Dhāraṇī

Dharanis (devanagari: धारणी, IAST: dhāraṇī), også kjent som parittas, er buddhistiske sanger, mnemoniske koder, besvergelser eller resitasjoner, som vanligvis utgjør mantraer i fraser på sanskrit eller pali. Ifølge buddhistisk tro er de beskyttende og har makt til å generere meritter for utøveren, og de utgjør en stor del av den historiske buddhistiske litteratur.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Mange av disse sangene er på sanskrit og pali, og er skrevet i siddhaṃskrift;^[6] andre er translitterert på kinesisk, koreansk, japansk, singalesisk skrift, thai eller på andre regionale skriftspråk.^[7]^[8]^[9] De har samme rolle som vediske sanger og mantraer.^[10]

Referanser

^ Richard McBride (2004). Robert Buswell, red. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Macmillan Reference. s. 21, 180, 217–218, 253. ISBN 978-0-02-865718-9.
^ Moriz Winternitz (1996). A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature. Motilal Banarsidass. s. 367–368. ISBN 978-81-208-0265-0. , Quote: "Dharani is a synonym of raksha and the Pali paritta, 'protecting magic formula', 'talisman'. According to the Saddharma-Pundarika, the dharanis are taught 'for protection, safety and shelter of the preachers'. Dharanis are also used as amuletes."
^ Copp 2014, s. 1–7
^ Peter Skilling (1992). «The Raksha Literature of the Sravakayana». The Journal of the Pali Text Society. XVI: 110–112.
^ Davidson 2009, s. 101–102.
^ Anecdota Oxoniensia: Buddhist texts from Japan, edited by F.M. Müller. 1881-1884, Vol 1, Part 3. Oxford University Press. 1881. s. 22–25.
^ Helen J. Baroni (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. s. 66. ISBN 978-0-8239-2240-6.
^ Robert Gimello (2010). Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara, red. Images in Asian Religions: Text and Contexts. University of British Columbia Press. s. 229–231. ISBN 978-0-7748-5980-6.
^ Silvio A. Bedini (1994). The Trail of Time: Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia. Cambridge University Press. s. 69–84. ISBN 978-0-521-37482-8.
^ Frits Staal (1991). Harvey P. Alper, red. Understanding Mantras. Motilal Banarsidass. s. 62–64. ISBN 978-81-208-0746-4. , Quote: "[Wayman] stressed the continuity between Vedic and Buddhist mantras and has concluded his survey of Buddhist Tantric mantras by saying, it is... obvious from the present study that the later religious practices of India, such as the Buddhist Tantra, have a profound debt to the Vedic religion". [...] They [Buddhist Yogacara philosophers] distinguish [like Vedic ones], between artha-dharani, mantra-dharani, [...]

[mcbride2004-1] Richard McBride (2004). Robert Buswell, red. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Macmillan Reference. s. 21, 180, 217–218, 253. ISBN 978-0-02-865718-9.

[Winternitz1996p367-2] Moriz Winternitz (1996). A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature. Motilal Banarsidass. s. 367–368. ISBN 978-81-208-0265-0. , Quote: "Dharani is a synonym of raksha and the Pali paritta, 'protecting magic formula', 'talisman'. According to the Saddharma-Pundarika, the dharanis are taught 'for protection, safety and shelter of the preachers'. Dharanis are also used as amuletes."

[Copp2014-3] Copp 2014, s. 1–7

[4] Peter Skilling (1992). «The Raksha Literature of the Sravakayana». The Journal of the Pali Text Society. XVI: 110–112.

[FOOTNOTEDavidson2009101–102-5] Davidson 2009, s. 101–102.

[mullersiddhamtrans-6] Anecdota Oxoniensia: Buddhist texts from Japan, edited by F.M. Müller. 1881-1884, Vol 1, Part 3. Oxford University Press. 1881. s. 22–25.

[7] Helen J. Baroni (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. s. 66. ISBN 978-0-8239-2240-6.

[8] Robert Gimello (2010). Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara, red. Images in Asian Religions: Text and Contexts. University of British Columbia Press. s. 229–231. ISBN 978-0-7748-5980-6.

[Bedini1994p69-9] Silvio A. Bedini (1994). The Trail of Time: Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia. Cambridge University Press. s. 69–84. ISBN 978-0-521-37482-8.

[10] Frits Staal (1991). Harvey P. Alper, red. Understanding Mantras. Motilal Banarsidass. s. 62–64. ISBN 978-81-208-0746-4. , Quote: "[Wayman] stressed the continuity between Vedic and Buddhist mantras and has concluded his survey of Buddhist Tantric mantras by saying, it is... obvious from the present study that the later religious practices of India, such as the Buddhist Tantra, have a profound debt to the Vedic religion". [...] They [Buddhist Yogacara philosophers] distinguish [like Vedic ones], between artha-dharani, mantra-dharani, [...]

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