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Link to original content: https://oadoi.org/10.1007/s00300-019-02516-1
Halcampulactidae (Actiniaria, Actinostoloidea), a new family of burrowing sea anemones with external brooding from Antarctica | Polar Biology Skip to main content

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Halcampulactidae (Actiniaria, Actinostoloidea), a new family of burrowing sea anemones with external brooding from Antarctica

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Abstract

Brooding is known for at least 57 species within Actiniaria, making it a rare phenomenon among the approximately 1100 described species in the order. Within the order, brooders are known from taxonomically disparate groups in both suborders (Anenthemonae and Enthemonae) and all superfamilies except for Actinernoidea. Two-thirds of brooders do so internally and have a pan-latitudinal distribution whereas external brooders show a disproportionate diversity in the poles, particularly in the Southern Ocean. Here, we describe Halcampulactidae fam. nov., a new family of burrowing sea anemones from Antarctica characterized by a novel combination of morphological features: twelve mesenteries (eight macrocnemes and four microcnemes) and invaginations of the oral disc similar to glandular sacs of Oractiidae Riemann-Zürneck (Polar Biol 23:604–608, 2000) hypothesized to brood offspring. Halcampulactidae fam. nov. is the first endemic family from Antarctica and Halcampulactis solimar sp. nov. is the 11th species of sea anemone with parental care recorded from Antarctica; it is also the first burrowing anemone with external brooding from the Southern Ocean, representing the second instance of external brooding on the oral disc within the order Actiniaria. In addition, we use molecular evidence to establish the phylogenetic position of the new family within the order; Halcampulactidae fam. nov. is the first burrowing family within the superfamily Actinostoloidea. We discuss the evolution of external brooding within the superfamily in light of these new findings.

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Acknowledgements

Our special thanks to PJ López-González (Universidad de Sevilla, Spain), JM Gili (Institut Ciencies del Mar, CMIMA-CSIC, Spain), and Prof. W. Arntz (Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany) for access to material collected during the R/V Polarstern cruise ANT XV/3 (EASIZ-II). We thank the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), particularly H Griffiths (BAS), for providing access to E Rodríguez in the JR15005 cruise. Loan of specimens from JR cruise was facilitated by H Griffiths (BAS); M Lowe helped with depositing material at the Natural History Museum (London, UK). We extend our acknowledgements to the Officers, crew and scientists aboard the R/V Polarstern and the RRS James Clark Ross during the EASIZ-II and JR15005 cruises of the SCAR Programs EASIZ (Coastal and Shelf Ecology of the Antarctic Sea-Ice Zone) and SO-AntEco (South Orkneys-State of the Antarctic Ecosystem), respectively. Lab support was provided by T Chiodo (AMNH). Many thanks to A Reft (USNM) for sharing her expertise on nematocysts. We thank B Fine for helping with illustrations. Partial funding for this project came from the Spanish Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología projects: ANT97–1533-E, ANT98–1739-E, ANT99-1608-E, REN2003-04236. The authors also thank J. Luke for supporting E Rodríguez’s research program and LC Gusmão.

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  1. Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024, USA

    L. C. Gusmão, L. Berniker, V. Van Deusen & E. Rodríguez

  2. Bucknell University, 701 Moore Ave, Lewisburg, PA, 17837, USA

    O. Harris

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  1. L. C. Gusmão
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Gusmão, L.C., Berniker, L., Van Deusen, V. et al. Halcampulactidae (Actiniaria, Actinostoloidea), a new family of burrowing sea anemones with external brooding from Antarctica. Polar Biol 42, 1271–1286 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-019-02516-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-019-02516-1

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