Ali Khamenei
Ali Hosseini Khamenei[1] Farisanci: علی حسینی خامنهای, a Rumanci: ʼAlī Ḥosaynī Khāmeneʼī, furuci [ʔæˈliː hosejˈniː xɒːmeneˈʔiː] (listen); an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun, Shekarar alif 1939).[2][3] babban malamin shi'a ne, na biyu a matsayin marjai kuma shine babban shugaba a kasar Iran, yana riƙe da matsayin tun daga shekarar alif 1989.[4][5] Da fari ya fara rike matsayin shugaban kasar Iran daga shekarar alif 1981 zuwa shekarar alif 1989. Khamenei shine shugaba mafi daɗewa akan shugabanci a Gabas ta Tsakiya, haka kuma zalika kuma na biyu a dadewa a karagar shugabancin kasar Iran a wannan ƙarnin, b
ayan shugaba Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.[6]
Rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daga Haihuwa Zuwa Makaranta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An Kuma haifi mai girma Jagora juyin juya halin Musulunci Ayatullah Sayyid Ali Khamene'i dan marigayi Hujjatul Islam wal Muslimin Hajj Sayyid Jawad al-Husaini al-Khamene'i ne a ranar 24 ga watan Tir shekarar 1318 (hijira shamsiyya) wacce ta yi daidai da 28 ga watan Safar na shekarar 1358 (hijira kamariyya) 15 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1939 (miladiyya) a garin Mashhad mai tsarki. Shi ne na biyu cikin ‘ya’yan mahaifinsa. Rayuwar Sayyid Jawad Khamene'i (mahaifin Jagora) kamar ta sauran malaman addini rayuwa ce wacce ba ta a zo a gani ba. Don haka ne ma mai dakinsa da ‘ya’yansa suka koyi rayuwa mai sauki da yarda da dan abin da ake da shi.
Yayin da yake magana kan yanayin rayuwar gidansu, Jagoran juyin juya halin cewa yake:
“Babana dai fitaccen malamin addini ne amma mai tsananin tsantsaini da rayuwa ta kadaici… mun yi fama da rayuwa ta rashi. Ina iya tunawa wasu ranakun ma ko abin da kuma za mu ci da dare ma ba mu da shi a gidan. Da kyar mahaifiyarmu take dan shirya mana abin da za mu sa a baki, shi din ma biredi ne da zabibi kawai.
Dangane da gidan da iyalin Sayyid Jawad suke rayuwa a cikinsa kuwa ga yadda Juyin juya halin Musuluncin ya siffata yadda gidan yake:
“Gidan mahaifina inda a nan ne aka haife ni – wanda kuma na ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin har lokacin da na kai shekara hudu zuwa biyar – karamin gida ne kimanin mita 60-70 a wata unguwa ta fakiran garin Mashhad. Gidan daki guda kawai yake da shi sai kuma dan wani daki a cikin kasa. A duk lokacin da baki suka zo wajen mahaifinmu (kuma a mafi yawan lokuta baki sukan yawaita zuwa wajensa a matsayinsa na malamai) to dole ne dukkanmu mu koma wannan dan daki da ke cikin kasa don bakin su zauna. Har lokacin da wasu masoyan mahaifinmu suka saya masa dan wani waje a kusa da gidanmu a nan ne fa aka samu damar gina wasu dakuna biyu muka zamanto muna da dakuna uku kenan”.
Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci ya taso ne a gidan mutane fakirai amma wadanda suke da kusanci da Ubangiji sannan kuma tsarkakan mutane. Lokacin da ya kuma kai shekaru hudu a duniya ne aka tura su makaranta shi da yayansa Sayyid Muhammad don su karanci bakake da kuma yadda ake karatun Alkur’ani. Ta haka wadannan ‘yan’uwa biyu suka shiga sabuwar makarantar primare da aka bude mai suna “Darut Ta’alimi Diyanati”
A Makarantar Hauza (Makarantar Addini)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan kammala matakin farko na karatunsa sai ya shiga makarantar hauza inda ya ci gaba da karatun adadi da sauran karatuttukan share fage a wajen mahaifinsa da sauran malamai .
Dangane da dalilan da suka sanya shi zaban makarantar hauza da riko da tafarkin malanta kuwa Jagora yana cewa:
“Babban wanda ya kwadaitar da ni zaban wannan tafarki mai haske da haskakawa ta malamanta shi ne mahaifina, mahaifiyata ma ta taimaka sosai”. Jagora ya yi karatun littafan adabi irin su ‘Jami’ul Mukaddimat’, ‘Suyuti’ ‘Mugni’ a wajen malaman makarantar ‘Sulaiman Khan’ da ‘Nawwab’ alhali mahaifinsa kuma yana sa ido kan abubuwan da yake karantawa. A daidai wannan lokacin ne kuma ya karanci littafin ‘Mu’alim’. Daga nan kuma ya karanci littafin ‘Shara’iy al-Islam’ da ‘Sharh al-Lum’a’ wajen mahaifinsa da kuma marigayi Agha Mirza Mudarris Yazdi, littafan Rasa’il da Makasib kuma a wajen marigayi Hajj Sheikh Hashim Kazwini. Sannan sauran darussan fikihu da Usul kuma a wajen mahaifinsa inda ya gama karatun share fage da na tsaka-tsaki a yanayi na ban mamaki cikin shekaru biyar da rabi. Mahaifinsa marigayi Sayyid Jawad ya taimaka masa nesa ba kusa ba a wannan lokaci. A bangaren ilimin mandik da falsafa kuwa da farko Jagora juyin juya halin Musulunci ya karanci littafin Manzuma na Sabzawari ne a wajen marigayi Ayatullah Mirza Jawad Agha Tehrani daga baya kuma a wajen marigayi Sheikh Ridha Isi.
A Makarantar Hauzar Najaf Mai Tsarki
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Ayatullah Khamene'i ya fara karatun mai zurfi da ake kira (Bahasul Kharij) ne a wajen babban marja’in nan marigayi Ayatullah al-Uzma Milani a birnin Mashhad a lokacin yana da shekaru sha takwas a duniya. A shekarar 1336 hijira shamsiyya (1957) ne Ayatullah Khamene'i ya tafi birnin Najaf al-Ashraf da nufin ziyarar wajaje masu tsarki, bayan isarsa da halartar darussan Bahasul Kharij na manyan malaman hauzar birnin Najaf din irin su marigayi Sayyid Muhsin Hakim, Sayyid Mahmud Shahrudi, Mirza bakir Zanjani, Sayyid Yahya Yazdi da Mirza Hasan Bujunurdi sai ya ji zuciyarsa ta nitsu da yadda ake karantarwa don haka ya kuduri aniyar zama da ci gaba da karatunsa a wajen. Sai dai mahaifinsa ya ki amincewa. Don haka bayan wani lokaci sai ya dawo birnin Mashhad.
A Makarantar Hauzar Kum
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daga shekarar 1337-1343 (1958-1964) Ayatullah Khamene'i ya ci gaba da karatunsa mai zurfi na fikihu, Usul da Falsafa a wajen malamai irin su marigayi Ayatullah al-Uzma Burujerdi, Imam Khumaini, Sheikh Murtadha Ha’iri Yazdi da Allamah Tabataba'i. A shekarar 1343 (1964) Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci, cikin wasikar da ya samu daga wajen mahaifinsa, ya fahimci cewa daya daga cikin idanuwan mahaifin nasa ya makance, wannan labari ya sosa masa rai, don haka ya shiga cikin damuwa ko dai ya zauna ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Kum ko kuma ya koma Mashhad don kula da mahaifinsa. Daga karshe dai Ayatullah Khamene'i ya yanke shawawar yin hijira don Allah daga Kum zuwa Mashhad don ya kula da mahaifinsa. Dangane da hakan yana cewa: “Na koma garin Mashhad kuma Allah Ya arzurta mu da nasarori masu yawa. Ala kulli hal na tafi can na ci gaba da sauke nauyin dake kaina. Idan har ina da wata nasara da na samu a rayuwa, na yi imani da cewa na same ta ne sakamakon wannan biyayya da na yi wa mahaifina kai har ma da mahaifiyata”. Ayatullah Khamene'i ya zabi tafarkin da ya fi dacewa cikin wadannan hanyoyi biyu. Wasu daga cikin malamai da abokansa sun nuna damuwarsu kan yadda zai bar karatu a Kum cikin gaggawa, suna ganin idan da ya ci gaba da zama daga karshe yana iya zama wani…sai dai daga karshe dai an tabbatar da cewa zabin da yayi shi ne abin da ya dace, tuni dai kaddara ta gitta sama da yadda suke tunani. Shin a wancan lokacin wani ma zai taba tunanin cewa wannan matashi dan shekara 25, wanda saboda neman yardar Allah da yin hidima wa iyayensa ya bar birnin Kum zuwa Mashhad bayan shekaru 52 zai iya samun wannan babban matsayi na shugabantar al’ummar musulmi? Bayan komawarsa Mashhad bai bar karatu ba, saboda idan ka cire ranakun hutu ko kuma gwagwarmaya, zaman gidan yari ko kuma tafiya ya kasance yana ci gaba da karatunsa na fikihu da Usul har zuwa shekarar 1347 (1968) a wajen manyan malaman hauzar Mashhad musamman Ayatullah Milani. Tun daga shekarar 1343 (1964) da yake zaune a birnin Mashhad, baya ga karatun da yake yi da kuma kula da mahaifinsa mara lafiya ga kuma tsufa, ya kasance kuma yana karantar da dalibai littafan fikihu, Usul da sauran ilmummukan addini.
Gwagwarmaya Ta Siyasa
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Ayatullah Khamene'i kamar yadda ya ce “yana daga cikin daliban makarantar fikihu, Usul, siyasa da gwagwarmayar (marigayi) Imam Khumaini”, sai dai kuma mutumin da ya fara motsa shi da sanya shi cikin masu gwagwarmaya da gwamnatin Dagutu (ta Shah) shi ne babban mujahidin nan wanda yayi shahada a tafarkin Musulunci wato Shahid Sayyid Mujtaba Nawwab Safawi. Hakan kuwa ya faru ne lokacin da Shahid Nawwab Safawi da wasu daga cikin ‘yan kungiyar ‘Fida’iyane Islam’ (masu sadaukarwa ga Musulunci) suka kai musu ziyara a makarantar Sulaiman Khan na garin Mashhad a shekarar 1331 (1952) inda suka gudanar da wani jawabi mai motsa rai kan batun raya Musulunci da gudanar da tsarin mulki na Ubangiji da kuma irin yaudara da karyar da Shah da turawan Ingili masu daure masa gindi suka yi wa al’ummar Iran. A wancan lokacin Ayatullah Khamene'i yana daga cikin matasan daliban wannan makaranta, ya yi matukar tasirantuwa ga jawabin Nawwab Safawin. Ya kasance yana cewa: “Tun daga wancan lokacin zuciyata ta koma kan batun juyin juya halin Musulunci sakamakon wannan jawabi na Nawwab Safawi. Babu shakka Nawwab Safawi shi ne mutumin farko da ya rura wutar gwagwarmaya da juyin juya hali cikin zuciyata”.
Tare Da Gwagwarmayar Imam Khumaini (r.a)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tun daga shekarar 1341 (1962), lokacin Ayatullah Khamene'i yana zaune a Kum, ne gwagwarmayar Imam Khumaini ta fuskantar bakar siyasar adawa da Musulunci da mika wuya ga Amurka ta gwamnatin Shah ta fara, tun a wancan lokacin ne Ayatullah Khamene'i ya shiga fagen wannan gwagwarmayar. Cikin wadannan shekaru sha shida (na gwagwarmaya) ya fuskanci matsaloli da azabtarwa kala-kala, kora da tsarewa a gidajen yari, duk hakan kuwa ba su tsoratar da shi ba. A shekarar 1338 (1959) ne marigayi Imam Khumaini (r.a) a karon farko ya aike shi da sako zuwa ga Ayatullah Milani da sauran malaman lardin Khorasan kan yadda tsare-tsare da wa’azuzzukan malamai za su kasance a watan Muharram don tona asirin bakar siyasar gwamnatin Shah da kuma halin da kasar Iran take ciki bugu da kari kan yadda waki’ar birnin Kum ta kasance. Bayan ya isar da sakon, sai kuma ya wuce garin Berjan don isar da sakon da ci gaba da tona asirin bakar siyasar Shah da ta Amurka. Sakamakon ayyukan da yake gudanarwa, jami’an tsaron Shah sun kama shi da tare shi na tsawon dare guda a ranar 9 ga watan Muharram (12 ga watan Khordad 1342 = 2/6/1963). Washegari dai sun sake shi amma da sharadin ba zai sake wa’azi ba kuma zai ci gaba da zama karkashin sanya idon jami’an tsaron. Bayan waki’ar 15 ga watan Khordad (4/6/1963) jami’an tsaron sun sake kama shi a garin Berjan din da tura shi zuwa birnin Mashhad inda aka tsare shi a gidan yari cikin mafi mawuyacin yanayi da azabtarwa mai tsanani.
Tsarewa Ta Biyu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A watan Bahman 1342 (Ramadhan 1383=1964) Ayatullah Khamene'i da wasu daga cikin abokansa suka tafi birnin Kerman don gudanar da wasu ayyuka. Sun zauna na tsawon kwanaki biyu zuwa uku a garin suna wa’azi da ganawa da malamai da daliban garin, daga nan sai suka wuce zuwa garin Zahedan. Mutane sun yi maraba sosai da irin jawaban da ya dinga yi na tona asirin bakar siyasar Shah musamman a ranar shida ga watan Bahman ranar da aka gabatar da jabun zaben jin ra’ayin jama’a da gwamnatin Shah din ta gudanar. Jawaban tona asirin gwamnatin Shah da na Amurka da Ayatullah Khamene'i ya gabatar a ranar 15 ga watan Ramadhan da tayi daidai da ranar haihuwar Imam Hasan (a.s) ya sanya jami’an tsaro na Sabak kama shi tsakar dare da tafiya da shi zuwa birnin Tehran cikin wani jirgin sama. Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci ya zauna na tsawon kimanin watanni biyu a gidan yarin Kazal Kul’eh a dakin ihunka banza da gana masa nau’oi kala-kala na azaba da cin mutumci.
Tsarewa Ta Uku Da Hudu
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Darasin tafsirin (Alkur’ani) da hadisi da akidun Musulunci da yake bayarwa a garuruwan Mashhad da Tehran sun sabi karbuwar gaske a wajen matasa da masoya Juyin juya halin Musulunci. Hakan ya sanya ‘yan (sandan) Sabak damuwa sosai don haka suka ci gaba da sanya ido kansa. Wannan yanayi ya tilasta masa gudanar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1345 (1966) a Tehran cikin sirri, amma bayan shekara guda wato a 1346 (1967) jami’an tsaron sun gano inda yake inda suka kama shi. Har ila yau an sake kama shi, bayan sake shi da aka yi, a shekarar 1349 (1970) sakamakon ci gaba da wadannan ayyuka nasa.
Tsarewa Ta Biyar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dangane da kama shi a karo na biyar da jami’an tsaron Sabak suka yi, Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci Ayatullah Khamene'i (Allah Ya kara masa tsawon rai) ya rubuta cewa: “Tun daga shekarar 1348 (1969-70) aka share fagen gwagwarmaya ta makami a Iran. Don haka matsin lamba da takurin da jami’an tsaron tsohuwar gwamnati Shah suke yi min ya kara munana. Saboda imanin da suke da shi cewa babu yadda za a ce ba ni da hannu cikin irin wadannan ayyuka. Har ila yau a shekarar 1350 a karo na biyar jami’an tsaron sun sake kama ni da tsare ni a gidan yari. Irin azabtarwa da ‘yan Sabak suke yi a gidajen yari a fili yana nuni ne da cewa jami’an tsaron ba za su taba amincewa da gwagwarmaya na makami shi ma karkashin tunani irin na Musulunci ba, sannan kuma babu yadda za su iya yarda da cewa ba ni da hannu cikin hakan sakamakon irin ayyukan da nake gudanarwa a Mashhad da Tehran. Bayan an sako ni na ci gaba da darussan da nake bayarwa na tafsirin Alkur’ani da akidu a boye”.
Tsarewa ta Shida
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A tsakanin shekarun 1350-1353 (1971-74) Ayatullah Khamene'i ya ci gaba da ba da darussansa na tafsiri da akida a masallatai uku na garin Mashhad wato masallacin ‘Karamat’, ‘Imam Hasan (a.s)’ da ‘Mirza Ja’afar’ inda al’umma musamman matasa, masana da dalibai ma’abuta Juyin juya halin Musulunci suke yi, tururuwa don amfanuwa da darussan da ake bayarwa. Shi kuwa darasin Nahjul Balaga da yake bayarwa yana da irin nasa nau'i na karbuwa a wajen mutane inda ake buga su a ‘yan takardu ana raba su wa al’umma. Su ma a nasu bangaren daliban da suka yi karatu a wajensa a kan tura su sauran garuruwa na kusa da na nesa don isar da wannan sako da share fagen gagarumin juyin juya halin Musulunci. Hakan ne ya sanya a watan goma (Dey) na shekarar 1353 (1975) jami’a tsaron Sabak suka fada wa gidansa inda suka kama shi cikin yanayi na rashin tausayi sannan kuma suka tafi da rubuce-rubucen da yayi. Wannan shi ne karo na shida da aka kama shi kuma mafi munin cikinsu inda aka ci gaba da tsare shi har zuwa shekarar 1354 a gidan yarin hadin gwuiwa tsakanin ‘yan sanda da ‘yan Sabak. A wannan lokacin an tsare shi ne a dakin ihunka banza shi kadai. Irin wahalar da ya sha a wajen kamar yadda ya ce ‘wadanda suke cikin wancan yanayin ne za su iya fahimtarta’. Bayan an sako shi ya koma garin Mashhad inda ya ci gaba da ayyukan da daman yake yi. Sai dai a wannan karon kan ba a bar shi ya sake tsara azuzuwa ba.
A Gudun Hijira
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A shekarar 1356 (1978) gwamnatin kama-karya ta Shah ta kama Ayatullah Khamene'i inda ta tura shi gudun hijira na tilas na shekaru uku zuwa garin Iranshahr. A tsakiyar 1357 (1978) sakamakon fadaduwar gwagwarmayar al’ummar Iran, ya tilasta wa jami’an tsaron sako shi daga inda suka tura shi gudun hijira inda ya dawo garin Mashhad ya ci gaba da zama a sahun farko-farko na masu gwagwarmaya da gwamnatin zalunci da kama-karya ta Shah. Bayan gwagwarmaya da hakurin azabtarwa na sama da shekaru goma sha biyar daga karshe dai wannan gwagwarmaya ta yi nasara da nasarar juyin juya halin Musulunci ya yi nasara, aka kawar da mulkin kama-karya ta ‘ya’yan gidan Pahlawi da kafa gwamnatin Musulunci a duk fadin kasar Iran.
Dab Da Nasara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dab da nasarar juyin juya halin Musulunci bayan dawowar marigayi Imam Khumaini (r.a) daga gudun hijira daga birnin Paris (na kasar Faransa), Imam (r.a) ya kafa ‘Majalisar juyin juya halin Musulunci’ a Iran inda ya nada mutanen ‘yan gwagwarmaya irin su Shahid Mutahari, Shahid Beheshti, Hashimi Rafsanjani da sauransu a matsayin membobi…to shi ma Ayatullah Khamene'i bisa umurnin Imam din ya kasance daya daga cikin membobin wannan majalisa. Shahid Mutahari ne ya isar masa da sakon marigayi Imam Khumaini (r.a), don haka bayan samun wannan sako sai ya taho birnin Tehran.
Bayan Nasara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan nasarar juyin juya halin Musuluncin, Ayatullah Khamene'i ya ci gaba da hidimar da ya saba wajen ganin an cimma manufofin juyin juya halin Musulunci. Ga kadan daga cikin mukamai da abubuwa masu muhimmanci da suka faru a rayuwarsa bayan nasarar:
§ Assasa ‘Jam’iyyar Jamhuriyar Musulunci’ tare da taimakon abokansa irin su: Shahid Beheshti, Shahid Bahonar, Hashemi Rafsanjani da sauransu a watan Esfand 1357 (1979).
§ Wakilin ma’aikatar tsaro a shekarar 1358 (1979).
§ Mai kula da dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci a shekarar 1358 (1979).
§ Limamin juma’ar birnin Tehran a shekarar 1358 (1979).
§ Wakilin marigayi Imam Khumaini (r.a) a majalisar koli ta tsaron kasa a 1359 (1980).
§ Wakilin al’ummar Tehran a majalisar shawarar Musulunci a 1358 (1979).
§ Halartar fagen daga a yayin kallafaffen yakin da gwamnatin Saddam mai wuce haddi ta kallafawa Iran bisa goyon bayan manyan kasashen duniya musamman Amurka a shekarar 1359 (1980).
§ Kokarin kashe shi da munafukai suka yi a ranar shida ga watan Tir 1360 (29/7/1981) a masallacin Abu Zar dake birnin Tehran.
§ Shugaban kasar Iran bayan shahadar Muhammad Ali Raja'i shugaban kasar Iran na biyu. Ayatullah Khamene'i ya zama shugaban kasar Iran ne bayan ya samu kuri’un kimanin mutane miliyan sha shida a zaben da aka gudanar a watan Mehr 1360 (Oktoban 1981) da kuma amincewar marigayi Imam Khumaini (r.a). Har ila yau daga shekarar 1364-68 (1985-1989) an sake zabansa shugaban kasa a karo na biyu.
§ Shugabancin majalisar juyin juya hali da al’adu a shekarar 1360 (1981).
§ Shugabancin majalisar fayyace maslahar tsarin Musulunci a 1366 (1987).
§ Shugabancin majalisar sake duba tsarin mulki a 1368 (1989).
§ Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci daga shekarar 1368 (1989), ranar 14 ga watan Khordad (4/6/1989) bayan wafatin marigayi Imam Khumaini (r.a) inda majalisar kwararru ta zaban jagora ta zabe shi a wannan matsayi.
Littafa da Bincike
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]1- Akidun Musulunci cikin Alkur’ani.
2- Dubi cikin salla.
3- Maganganu kan hakuri.
4- Muhimman littafa hudu cikin ilimin maruwaita.
5- Wilayah.
6- Rahoto kan tarihi da yanayin makarantar hauzar Mashhad.
7- Tarihin rayuwar Imaman Shi’anci (ba a buga shi ba).
8- Jagorancin Imam Sadik (a.s).
9- Hadin kai da jam’iyyun siyasa.
10- Fasaha a mahangar Ayatullah Khamene'i.
11- Kyakkyawar fahimtar addini.
12- Gwagwarmayar Imamai (a.s).
13- Ruhin tauhidi da haramcin bautan wanin Allah.
14- Wajibcin komawa ga Alkur’ani.
15- Tarihin Imam Sajjad (a.s).
16- Imam Ridha (a.s) da zama waziri mai jiran gado.
17- Bata al’adun al’umma (an ciro su ne daga jawabansa)
18- Kalaman Wilaya (jawabai da kalamansa da ya zuwa yanzu an buga mujalladai 9 daga cikinsu)
Tarjama
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]1- Sulhu al-Hasan (a.s), na Radhi Aal Yasin.
2- Al-Mustakbal li haza al-Din na Sa’eed Kutb.
3- Musulmi a gwagwarmayar ‘yancin kasar Indiya na Abdul Mun’im Namri al-Nasri.
4- Bayan Dhid al-Hadharat al-Gharbiyya na Sa’eed Kutb.
- ↑ "A photo of Identity document of Ayatollah Khamenei" (in Persian). Khamenei.ir. 1 February 2010. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
- ↑ "Ali Khamenei". CGIE (fa)
- ↑ "taking look at the biography of Ali Khamenei". khamenei (fa). 21 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March2014.
- ↑ "Iran". State. 23 July 2010. Retrieved 21 August2010.
The government monitored meetings, movements, and communications of its citizens and often charged persons with crimes against national security and insulting the regime based on letters, e-mails, and other public and private communications.
- ↑ "Profile: Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei". BBC News. 17 June 2009. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
- ↑ "The Supreme Leader – The Iran Primer". 2 October 2010. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.