Mazhab Zahiri

Mazhab Zahiri (Arab: ظاهرية, rumi: Ẓāhiriyyacode: ar is deprecated ) ialah sebuah mazhab fiqah Islam aliran Ahli Sunah Waljamaah yang diasaskan pada abadke-9 oleh Daud al-Zahiri,^[1] seorang ulama, faqih dan pakar teologi pada zaman kegemilangan Islam.^[7] Ia bercirikan pengambilan tegas terhadap perkara zahir dan pergantungan kepada maksud zahir dalam al-Quran dan hadis;^[8] persepakatan (ijmak) Sahabat generasi awal bagi sumber-sumber perundangan Islam (syariah); dan menolak kesimpulan analogi (qiyas) dan adat atau pengetahuan masyarakat tempatan (urf),^[1] yang digunakan oleh aliran mazhab fiqah yang lain.

Selepas kejayaan singkat dan diabaikan di Timur Tengah, mazhab Zahiri berkembang di Kekhalifahan Córdoba dan lebih meluas di wilayah Islam Iberia, terutama di bawah kepimpinan ahli fiqah Andalusia, Ibn Hazm.^[1] Mazhab Zahiri dikatakan telah hilang di pelbagai tempat di bawah pelbagai manifestasi sebelum digantikan oleh mazhab Hanbali,^[9] tetapi telah dihidupkan semula pada pertengahan abad ke-20 di beberapa kawasan dalam dunia Islam.^[10]^[11]

Mazhab Zahiri dicirikan sebagai mazhab kelima dalam cabang fiqah Ahli Sunnah Waljamaah,^[12]^[13]^[14] dan masih mengekalkan pengaruh dan diiktiraf oleh ulama Islam semasa. Khususnya, penggerakan Ahli Hadis mengenal pasti mereka sebagai bermazhab Zahiri.^[15]

Rujukan

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sheikh, Naveed S. (2021). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations, and political manifestations – Genealogy A: Ibn Hanbal and the Ahl al-Ḥadīth". Dalam Haynes, Jeffrey (penyunting). The Routledge Handbook of Religion, Politics, and Ideology (ed. 1st). London and New York: Routledge. m/s. 165. doi:10.4324/9780367816230-16. ISBN 9780367816230. Ibn Hanbal's reliance on the explicit import of the text (naṣṣ) was exceeded only by the literalism of the Ẓāhirī school, founded by his student, the Persian Dawud al-Zahiri (c. 815–883), and later popularized by Andalusian jurist Ali Ibn Hazm (994–1064). The Zahiris would outright reject analogical reasoning (qiyās) as a method for deducing jurisprudential rulings while considering consensus (ijmāʿ) to be binding only when comprising a first-generation consensus of the Companions of the Prophet. Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah, nama "Sheikh 2021" digunakan secara berulang dengan kandungan yang berbeza
^ Osman, Amr (2014). "Dāwūd al-Ẓāhirī and the Beginnings of the Ẓāhirī Madhhab". The Ẓāhirī Madhhab (3rd/9th-10th/16th Century): A Textualist Theory of Islamic Law. Studies in Islamic Law and Society. 38. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. m/s. 9–47. doi:10.1163/9789004279650_003. ISBN 978-90-04-27965-0. ISSN 1384-1130.
^ Hallaq, Wael (2005). The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 124. ISBN 978-0-521-00580-7.
^ Mallat, Chibli (2007). Introduction to Middle Eastern Law. Oxford University Press. m/s. 113. ISBN 978-0-19-923049-5.
^ Gleave, Robert (2012). Islam and Literalism: Literal Meaning and Interpretation in Islamic Legal Theory. Edinburgh University Press. m/s. 150. ISBN 978-0-7486-3113-1.
^ Melchert, Christopher (1997). The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law: 9th-10th Centuries C.E. Brill. m/s. 178–197. ISBN 9004109528. Dicapai pada 2016-01-03.
^ ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]
^ Melchert, Christopher (2015) [1999]. "How Ḥanafism Came to Originate in Kufa and Traditionalism in Medina". Hadith, Piety, and Law: Selected Studies. Islamic Law and Society. 6. Atlanta and Leiden: Brill Publishers/Lockwood Press. m/s. 318–347. ISBN 978-1-937040-49-9. JSTOR 3399501. LCCN 2015954883.
^ "Ẓāhirīyah ISLAMIC LAW". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Dicapai pada 19 April 2020.
^ Daniel W. Brown, Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought: Vol. 5 of Cambridge Middle East Studies, pp. 28 and 32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 9780521653947
^ Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. ISBN 9781405178488
^ Kamali, Mohammad Hashim (2015). The Middle Path of Moderation in Islam: The Qur'anic Principle of Wasatiyyah. Oxford University Press. m/s. 63. ISBN 978-0-19-025145-1.
^ Picard, Michel; Madinier, Rémy (2011). The Politics of Religion in Indonesia: Syncretism, Orthodoxy, and Religious Contention in Java and Bali. Taylor & Francis. m/s. 100. ISBN 978-1-136-72639-2.
^ Hourani, Albert; Ruthven, Malise (2002). A History of the Arab Peoples. Harvard University Press. m/s. 190. ISBN 978-0-674-01017-8.
^ Brown, Daniel W. (1999). Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 32. ISBN 978-0-521-65394-7. Ahl-i-Hadith [...] consciously identified themselves with Zahiri doctrine.

Templat:Zahiri scholars Templat:Islamic theology

[Sheikh_2021-1] Sheikh, Naveed S. (2021). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations, and political manifestations – Genealogy A: Ibn Hanbal and the Ahl al-Ḥadīth". Dalam Haynes, Jeffrey (penyunting). The Routledge Handbook of Religion, Politics, and Ideology (ed. 1st). London and New York: Routledge. m/s. 165. doi:10.4324/9780367816230-16. ISBN 9780367816230. Ibn Hanbal's reliance on the explicit import of the text (naṣṣ) was exceeded only by the literalism of the Ẓāhirī school, founded by his student, the Persian Dawud al-Zahiri (c. 815–883), and later popularized by Andalusian jurist Ali Ibn Hazm (994–1064). The Zahiris would outright reject analogical reasoning (qiyās) as a method for deducing jurisprudential rulings while considering consensus (ijmāʿ) to be binding only when comprising a first-generation consensus of the Companions of the Prophet. Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah, nama "Sheikh 2021" digunakan secara berulang dengan kandungan yang berbeza

[Osman_2014-2] Osman, Amr (2014). "Dāwūd al-Ẓāhirī and the Beginnings of the Ẓāhirī Madhhab". The Ẓāhirī Madhhab (3rd/9th-10th/16th Century): A Textualist Theory of Islamic Law. Studies in Islamic Law and Society. 38. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. m/s. 9–47. doi:10.1163/9789004279650_003. ISBN 978-90-04-27965-0. ISSN 1384-1130.

[3] Hallaq, Wael (2005). The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 124. ISBN 978-0-521-00580-7.

[4] Mallat, Chibli (2007). Introduction to Middle Eastern Law. Oxford University Press. m/s. 113. ISBN 978-0-19-923049-5.

[5] Gleave, Robert (2012). Islam and Literalism: Literal Meaning and Interpretation in Islamic Legal Theory. Edinburgh University Press. m/s. 150. ISBN 978-0-7486-3113-1.

[6] Melchert, Christopher (1997). The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law: 9th-10th Centuries C.E. Brill. m/s. 178–197. ISBN 9004109528. Dicapai pada 2016-01-03.

[7] [1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

[Melchert_1999-8] Melchert, Christopher (2015) [1999]. "How Ḥanafism Came to Originate in Kufa and Traditionalism in Medina". Hadith, Piety, and Law: Selected Studies. Islamic Law and Society. 6. Atlanta and Leiden: Brill Publishers/Lockwood Press. m/s. 318–347. ISBN 978-1-937040-49-9. JSTOR 3399501. LCCN 2015954883.

[EB-zahir-9] "Ẓāhirīyah ISLAMIC LAW". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Dicapai pada 19 April 2020.

[Daniel_W._Brown_pp._28-10] Daniel W. Brown, Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought: Vol. 5 of Cambridge Middle East Studies, pp. 28 and 32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 9780521653947

[Hassan_Ahmed_Ibrahim_p._172-11] Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. ISBN 9781405178488

[12] Kamali, Mohammad Hashim (2015). The Middle Path of Moderation in Islam: The Qur'anic Principle of Wasatiyyah. Oxford University Press. m/s. 63. ISBN 978-0-19-025145-1.

[13] Picard, Michel; Madinier, Rémy (2011). The Politics of Religion in Indonesia: Syncretism, Orthodoxy, and Religious Contention in Java and Bali. Taylor & Francis. m/s. 100. ISBN 978-1-136-72639-2.

[14] Hourani, Albert; Ruthven, Malise (2002). A History of the Arab Peoples. Harvard University Press. m/s. 190. ISBN 978-0-674-01017-8.

[15] Brown, Daniel W. (1999). Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 32. ISBN 978-0-521-65394-7. Ahl-i-Hadith [...] consciously identified themselves with Zahiri doctrine.

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Kawalan kewibawaan
Perpustakaan negara	Perancis (data) Jerman Amerika Syarikat
Lain-lain	İslâm Ansiklopedisi