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Link to original content: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16187859
Psychological universals: what are they and how can we know? - PubMed Skip to main page content
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. 2005 Sep;131(5):763-84.
doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.763.

Psychological universals: what are they and how can we know?

Ara Norenzayan  1 , Steven J Heine
Affiliations

Psychological universals: what are they and how can we know?

Ara Norenzayan et al. Psychol Bull. 2005 Sep.

Abstract

Psychological universals, or core mental attributes shared by humans everywhere, are a foundational postulate of psychology, yet explicit analysis of how to identify such universals is lacking. This article offers a conceptual and methodological framework to guide the investigation of genuine universals through empirical analysis of psychological patterns across cultures. Issues of cross-cultural generalizability of psychological processes and 3 cross-cultural research strategies to probe universals are considered. Four distinct levels of hierarchically organized universals are possible: From strongest to weakest claims for universality, they are accessibility universals, functional universals, existential universals, and nonuniversals. Finally, universals are examined in relation to the questions of levels of analysis, evolutionary explanations of psychological processes, and management of cross-cultural relations.

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