Perang Saudara Sepanyol
| Perang Saudara Sepanyol | |||||||
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| Pihak yang terlibat | |||||||
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Disokong oleh
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Disokong oleh
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| Komandan dan pemimpin | |||||||
Ketua puak Republikan   Manuel Azaña Julián Besteiro Francisco Largo Caballero Juan Negrín Indalecio Prieto Vicente Rojo Lluch José Miaja Juan Modesto Juan Hernández Saravia Carlos Romero Giménez Buenaventura Durruti † Lluís Companys José Antonio Aguirre Alfonso Castelao |
Ketua puak Nationalis  José Sanjurjo †  Emilio Mola † Francisco Franco Miguel Cabanellas † Manuel Goded Llopis † Manuel Hedilla Manuel Fal Condé José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones Gonzalo Queipo de Llano | ||||||
| Kekuatan | |||||||
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450,000 infantri 350 kapal terbang 200 bateri (1938)[1] |
600,000 infantri 600 kapal terbang 290 bateri (1938)[2] | ||||||
| Kerugian dan korban | |||||||
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~500,000 orang terbunuh[3][nb 1]
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Perang Saudara Sepanyol[nb 2] meletus di Sepanyol dari 17 Julai 1936 hingga 1 April 1939. Perperangan meletus selepas pronunciamiento (pengistiharan penentangan) oleh satu kumpulan jeneral di bawah pimpinan José Sanjurjo menentang pemerintah Republik Sepanyol Kedua, semasa di bawah pimpinan Presiden Manuel Azaña. Rampasan kuasa pemberontak disokong oleh beberapa kumpulan konservatif termasuk Persekutuan Sepanyol bagi Hak Autonomi,[nb 3] penyokong diraja seperti puak Carlista yang berfahaman konservatif beragama , dan puak fasis Falange.[nb 4][5] Perang ini tercetus oleh sentimen autoritarianisme dan diwarnai perasaan anti-pemisahan dan kebencian terhadap bangsa-bangsa Basque dan Catalonia dalam kawasan Nasionalis.[6]
Berikutan hanya rampasan kuasa yang separuh berjaya,[nb 5] Sepanyol menjadi terpecah secara politik dan ketenteraan. Sejak itu dan berikutnya, jeneral Francisco Franco memulakan perang melesukan berpanjangan menentang pemerintah berkuasa bagi pengawalan negara. Pasukan pemberontak menerima sokongan Jerman Nazi, Itali dan Portugal manakala Kesatuan Soviet dan Mexico campur tangan bagi menyokong kerajaan Republikan atau pihak loyalis.
Penghapusan berdarah berlaku dalam kawasan ditawan dari republic bagi mengukuhkan regim Franco di masa hadapan,[7] sementara pembunuhan berbeza pada asasnya berlangsung di kawasan dikawal oleh Republikan, di mana pembunuhan kebanyakannya akibat ketiadaan undang-undang dan peraturan.[8] Perang Saudara menjadi penting bagi pemisahan semangat dan politik yang ditimbulkan olehnya. Puluhan ribu orang awam dari kedua pihak dibinuh kerana kepercayaan teori atau agama mereka, dan selepas tamat Perang pada tahun 1939, mereka yang berkait dengan Republikan yang kalah dihukum oleh pihak Nationalis yang menang.
Perperangan berakhir dengan kemenangan Nationalist, penggulingan kerajaan dilantik secara demokratik, dan penghijrahan beribu-ribu penduduk Sepanyol yang berhaluan kiri, ramai dari mereka lari ke kem pelarian di Selatan Perancis. Dengan penubuhan kediktatoran pimpinan Jeneral Francisco Franco selepas berakhirnya Perang Saudara, kesemua parti sayap kanan disepadukan dalam struktur rejim Franco.[5]
Latar belakang
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Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Nota
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ The number of casualties is disputed; estimates generally suggest that between 500,000 and 1 million people were killed. Over the years, historians kept lowering the death figures and modern research concludes that 500,000 deaths is the correct figure. Thomas Barria-Norton, The Spanish Civil War (2001), pp. xviii & 899–901, inclusive.
- ^ Juga dikenali sebagai Krusader dalam kalangan puak Nasionalis, Perang Carlist Keempat dalam kalangan Carlista, dan Pemberontakan atau Kebangkitandalam kalangan Republikan.
- ^ Dikenali di Sepanyol sebagai Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (CEDA).
- ^ Dikenali di Sepanyol sebagai Falange Española de las JONS.
- ^ Berek di kota-kota utama seperti Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao dan Málaga tidak menyertai pemberontak sebagaimana juga Maghribi, Pamplona, Burgos, Valladolid, Cádiz, Cordova, dan Seville.
Petikan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Thomas. p. 628.
- ^ Thomas. p. 619.
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaspanjudge - ^ Beevor (2006). m/s. 410–411. Beevor notes that around 150,000 had returned by 1939.
- ^ a b Payne (1993). pp. 200–203.
- ^ Hilari Rageur, Gunpowder and Incense, m/s. 40
- ^ Beevor (2006). p. 88.
- ^ Beevor (2006). pp. 260–271.
Bibliografi dan buku oleh penulis terkenal
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Alpert, Michael (1994, 2004). A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-1171-1. OCLC 155897766. Check date values in:
|year=(bantuan) - Beevor, Antony (1982, 2006). The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. London: Weidenfield and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-84832-1. Check date values in:
|year=(bantuan) First published as The Spanish Civil War. - Benton, Gregor; Pieke, Frank N. (1998). The Chinese in Europe. Macmillan. m/s. 390. ISBN 0-333-66913-4. Dicapai pada 14 July 2010.
- Bieter, John; Bieter, Mark (2003). An Enduring Legacy: The Story of Basques in Idaho. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-568-4.
- Bolloten, Burnett (1979). The Spanish Revolution. The Left and the Struggle for Power during the Civil War. University of North Carolina. ISBN 1-84212-203-7.
- Bowen, Wayne H. (2006). Spain During World War II. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-1658-8.
- Brenan, Gerald (1943). The Spanish Labyrinth: an account of the social and political background of the Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1993). ISBN 978-0-521-39827-5. OCLC 38930004.
- Buchanan, Tom (1997). Britain and the Spanish Civil War. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45569-3.
- Coverdale, John F. (2002). Uncommon faith: the early years of Opus Dei, 1928–1943. New York: Scepter. ISBN 978-1-889334-74-5.
- Cox, Geoffrey (1937). The Defence of Madrid. London: Victor Gollancz.
- Ealham, Chris; Richards, Michael (2005). The Splintering of Spain. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82178-0.
- Graham, Helen (2005). The Spanish Civil War: A very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280377-1.
- Howson, Gerald (1998). Arms for Spain. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-24177-1. OCLC 231874197.
- Jackson, Gabriel (1965). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00757-8. OCLC 185862219.
- Koestler, Arthur (1983). Dialogue with death. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-34776-5. OCLC 16604744.
- Lukeš, Igor; Goldstein, Erik, penyunting (1999). The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II. London, UK; Portland, Oregon, USA: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-8056-9.
- Orwell, George (2000, first published in 1938). Homage to Catalonia. London: Penguin Books in association with Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0-14-118305-5. OCLC 42954349. Check date values in:
|year=(bantuan) - Othen, Christopher (2008). Franco's International Brigades: Foreign Volunteers and Fascist Dictators in the Spanish Civil War. London: Reportage Press.
- Payne, Stanley G. (1970). The Spanish Revolution. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-00124-8.
- Payne, Stanley G. (2004). The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10068-X. OCLC 186010979.
- Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "A History of Spain and Portugal (Print Edition)". University of Wisconsin Press. Library of Iberian resources online. 2, Ch. 25, 26. Dicapai pada 15 May 2007.
- Payne, Stanley G. (1999). Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-16564-7.
- Payne, Stanley G. (2008). Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12282-4.
- Preston, Paul (1978). The Coming of the Spanish Civil War. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-23724-2. OCLC 185713276.
- Preston, Paul (1986, 1996). A Concise history of the Spanish Civil War. London: Fontana. ISBN 978-0-00-686373-1. OCLC 231702516. Check date values in:
|year=(bantuan) - Preston, Paul (2006). The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution, and Revenge. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-32987-9.
- Radosh, Ronald (2001). Spain betrayed: the Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08981-3. OCLC 186413320. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (bantuan) - O'Riordan, Michael (2005). The Connolly Column. Pontypool, Wales: Warren and Pell.
- Rust, William (2003 Reprint of 1939 edition). Britons in Spain: A History of the British Battalion of the XV International Brigade. Pontypool, Wales: Warren and Pell. Check date values in:
|year=(bantuan) - Santos, Juliá; Casanova, Julián; Solé I Sabaté, Josep Maria; Villarroya, Joan; Moreno, Francisco (1999). Victimas de la guerra civil (dalam bahasa Spanish). Madrid: Ediciones Temas de Hoy.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- Seidman, Michael (2011). The Victorious Counter-revolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-24964-6.
- Taylor, F. Jay (1956, 1971). The United States and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. New York: Bookman Associates. ISBN 978-0-374-97849-5. Check date values in:
|year=(bantuan) - Thomas, Hugh (1961, 1987, 2001, 2003). The Spanish Civil War. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-101161-0. OCLC 248799351. Check date values in:
|year=(bantuan) - Westwell, Ian (2004). Condor Legion: The Wehrmacht's Training Ground. Ian Allan publishing.
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Brouè, Pierre (1988). The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain. Chicago: Haymarket. OCLC 1931859515.
- Carr, Sir Raymond (1977). The Spanish Tragedy: The Civil War in Perspective. Phoenix Press (2001). ISBN 1-84212-203-7.
- Deletant, Dennis (1999). Communist terror in Romania: Gheorghiu-Dej and the Police State, 1948–1965. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1-85065-386-8.
- Doyle, Bob (2006). Brigadista – an Irishman's fight against fascism. Dublin: Currach Press. ISBN 1-85607-939-2. OCLC 71752897.
- Francis, Hywel (2006). Miners against Fascism: Wales and the Spanish Civil War. Pontypool, Wales (NP4 7AG): Warren and Pell.CS1 maint: location (link)
- Graham, Helen (2002). The Spanish republic at war, 1936–1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45932-X. OCLC 231983673.
- Ibarruri, Dolores (1976). They Shall Not Pass: the Autobiography of La Pasionaria (translated from El Unico Camino by Dolores Ibarruri). New York: International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0468-2. OCLC 9369478.
- Jellinek, Frank (1938). The Civil War in Spain. London: Victor Gollanz (Left Book Club).
- Kowalsky, Daniel (2004). La Union Sovietica y la Guerra Civil Espanola. Barcelona: Critica. ISBN 84-8432-490-7. OCLC 255243139.
- Low, Mary (1979 reissue of 1937). Red Spanish Notebook. San Francisco: City Lights Books (originally by Martin Secker & Warburg). ISBN 0-87286-132-5. OCLC 4832126. Unknown parameter
|coauthor=ignored (|author=suggested) (bantuan); Check date values in:|year=(bantuan) - Paz, Abel (2011). The Story of the Iron Column: Militant Anarchism in the Spanish Civil War. Oakland, CA.: AK Press. ISBN 978-1-84935-064-8.
- Monteath, Peter (1994). The Spanish Civil War in literature, film, and art: an international Bibliography of secondary literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29262-0.
- Puzzo, Dante Anthony (1962). Spain and the Great Powers, 1936–1941. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press (originally Columbia University Press, N.Y.). ISBN 0-8369-6868-9. OCLC 308726.
- Southworth, Herbert Rutledge (1963). El mito de la cruzada de Franco. Paris: Ruedo Ibérico. ISBN 84-8346-574-4.
- Wheeler, George (2003). To Make the People Smile Again: a Memoir of the Spanish Civil War. Newcastle upon Tyne: Zymurgy Publishing. ISBN 1-903506-07-7. OCLC 231998540. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (bantuan) - Wilson, Ann (1986). Images of the Civil War. London: Allen & Unwin.
Pautan luar
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Wikisumber bahasa Melayu mempunyai teks asal berkaitan rencana ini: |
Dokumen utama
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Magazines and journals published during the war, an online exhibit maintained by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (English, Spanish)
- A collection of essays by Albert and Vera Weisbord with about a dozen essays written during and about the Spanish Civil War.
- La Cucaracha, The Spanish Civil War Diary Diarkibkan 2005-02-08 di Wayback Machine, a detailed chronicle of the events of the war
- Ronald Hilton, Spain, 1931–36, From Monarchy to Civil War, An Eyewitness Account
- Mary Low and Juan Breá: Red Spanish Book. A testimony by two surrealists and trotskytes[pautan mati kekal]
- Spanish Civil War and Revolution text archive in the libcom.org library
- Southworth Spanish Civil War Collection, books and other literature housed at Mandeville Special Collection Library, University of California, San Diego
- "Trabajadores: The Spanish Civil War through the eyes of organised labour", a digitised collection of more than 13,000 pages of documents from the archives of the British Trades Union Congress held in the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
- Spanish Civil War History Project at the University of South Florida
Gambar dan filem
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Spain in Revolt, newsreel documentary (Video Stream) (Part 1 Diarkibkan 2009-04-08 di Wayback Machine, 2 Diarkibkan 2009-04-08 di Wayback Machine)
- Imperial War Museum Collection of Spanish Civil War Posters Diarkibkan 2010-01-25 di Wayback Machine hosted online by Visual Arts Data Service (VADS)
- Posters of the Spanish Civil War from UCSD's Southworth collection Diarkibkan 2010-01-04 di Wayback Machine
- Civil War Documentaries made by the CNT Diarkibkan 2020-04-06 di Wayback Machine
- Spanish Civil War and Revolution image gallery – photographs and posters from the conflict
- Aircraft of the Spanish Civil War
- Battle of Rio Segre Photographs Diarkibkan 2012-05-11 di Wayback Machine Capa, Robert (1938) International Center of Photography.
Akademik dan kerajaan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- A History of the Spanish Civil War, excerpted from a U.S. government country study.
- Dutch Involvement in the Spanish Civil War. Columbia Historical Review.
- "The Spanish Civil War – causes and legacy" on BBC Radio 4's In Our Time featuring Paul Preston, Helen Graham and Dr Mary Vincent
Lain-lain
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Original war reports from The Times
- The Anarcho-Statists of Spain, a different view of the anarchists in the Spanish Civil War, George Mason University
- Spanish Civil War information from Spartacus Educational
- American Jews in Spanish Civil War, by Martin Sugarman
- The Spanish Revolution, 1936–39 Diarkibkan 2006-04-27 di Wayback Machine articles and links, from Anarchy Now!
- The Revolutionary Institutions: The Central Committee of Anti-Fascist Militias Diarkibkan 2008-05-26 di Wayback Machine, by Juan García Oliver
- Warships of the Spanish Civil War
- ¡No Pasarán! Speech Dolores Ibárruri's famous rousing address for the defense of the Second Republic
- New Zealand and the Spanish Civil War