Adolf Hitler
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Adolf Hitler (An haife shi ne a ranar 20 ga watan Afrilu a shekarar alif dari takwas da tamanin da tara miladiyya 1889) a birnin Braunau a cikin kasar Austria dake tsakiyar Turai. Hitler dan siyasa ne kuma dan mulkin kama karya ne. Tun daga shekarata alif 1921 shi shugaban jam'iyyar NSDAP, jamiyar mai tsanani, ne. A shekarar alif 1933 ya zama shugaban gwamnati, a shekarata alif 1934 shi ma ya zama babban shugaban Kasar Jamus har kisan kansa a shekarata alif 1945.[1][2][3]
A cikin lokacin gwamnatinsa jam'iyyar NSDAP ta kafa mulkin kama karya mai sunan "Daula ta Uku". A cikin shekarata alif 1933 an hana daukan sauran jam'iyyoyi sai jam'iyya ta Hitler. An zalunci abokan hamayya da jefasu a kurkuku ko sasu a sansanin gwale-gwale, inda an yi musu azaba aka kashe su. Hitler dai mai nauyi ne game da kisan gillar Yahudawa na Turai da kashin mutanen da yawa don dalilan na addini da na kabila da kuma na zaman jama'a. Siyasar ta shugabancin Hitler sanadi ce ga kaddamarwa da yakin duniya na biyu, a cikinsa mutane miliyan da dama da kuma yankunan da yawa suka halaka.[4]
A watan Nuwamba a shekarar 1932 ne, Jam'iyyar Nazi ta kasance mafi yawan kujeru a cikin Reichstag amma ba ta da rinjaye. Babu daya daga cikin jam'iyyun siyasar da ya iya kafa kawance mai rinjaye don goyon bayan dan takarar kansila. Tsohon shugaban gwamnati Franz von Papen da wasu shugabannin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun shawo kan shugaba Paul von Hindenburg ya nada Hitler a matsayin shugaban gwamnati a ranar 30 ga Janairun 1933. Ba da dadewa ba, Reichstag ya zartar da Dokar Taimakama ta a shekara ta alif 1933 wanda ya fara aiwatar da canza Jamhuriyar Weimar zuwa Jamus Nazi, mulkin kama-karya na jam'iyya daya bisa tsarin akidar mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka na Nazism . A ranar 2 ga watan Agusta 1934 Hindenburg ya mutu kuma Hitler ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban kasa da gwamnati. Hitler ya yi niyyar kawar da Yahudawa daga Jamus kuma ya kafa Sabuwar doka don yakar abin da ya gani a matsayin rashin adalci na tsarin kasa da Kasa bayan Yakin Duniya na daya wanda Biritaniya da Faransa suka mamaye. Shekaru shida da ya yi kan karagar mulki ya haifar da saurin farfadowar tattalin arzikin kasar daga mawuyacin halin da ake ciki, da soke takunkumin da aka sanya wa Jamus bayan yakin duniya na daya, da kuma hade yankunan da miliyoyin 'yan kabilar Jamus ke zaune, wanda da farko ya ba shi goyon baya ga jama'a.
Daya daga cikin mahimman manufofin Hitler shine ga al'ummar Jamus a Gabashin Turai, kuma ana daukar manufofinsa na ketare na kaura a farkon abin da ya haifar da yakin duniya na biyu a Turai. Ya jagoranci manyan makamai kuma, a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1939, ya mamaye Poland, wanda ya haifar da Birtaniya da Faransa suna shelanta yaki akan Jamus . A watan Yuni 1941, Hitler ya ba da umarnin mamaye Tarayyar Soviet. A cikin watan Disamba a shekara ta 1941, ya ayyana yaki a kan Amurka . A karshen 1941, sojojin Jamus da ikon Axis na Turai sun mamaye yawancin Turai da Arewacin Afirka . An samu koma baya sannu a hankali bayan shekara ta 1941, kuma a shekara ta 1945 sojojin kawance sun fatattaki sojojin Jamus. A ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1945, ya auri abokin zamansa na dogon lokaci, Eva Braun, a cikin Führerbunker a Berlin. Washegari, ma'auratan sun kashe kansu don gujewa kama su daga hannun sojojin Red Army na Soviet. Bisa ga burin Hitler, an kona gawarwakinsu.[5][6][7]
Masanin tarihi kuma masanin tarihin rayuwar Ian Kershaw ya kwatanta Hitler a matsayin "siffar muguntar siyasar zamani". [8] A karkashin jagorancin Hitler da akidar wariyar launin fata, gwamnatin Nazi ta kasance alhakin kisan gillar da aka yi wa Yahudawa kimanin miliyan shida da kuma miliyoyin sauran wadanda abin ya shafa, wanda shi da mabiyansa suka dauka Untermenschen (masu bautar kasa) ko kuma ba a so. Hitler da gwamnatin Nazi su ma suna da alhakin kashe kimanin 19.3 fararen hula miliyan da fursunonin yaki. Bugu da kari, 28.7 Sojoji da fararen hula miliyan ne suka mutu sakamakon harin da sojoji suka kai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai. Yawan fararen hula da aka kashe a yakin duniya na biyu ba a taba yin irinsa ba a yakin, kuma wadanda aka kashe sun zama rikici mafi muni a tarihi.[9][10]
Zuri'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mahaifin Hitler, Alois Hitler (1837-1903), shine shege na Maria Anna Schiklgruber . [11] Littafin baftisma bai nuna sunan mahaifinsa ba, kuma Alois da farko ya haifi sunan mahaifiyarsa, 'Schicklgruber'</link> . A 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler ya auri mahaifiyar Alois. Alois ya girma a cikin dangin dan'uwan Hiedler, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler . [12] A cikin 1876, Alois ya zama halal ne kuma wani firist ya rubuta rikodin baptismar sa don yin rajistar Johann Georg Hiedler a matsayin mahaifin Alois (wanda aka rubuta a matsayin "Georg Hitler"). [12] [13] Daga nan Alois ya dauki sunan "Hitler", [13] kuma ya rubuta 'Hiedler', 'Hüttler'</link> , ko 'Huettler'</link> . Wataƙila sunan ya dogara ne akan kalmar Jamusanci Hütte</link> (lit., "bukka"), kuma mai yiwuwa yana da ma'anar "wanda ke zaune a cikin bukka".[14][4][15]
Shekarun farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yarinta da ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Adolf Hitler a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1889 a Braunau am Inn, wani gari a Austria-Hungary (Austriya ta yanzu), kusa da kan iyaka da Daular Jamus . [16] [11] Shi ne na hudu cikin ’ya’ya shida da Alois Hitler da matarsa ta uku, Klara Pölzl suka haifa. Uku daga cikin ’yan’uwan Hitler—Gustav, Ida, da Otto—sun mutu suna kananan. [17] Har ila yau, suna zaune a cikin gidan su ne 'ya'yan Alois daga aurensa na biyu: Alois Jr. (an haife shi 1882) da Angela (an haifi 1883). [18] Lokacin da Hitler ya cika shekaru uku, iyalin suka kaura zuwa Passau, Jamus. [19] A can ya sami yaren Bavarian na musamman, maimakon Jamusanci na Austrian, wanda ke nuna jawabinsa a duk rayuwarsa. [20] [21] [22] Iyalin sun koma Ostiriya kuma suka zauna a Leonding a cikin 1894, kuma a cikin Yuni 1895 Alois ya yi ritaya zuwa Hafeld, kusa da Lambach, inda ya yi noma da kiwon kudan zuma. Hitler ya halarci Volksschule</link> (makarantar firamare da jiha ke tallafawa) a Fischlham kusa.[23]
Yunkurin zuwa Hafeld ya zo daidai da farkon rikice-rikicen uba da da da Hitler ya ki bin ka'idojin makarantarsa. [24] Mahaifinsa ya buge shi, duk da cewa mahaifiyarsa ta yi kokari ta kare shi. [25] Kokarin noman Alois Hitler a Hafeld ya Kare a kasa, kuma a cikin 1897 iyalin suka kaura zuwa Lambach. Hitler dan shekara takwas ya dauki darussan waka, ya rera waka a cikin Kungiyar mawakan coci, har ma ya yi tunanin zama firist. [26] A cikin 1898 dangin sun koma Leonding na dindindin. mutuwar kanensa Edmund, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1900 daga cutar kyanda ya shafi Hitler. Hitler ya canza daga kwakkwaran dalibi, mai fita, dalibi mai hazaka zuwa kwakkwaran yaro, wanda ya rabu da mahaifinsa da malamansa kullum.
Alois ya yi nasara a ofishin kwastam kuma yana son dansa ya bi sawunsa. [17] Daga baya Hitler ya nuna wani al’amari na wannan lokaci da mahaifinsa ya kai shi ziyara ofishin kwastam, inda ya kwatanta lamarin a matsayin wani lamari da ya haifar da rashin gafartawa tsakanin uba da dansa, wadanda dukkansu suka kasance masu karfin zuciya. [27] [20] [28] Yin watsi da sha'awar dansa na halartar makarantar sakandare na gargajiya kuma ya zama mai fasaha, Alois ya aika Hitler zuwa Realschule a Linz a watan Satumba 1900. [lower-alpha 3] [17] Hitler ya yi tawaye ga wannan shawarar, kuma a Mein Kampf</link> ya bayyana cewa da gangan ya yi rashin kyau a makaranta, yana fatan da zarar mahaifinsa ya ga "wani karamin ci gaba da nake samu a makarantar fasaha zai bar ni in sadaukar da kaina ga burina". [27]
Kamar yawancin Jamusawa na Austriya, Hitler ya fara habaka ra'ayoyin kishin kasa na Jamus tun yana karami. [29] Ya nuna biyayya ga Jamus kawai, yana raina rugujewar masarautar Habsburg da mulkinta a kan daular da ke da bambancin kabila. [30] [31] Hitler da abokansa sun yi amfani da gaisuwar "Heil", kuma suka rera " Deutschlandlied " maimakon wakar Ostiriya . [21]
Bayan mutuwar Alois kwatsam a ranar 3 ga Janairu 1903, aikin Hitler a makaranta ya lalace kuma mahaifiyarsa ta bar shi ya tafi. [17] Ya yi rajista a Realschule a Steyr a cikin Satumba 1904, inda halayensa da ayyukansa suka inganta. [13] A shekara ta alif dari tara da biyar 1905, bayan da ya ci maimaita jarrabawar karshe, Hitler ya bar makarantar ba tare da wani buri na Karin ilimi ba ko kuma shirye-shirye masu kyau na aiki.
Shiga cikin siyasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan yakin duniya na daya, Hitler ya koma Munich. [11] Ba tare da ilimi na yau da kullun ba ko kuma damar aiki, ya kasance a cikin Soja. [13] A cikin Yuli 1919, an nada shi Verbindungsmann</link> (wakilin hankali) na Aufklärungskommando</link> (rashin binciken) na Reichswehr</link> , wanda aka ba da damar yin tasiri ga wasu sojoji da kuma kutsawa cikin Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Jamus (DAP). A taron DAP a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1919, Shugaban Jam'iyyar Anton Drexler ya burge da basirar magana ta Hitler. Ya ba shi kwafin kasidarsa ta Farkawa ta Siyasa, wanda ya kunshi ra'ayoyin adawa da Yahudawa, masu kishin kasa, masu adawa da jari hujja, da ra'ayoyin masu adawa da Markisanci. [17] Bisa umarnin manyan sojojinsa, Hitler ya nemi shiga jam'iyyar, [29] kuma a cikin mako guda aka yarda da shi a matsayin memba na jam'iyyar 555 (jam'iyyar ta fara kirga mambobin a 500 don ba da ra'ayi cewa sun kasance jam'iyya mafi girma)
Hitler ya yi bayanin rubutaccen bayaninsa na farko game da tambayar Yahudawa a cikin wasikar 16 ga Satumba 1919 zuwa ga Adolf Gemlich (yanzu ana kiransa harafin Gemlich ). A cikin wasikar, Hitler ya yi jayayya cewa manufar gwamnati "dole ne a kori Yahudawa gaba daya."
A DAP, Hitler ya sadu da Dietrich Eckart, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa jam'iyyar kuma memba na kungiyar Thule Society . [32] Eckart ya zama jagoran Hitler, yana musayar ra'ayi tare da shi kuma ya gabatar da shi ga al'ummar Munich da dama. [17] Don ƙara ƙararta, DAP ta canza suna zuwa Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei</link> ( Jam'iyyar Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), wacce aka fi sani da "Jam'iyyar Nazi"). [17] Hitler ya tsara tutar jam'iyyar na swastika a cikin farar da'irar a kan bangon ja.
Beer Hall Putsch da kurkukun Landsberg
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1923, Hitler ya nemi taimakon yakin duniya na Janar Erich Ludendorff don yunkurin juyin mulki da aka sani da " Beer Hall Putsch ". Jam'iyyar Nazi ta yi amfani da Fascism na Italiya a matsayin abin koyi don bayyanar su da manufofinsu. Hitler ya so ya yi koyi da Benito Mussolini 's " Maris on Rome " na 1922 ta hanyar yin juyin mulkinsa a Bavaria, wanda ya biyo baya da kalubale ga gwamnati a Berlin. Hitler da Ludendorff sun nemi goyon bayan Staatskommissar</link> (Kwamishina Jiha) Gustav Ritter von Kahr, Bavaria's de facto ruler. Duk da haka, Kahr, tare da shugaban 'yan sanda Hans Ritter von Seisser da Reichswehr Janar Otto von Lossow, sun so kafa mulkin kama-karya na kasa ba tare da Hitler ba. [17]
Sake Gina Jam'iyyar Nazi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A lokacin da Hitler ya saki daga kurkuku, siyasa a Jamus ta yi kasa a gwiwa, kuma tattalin Arzikin kasar ya gyaru, wanda ya hana Hitler damar hargitsa siyasa. Sakamakon gazawar Beer Hall Putsch, an dakatar da Jam'iyyar Nazi da kungiyoyin da ke da alaka a Bavaria. A cikin ganawar da Firayim Minista na Bavaria, Heinrich Held, a ranar 4 ga Janairu 1925, Hitler ya amince da girmama ikon jihar kuma ya yi alkawarin cewa zai nemi ikon siyasa kawai ta hanyar tsarin dimokuradiyya. Taron ya share fagen dage haramcin da aka yi wa jam'iyyar Nazi a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu. [17] Duk da haka, bayan wani jawabi mai ban haushi da ya yi a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, hukumomin Bavaria sun hana Hitler yin magana a bainar jama'a, haramcin da ya kasance a wurin har zuwa 1927. [17] [26] Don ci gaba da burinsa na siyasa duk da haramcin, Hitler ya nada Gregor Strasser, Otto Strasser, da Joseph Goebbels don tsarawa da kuma fadada jam'iyyar Nazi a arewacin Jamus. Gregor Strasser ya jagoranci tsarin siyasa mai zaman kansa, yana mai da hankali kan abubuwan gurguzu na shirin jam'iyyar. [17]
Hanyoyin hadin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Rahoto na shafin Rediyon Deutsche Welle: Adolf Hitler
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ https://www.britannica.com/list/9-things-you-might-not-know-about-adolf-hitler
- ↑ https://www.historyextra.com/period/second-world-war/adolf-hitler-fuhrer-facts-guide-rise-nazi-dictator-biography-pictures/
- ↑ https://archive.org/details/withhitlertoendm00ling
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/how-did-adolf-hitler-happen
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Fromm
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel
- ↑ https://archive.org/details/germanyhitlerwor0000wein
- ↑ Kershaw 2000b.
- ↑ https://archive.org/details/hitlersdeathruss0000vino
- ↑ https://archive.org/details/naziwaroncancer00proc
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Bullock 1999.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Maser 1973.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Kershaw 1999.
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_History
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wheeler-Bennett
- ↑ House of Responsibility.
- ↑ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 Kershaw 2008.
- ↑ Toland 1976.
- ↑ Rosmus 2004.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Keller 2010.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Hamann 2010.
- ↑ Kubizek 2006.
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101421-0
- ↑ Fromm 1977.
- ↑ Diver 2005.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Shirer 1960.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Hitler 1999.
- ↑ Fest 1977.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Evans 2003.
- ↑ Bendersky 2000.
- ↑ Ryschka 2008.
- ↑ Fest 1970.