 15 mm, 699 ± 39 g as reported by Brown et al. (; square) and the Uopt (1.7 BL s−1) of yellowtail kingfish of size 569 ± 26 mm, 2.35 ± 0.31 kg as reported by Clark and Seymour (; diamond). Best of fit is a power function: y = 234.07x−0.779 (R2 = 0.9909). Note that BL for fish of the study by Brown et al. (; square) is in fork length, adding 30–40 mm to estimate the TL-values leads to a perfect fit of this data point on the trend line.
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