Maana

Maana (Anglindi: Okra bɩ okro) (US: /ˈoʊkrə/, UK: /ˈɒkrə/),Abelmoschus esculentus, sẽn be tẽns kẽer sẽn gomd Anglais wã pʋgẽ n boond tɩ pag nug-bi-bees (Anglindi: Ladies fingers) yaa bõn-buud sẽn tar bloog tɩb sẽn yit Mallow zakã pʋgẽ. A tara bõn-buud-vɩɩs sẽn yaa bõn-buudu. B pa wʋmd a Okra sẽn yit zĩig ning ye. B pa wʋmda a Okra wã sẽn yit zĩig ningã ye.

Etymology

A Abelmoschus yaa neo-latɛn sẽn yit Arab bɩ a yaa a Abouu المِسْك (ʾabū l-misk, "misk ba"), la latɛn gomdã sẽn yaa "esculentus" wã wilgdame tɩ ned tõe n dɩ-a lame. B ra gomda gom-biig ning sẽn boond tɩ okra wã n sɩng yʋʋmd 1679 wã. Gom-biig ning sẽn yaa gumbo wã yaa gom-bi-bɩɩg sẽn yit a Loizĩna kreol buud-gomdã pʋgẽ, la yaa Umbundu gom-biig ning sẽn boond tɩ ochinggômbo, bɩ Kimbundu gom-zug ning sẽn boond t'a ki-ngombo. Baa ne Etazĩni tẽns wʋsg pʋsẽ gom-biig ning sẽn yaa gumbo wã sẽn dat n yeel tɩ rɩɩb sẽn yaa gumbu wã, Kibɩ-kãsengã zĩ-kãens wʋsg tõe n dɩka gom-bi-kãnga n wilg tɩ b gomda bõn-buudã la bõn-buudu yelle wa gom-biig a taab wʋsg sẽn be Afirik nebã sẽn be Amerikã pʋsẽ.

Sɩnga la pʋɩɩr

Whole plant with blossom and immature pod

Maan yaa alopolyploid sẽn pa tar sor n pa tõe n bãng a sẽn yaa a soaba. La b sẽn da yeel tɩ b na n wa rɩt-b lame wã yaa Abelmoschus ficulneus, A. tuberculatus la okra buud sẽn yaa "diplɔid" wã. B pa mi neb nins sẽn yaa we-rũng rãmbã sɩd ye (b sẽn pa mi neb sẽn yaa buud toor-toorã ye). Nebã mii okra wã hal pĩnd wẽndẽ. Gɛrk la Rom zamaanẽ, b sẽn da be Eziptã, b ra bʋta okra, la b yãa bõn-naands sẽn be a pʋgẽ a Faraõ wẽnd-doogẽ wã la a yaa zĩig sẽn be Afirik la Azi soolmẽ wã. A Okra yita Afirik sẽn be zĩ-kãnga, la a ra bɩɩsdame tẽns a taab sẽn be tẽns a taab pʋsẽ, n paas Ɛnd soolmẽ wã. la yʋʋmd 1800 soabã pʋgẽ, b yãa zĩm-dãmb sẽn be zĩ-zĩisẽ, sẽn be Nils-Wẽngã pʋga, Soedan soolmẽ wã. A Okra ra kẽnga Erop pipi n paam n deeg a Hispania. A Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati n zĩnd Erop rãmb sʋka, n wa n tɩ wilg tɩ b ra rɩtga tɩɩgã yʋʋmd 1216 wã. Sẽn yit Arɩbi wã, tɩɩgã yalsa Mediterane wã ne.

Yʋʋmd 1658 wã, koom-koglgã sẽn da tʋmd Atlantik soolmẽ wã, n da tʋmd ne yembd raabã, n wa n wa n kẽed Amerikã, la b ra wilgame tɩ b ra bee Brezil. B gʋlsa a yell Suriname yʋʋmd 1686 wã. Tõe tɩ b yii Afirik n wa n tɩ kõ-a-la Afirik sẽn be Etazĩni soolmã sẽn be zĩ-gõonegẽ wã yʋʋmd 1800 wã sɩngrẽ. Yʋʋmd 1748 wã, b ra yaa n zẽk-a n kẽngd Philadelphie. A Thomas Jefferson yeelame tɩ b ra zoe n maana b sẽn datã yʋʋmd 1781 wã Virginia. Yʋʋmd 1800 wã, a ra yaa bũmb sẽn da be Etazĩni soolmẽ wã, la b gom-a-la naoor a yembre yʋʋmd 1806 wã.

Botanik la koodã

Pollen grains

Cross-section of a pod

Bãada yaa bõn-buud sẽn tar yʋʋm wʋsgo, la b bɩɩd-a-la yʋʋm fãa zĩ-wɛgdẽ, n paasd n ta mɛtɛɛr a yiib n tãag zĩ-sʋka. A Malvaceae sullã neb n tar a meng ne bõn-buudb wala bẽedã, kakao la hibiscus. A sãnemã yaa samd 10 - 20 la a yaa zãadg la a yaa gãndga, a tara a tãnd a nu - nu - nu. Bãadã tara sãnem 4-8 la a to wã, ne sãnem a nu ne sãnem, la naoor wʋsgo, ne zĩ-zĩis sẽn yaa miuug bɩ waor sẽn be a paa-rɩtgo fãa zug. Pollenã yaa zĩiga la a sõor yaa mikrons 188. A biisã yaa bõn-buud sẽn tar pʋga sẽn tar pʋ-tẽnga, tɩ tar bõn-buudu wʋsgo.

A Abelmoschus esculentus wã yaa bõn-buud sẽn tar tɩɩs sẽn yaa sõma la sẽn tar sãnem la sẽn yaa yɩlemd dũniyã gill zugu. A yaa bũmb nins sẽn tar pãng n tõe n maan tɩ bugumã la komã ra wa pa le tar pãng ye. Sẽn na yɩl n bɩɩs-b, b sã n wa bʋd b koodã, b sãnda b koodã zãma wã fãa n yaool n bʋd-a t'a ta sentimetr a yiib n tãag tãag tãab-noy. A nong n maanda tẽnga tʋʋlg sẽn zems 20 °C (68 °F) n na n kɩt tɩ b rogd-a,sã n yaa rasem a yoob (semsã sẽn be koom pʋgẽ) n ta semen a tãab sʋka. Sẽn yaa tɩrgã, a baoodame tɩ wĩndgã vẽenemã zĩnd a zugu, la a segd n bʋga tẽnga sẽn tar pH sẽn be sʋka, 5,8 la 7, sẽn yaa sõma tɩ yɩ zĩ-kiidg zugu. Sẽn yiid-b bõn-buudã baood koom wʋsgo. Bãagã sẽn yaa bõn-buudã lebga tɩrs la tɩɩs la b segd n tigma b sã n pa bɩɩse, tɩ yaa naoor wʋsgo, b sã n wa paam n kʋɩɩb-b lame, b sãn pa kʋʋd ye. [Pipi tigisgã na n yɩɩ sõma kiis a yiib poore, la a na n yɩɩ.

La bãag ning sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩd sẽn namsd a okra wã yaa a verticillium wilg, tɩ kɩt tɩ a vãadã lebg wa kẽem la b wa wa wa wa lebg wa wa. La bãas a taab yaa wa ne bãag sẽn yaa wa pulgr sẽn be zĩ-dãmbã, tɩ b yaa wa ne seb-gãosgo, tɩ b tar seb-gãong sẽn yaa wa ne sãnem, la tɩ b yaa ne waag sẽn yaa tɩrsã. A A. esculentus sẽn pa tar seb-vɩɩs ne a mog-rɩt-rɩk n pa tar a mog-n-taag ne a Abelmoschus manihot wã kɩtame tɩ b naan lebg ne buud a ye sẽn boond tɩ Parbhani kranti.

Etazĩni, b sẽn naanã, b rɩka b rɩɩb wʋsg Floridã soolmẽ wã.Okra wã yaa b sẽn bɩɩsdã zĩig fãa, tɩ kɩt tɩ okra wã yaa sõma yʋʋm kiuug piig pʋgẽ.[23] Sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd yaa a sẽn tar a kilo 20 000 a akre, n ta a sẽn tar kilo 30,000 a akre.Burkĩna ligd tõe n ta $18/buzɛl sẽn yaa $0.60 ne kilo ($1.3/kg).Tẽns nins sẽn get IPM wã siglgã kõtame tɩ b naan naan tũ bug-tẽngã pʋgẽ.[23

Rɩlgre bɩɩ dɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma

Okra sẽn yaa toor-toorã tar koom sẽn yaa 90%, protein sẽn yaa 2%, carbohydrate sẽn yaa 7%, la fats sẽn pa tar yõodã. A sã n yaa gram 100 bɩ a sã n yaa a sã n pa tarã, a yaa bõn-vɩɩm sẽn tar fɩtɛɛrã, a Vãtamiin C la a K sẽn yaa b sẽn dɩt daar fãa wã sẽn yɩɩd 20%.

Dĩm-dãmb

Okra yaa bũmb a tãabo sẽn tõe n kɩt tɩ b yũ gom-bi-kãsems sẽn yit Louisiana wã.A Okra sẽn yaa wa n dɩtẽ wã yaa Amerika soolmã kibsa. Kũub la Porto Riko, b boond-a lame t'a quimbombó, la b tũnugda ne-a rɩɩb wala quimbombô guisado (kẽngd okra), sẽn yaa rɩɩb sẽn wõnd gumbo.A leb n beẽ n boond tɩ molondrón.B sẽn naan tɩ b naan naan rɩ n naan rɩ n dɩ wã, b rɩka a Karuru sẽn yaa b sẽn naan dɩ n dɩ n dɩ.

A Azi-Dĩngã pʋgẽ, b tũnugda ne bõn-buudã tɩ b naag ne namse, pe-yãgdse, peen-bi-pugla la piisã. Yaa woto la m segd n maane.

Naana

Maan tib mi'a nasaar tẽmse wʋsgo "Ladies fingers" bɩ ochro.Bũmb a ye sẽn tõe n sõng tɩ b yiis okra wã yaa b sẽn na n segl-a ne rɩɩb sẽn tar acidã, wala tomate, n na n boog a miizã.B rɩtda b sẽn yaa b sẽn naanã, b rɩt-b-la ne b sẽn naan-b tɩ b rɩt b sẽn naan n naan n kõ-b-yã. Tẽns nins sẽn be b sẽn be b yiri wã, b tõe n dɩka Okra n boog b rɩ-beedo la b boog b rɩɩb sẽn pa tar laafɩ wã.

Dɩlla la bõn-buud

B tõe n dɩka okra vãad sẽn yaa kom-bɩɩs wa b sẽn dɩka beetã bɩ b sẽn dɩt-b la b rɩk-b n dɩt-ba. B tõe n kosa Okra bõn-buudã n ning-a tɩ b lebg kofeen-fɩɩg sẽn pa naag ne kofeen ye. Yʋʋmd 1861 wã, Amerik zabrã sẽn kɩt tɩ kaafã importã pa le tar pãng ye. A Austin State Gazette wã yeelame tɩ "kaafã sẽn yaa akr a yembr na n woma bõn-buud sẽn sek n kõ kaafã sẽn be Rio wã".

A yaa bõn-buud sẽn yaa wa seb-buud la a yaa bõn-naandg sẽn yaa wa b sẽn dat n dɩ wã. A tara yũ-noog la a tara yĩn-gãong sẽn pa tar tɩlem wala a oliik kisg la a linolik kisg. Rɩt-rãmbã kẽer sẽn tar kaamã yaa 40% bɩ. A sẽn tall kilo 794 a hektarã zugu, a ra pa le tõe n paam n tall a sẽn tar a tɩm-soabr bal ye.

Dẽn-biisã

Bãagã sẽn yit bĩngã pʋgẽ wã, b tõe n maana tʋʋmde, wala b sẽn dat n paas polymer kompozitã pãng yĩnga.B tõe n dɩka b sẽn naanã n yiis koomã sẽn yaa wa b sẽn pa tar koomã tɩ b pa tar koom ye. Sẽn yaa wa polisacarid film sẽn yaa kãsenga, okra mucilage wã yaa rɩɩb sẽn tõe n sãamd a yĩng n pakd rɩɩb yʋʋmd 2018 wã. Yʋʋmd 2009 wã, b maana vaeesg n mik tɩ b tõe n dɩka okra kaam n dɩt a yõor yõ-koglg.

Tʋʋmdã

Yʋʋmd 2021 soabã pʋgẽ, dũni gill okra toodã yɩɩ tonn milyõ 10,8 la Indi wã taoor lʋɩtbã sẽn tall 60% n kõ-a wã.

Okra production – 2021
Country	(Millions of tonnes)
Sõr-wilgda:IND	6.47
Sõr-wilgda:NGA	1.92
Sõr-wilgda:MLI	0.67
Sõr-wilgda:SDN	0.32
Sõr-wilgda:PAK	0.26
World	10.82
Source: FAOSTAT

D rɩkda

D rɩtgã Dɩlla

A okra sẽn yaa toor fasɩ wã tar koom sẽn yɩɩd 90%, poroteen sẽn yɩɩd 2%, karbõidrɛt sẽn yɩɩd 7%, la yĩns sẽn pa tar yõodo. A 100 gram referansã pʋgẽ, okra yaa bõn-naand sẽn tar bark (b sẽn yaa 20% bɩ sẽn yɩɩd a daarã yõodã) ne b rɩɩbã fiber, vitamini C, la vitamini K, ne a sẽn tar thiamine, folate la magnesium sẽn yaa toogo (tablɛ).

Galeri wã

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  Large okra plants
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  A giant okra pod
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  Flower close-up
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  Stamen and pollen
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  Young seedling showing cotyledons
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  Fresh-picked fruits
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  Bhindi bharta, a South Asian dish