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Link to original content: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15362157/
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Review
. 2004 Oct;61(1):126-48.
doi: 10.1002/neu.20091.

Antinociceptive and nociceptive actions of opioids

Michael H Ossipov  1 , Josephine Lai, Tamara King, Todd W Vanderah, T Philip Malan Jr, Victor J Hruby, Frank Porreca
Affiliations
Review

Antinociceptive and nociceptive actions of opioids

Michael H Ossipov et al. J Neurobiol. 2004 Oct.

Abstract

Although the opioids are the principal treatment options for moderate to severe pain, their use is also associated with the development of tolerance, defined as the progressive need for higher doses to achieve a constant analgesic effect. The mechanisms which underlie this phenomenon remain unclear. Recent studies revealed that cholecystokinin (CCK) is upregulated in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) during persistent opioid exposure. CCK is both antiopioid and pronociceptive, and activates descending pain facilitation mechanisms from the RVM enhancing nociceptive transmission at the spinal cord and promoting hyperalgesia. The neuroplastic changes elicited by opioid exposure reflect adaptive changes to promote increased pain transmission and consequent diminished antinociception (i.e., tolerance).

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