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. 2014 Feb 17;369(1639):20130087.
doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0087. Print 2014 Apr 5.

Elevating crop disease resistance with cloned genes

Jonathan D G Jones  1 , Kamil Witek, Walter Verweij, Florian Jupe, David Cooke, Stephen Dorling, Laurence Tomlinson, Matthew Smoker, Sara Perkins, Simon Foster
Affiliations

Elevating crop disease resistance with cloned genes

Jonathan D G Jones et al. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. .

Abstract

Essentially all plant species exhibit heritable genetic variation for resistance to a variety of plant diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, oomycetes or viruses. Disease losses in crop monocultures are already significant, and would be greater but for applications of disease-controlling agrichemicals. For sustainable intensification of crop production, we argue that disease control should as far as possible be achieved using genetics rather than using costly recurrent chemical sprays. The latter imply CO₂ emissions from diesel fuel and potential soil compaction from tractor journeys. Great progress has been made in the past 25 years in our understanding of the molecular basis of plant disease resistance mechanisms, and of how pathogens circumvent them. These insights can inform more sophisticated approaches to elevating disease resistance in crops that help us tip the evolutionary balance in favour of the crop and away from the pathogen. We illustrate this theme with an account of a genetically modified (GM) blight-resistant potato trial in Norwich, using the Rpi-vnt1.1 gene isolated from a wild relative of potato, Solanum venturii, and introduced by GM methods into the potato variety Desiree.

Keywords: GM; Solanum; late blight resistance; potato; transgenic field trial.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
A simplified model of the role of plant R genes in plant–microbe interactions. (a) Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the plant cell membranes confer recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), resulting in PRR-triggered immunity (PTI). Despite PTI, plants are susceptible to their pathogens owing to the delivery of effector molecules that attenuate this host resistance response. (b) Classical breeding for late blight resistance has focused on the introgression of single dominant R genes from wild sources such as Solanum demissum. These single genes resulted in strong selection on the pathogen effector genes, resulting (c) in the selection of mutated effectors that evade recognition, or in complete loss of recognized effectors. (d) In this paper, we postulate the cloning and transgenic stacking of several R genes. Stacked R genes will provide a more durable defence system, especially with several R gene stacks available to the breeder, because each R gene abolishes the selection for single effector mutations that circumvent a different R gene.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Comparison of disease severity in Rpi-vnt1.1-transgenic and non-transgenic Desiree plants. Data are average disease severity scores from 16 plants (single block) displayed as a percentage of necrotic tissue. The title of the x-axis represents the sampled plot number. All plants were scored as indicated in the figure. While blight arrived in (a) 2010 and (c) 2012 during the vegetative growth, it arrived at the end of this period in (b) 2011, when plants were already senescing.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Survey of Phytophthora infestans strains isolated from transgenic Rpi-vnt1.1, Rpi-mcq1 and non-transgenic Desiree and Maris Piper plants. Phytophthora infestans samples (a), 10 for each type of plants, randomly chosen from all plots, were collected from actively sporulating areas (b) into fast technology for analysis of nucleic acid cards.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Rpi-vnt1.1-transgenic and non-transgenic Desiree in field trials. Photograph was taken on 10 August 2012, almost one month after first symptoms of infection on Desiree plants were observed (13 July 2012). No symptoms of late blight were observed on transgenic plants, neither when photographs were taken nor towards the end of the experiment. Left, transgenic plants; right, non-transgenic.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Comparison of yield in Rpi-vnt1.1-transgenic and non-transgenic Desiree plants. Total yield is in kilogram per block (16 plants, a). Each plot (b) consisted of two blocks of transgenic Rpi-vnt1.1 (light grey) and one block of Desiree (dark grey), surrounded by one or two rows (external borders) of Maris Piper (white). Transgenic and non-transgenic blocks in each plot were planted in random order. Tubers from each block were collected and weighted separately.
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