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Link to original content: https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/regions/Belgium
Belgium
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128 Results

Survey Articles (Regional)

Regional
Belgium
By Sophie De Schaepdrijver
Belgium, a neutral state, was forced into the First World War by a German ultima…
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Regional Thematic Articles

Regional Thematic
Bereavement and Mourning (Belgium)
By Laurence van Ypersele
World War I claimed the lives of approximately 60,000 Belgian civilians and sold…
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Regional Thematic
Between Acceptance and Refusal - Soldiers' Attitudes Towards War (Belgium)
By Rose Spijkerman
This article discusses the war experiences of Belgian soldiers: how did they end…
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Regional Thematic
Commemoration, Cult of the Fallen (Belgium)
By Laurence van Ypersele
The scope of the commemorations that developed in Belgium and in the remainder o…
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Regional Thematic
Film/Cinema (Belgium)
By Leen Engelen
This article examines cinema in relation to the First World War in Belgium from …
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Regional Thematic
Food and Nutrition (Belgium)
By Antoon Vrints
The First World War had a severe impact on the food supply in occupied Belgium. …
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Regional Thematic
Governments, Parliaments and Parties (Belgium)
By Emmanuel Gerard
The First World War changed the balance of power in Belgium. From a strongly pol…
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Regional Thematic
Historiography 1918-Today (Belgium)
By Nico Wouters
After a promising start, academic historiography of the First World War in Belgi…
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Regional Thematic
Labour (Belgium)
By Dirk Luyten
The standard of living of Belgian workers declined in the First World War as a c…
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Regional Thematic
Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (Belgium)
By Antoon Vrints
The First World War had a decisive, but paradoxical impact on the development of…
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Regional Thematic
Literature (Belgium)
By Sophie De Schaepdrijver
Belgium’s war literature, in both Dutch (Flemish) and in French, covers differen…
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Regional Thematic
Making Sense of the War (Belgium)
By Sophie De Schaepdrijver
Belgium’s war experience was sui generis. The vast majority of Belgians experien…
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Regional Thematic
Occupation after the War (Belgium and France)
By Anne Godfroid
The Armistice agreement foresaw the occupation of the left bank of the Rhine, th…
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Regional Thematic
Occupation during the War (Belgium and France)
By Larissa Wegner
This article examines the German occupation of Belgium and Northern France in 19…
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Regional Thematic
Organization of War Economies (Belgium)
By Dirk Luyten
As it became clear that the war would last a long time, the German occupying adm…
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Regional Thematic
Post-war Economies (Belgium)
By Dirk Luyten
Belgium had suffered considerable economic losses during the war, which was foug…
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Regional Thematic
Post-war Societies (Belgium)
By Chantal Kesteloot
The end of the First World War marked, to a certain extent, Belgium’s entry into…
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Regional Thematic
Press/Journalism (Belgium)
By Pierre Van Den Dungen
The Belgian press world was turned upside down by the German occupation. Most of…
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Regional Thematic
Pre-war Military Planning (Belgium)
By Christophe Bechet
Following the Treaty of London in 1839, pre-war planning theories in Belgium osc…
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Regional Thematic
Prisoners of War (Belgium and France)
By Heather Jones
During the First World War, France was faced with creating a system of mass capt…
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Regional Thematic
Propaganda at Home (Belgium)
By Bénédicte Rochet
August 1914: “Poor Little Belgium”, martyred by the German invader, became an ef…
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Regional Thematic
Science and Technology (Belgium)
By Kenneth Bertrams
The invasion and subsequent occupation of most of Belgian territory paralyzed th…
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Regional Thematic
War Aims and War Aims Discussions (Belgium)
By Hubert van Tuyll
Belgium’s war aims were a direct consequence of the way in which the country was…
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Regional Thematic
Warfare 1914-1918 (Belgium)
By Tom Simoens
Between August 1914 and November 1918 the Belgian army took part in the First Wo…
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Regional Thematic
War Finance (Belgium)
By Dirk Luyten
The Belgian monetary system evolved dramatically during World War I. The Société…
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Regional Thematic
War Losses (Belgium)
By Benoît Majerus
The Belgian situation was unique in the sense that military losses were relative…
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Regional Thematic
Women's Mobilization for War (Belgium)
By Eliane Gubin, Els Flour, Marie Kympers
Belgium experienced the war in an exceptional position: it never issued a declar…
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Encyclopedic Entries

Entry
Activisme
By Antoon Vrints
A minority of the adherents of the Flemish movement were willing to collaborate …
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Entry
Albert I, King of the Belgians
By Jan Velaers
Albert I, the third king of the Belgians, played a leading role as supreme comma…
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Entry
Amphibious Raids on Ostend and Zeebrugge
By Mark D. Karau
On the night of 22-23 April 1918, the Royal Navy attacked the German occupied to…
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Entry
Attrition Warfare
By Nicholas Murray
Attrition warfare is the term used to describe the sustained process of wearing …
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Entry
Belgian Soldiers
By Tom Simoens
This article briefly describes the 320,000 Belgian soldiers of the Great War. Wh…
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Entry
Bettignies, Louise Marie Jeanne Henriette de
By Chantal Antier
Louise de Bettignies created an intelligence network for the British in occupied…
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Entry
Bissing, Moritz Ferdinand Freiherr von
By Christoph Roolf, Thomas L. Gertzen
Moritz von Bissing was born on 30 January 1844, in Bellmannsdorf, Silesia, then …
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Entry
Borms, August
By Christine Van Everbroeck
As a Flemish nationalist, August Borms actively collaborated with the Germans du…
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Entry
Broqueville, Charles Marie Pierre Albert, Baron de
By Laurence van Ypersele
Charles de Broqueville, chief of the Belgian government during the First World W…
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Entry
Brussels
By Chantal Kesteloot
The Belgian capital was spared the anguish of combat, but the city suffered four…
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Entry
Camouflage
By Cécile Coutin
A technique of concealment and protection, a means to deceive but not kill, camo…
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Entry
Charleroi, Battle of
By Erwan Le Gall
The Battle of Charleroi (21-23 August 1914), in which General Charles Lanrezac’s…
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Entry
Collaboration (Belgium and France)
By James E. Connolly
Collaboration is often associated with the military occupations of the Second Wo…
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Entry
Comité National de Secours et d'Alimentation
By Michaël Amara
The Comité national de Secours et d’Alimentation (National Committee for Relief …
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Entry
Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB)
By Branden Little
From 1914 to 1919, the Commission for Relief in Belgium directed an innovative a…
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Entry
Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of the Belgians
By Laurence van Ypersele
Queen Elisabeth was the third queen of the Belgians. Her attitude during the Fir…
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Entry
Eupen-Malmedy
By Christoph Brüll
Eupen-Malmedy is the name given to the two districts that Germany ceded to Belgi…
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Entry
Feminist Pacifism
By Annika Wilmers
A minority section of the women’s movements opposed World War I and organized th…
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Entry
Flamenpolitik
By Antoon Vrints
The German Flamenpolitik during the First World War aimed to instrumentalise the…
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Entry
Flemish Movement
By Christine Van Everbroeck
The First World War engendered a rift within the Flemish movement, with some wis…
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Entry
Forts
By Miguel A. Lopez
European militaries considered fortifications before the First World War as vita…
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Entry
Garde Civique
By Piet Veldeman
In 1830, Belgium constituted a Garde Civique or Civic Guard, a national institut…
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Entry
Generalgouvernement Belgien
By Christoph Roolf
After the German Army had occupied wide areas of Belgium, the “Imperial Governme…
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Entry
German Communities and their Expulsion (Belgium)
By Christophe Declercq
At the start of the First World War, tens of thousands of Germans lived in Belgi…
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Entry
High Voltage Fence (The Netherlands and Belgium)
By Alex Vanneste
In 1915 the Germans built an electric fence along the Belgian-Dutch border, cons…
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Entry
Intimate Relations between Occupiers and Occupied (Belgium and France)
By Emmanuel Debruyne
During the invasion and occupation of 1914-1918, German soldiers had sexual rela…
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Entry
La Dame Blanche
By Pierre Decock
La Dame Blanche was an intelligence network created in Belgium in 1916. It was e…
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Entry
La Fontaine, Henri
By Jacques Gillen
Although he was a Nobel Prize winner, the name of Henri La Fontaine has somewhat…
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Entry
Loppem Coup
By Vincent Delcorps
A few weeks before his entry in Brussels, on 22 November 1918, Albert I, King of…
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Entry
Marinegebiet
By Sophie De Schaepdrijver
The Marinegebiet on the Belgian coast was the Imperial German Navy’s base for at…
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Entry
Max, Adolphe
By Laurence van Ypersele
Adolphe Max, the mayor of Brussels, was known for his peaceful resistance agains…
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Entry
Mémorial Interallié
By Karla Vanraepenbusch
The inter-allied memorial commemorates the First World War and the fallen, as we…
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Entry
Mercier, Désiré Joseph
By Luc Courtois
After his pastoral letter Patriotisme et endurance, which had a worldwide impact…
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Entry
Mons
By Guillaume Blondeau
The city of Mons took on great symbolic importance during the Great War. In both…
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Entry
Neutrality
By Samuël Kruizinga
During the 19th century, neutrality evolved into a set of legal and political to…
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Entry
Olympic Games 1920
By Karla Vanraepenbusch
The 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp, Belgium were the first instalment of the Game…
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Entry
Patriotic Distance
By Sophie De Schaepdrijver
Civilians under military occupation in World War One found their existences seve…
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Entry
Petit, Gabrielle
By Sophie De Schaepdrijver
Gabrielle Petit was a secret intelligence agent working for the British General …
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Entry
Pirenne, Henri
By Geneviève Warland
Accused of refusing to collaborate with the German authorities, the Belgian hist…
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Entry
Post-war Repression
By Xavier Rousseaux
After fifty months of German occupation, a minority of French, and the majority …
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Entry
Prostitution
By Journey Steward
Prostitution was considered among the most important societal problems facing ci…
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Entry
Rape
By Antoine Rivière
Although rape was not usually systematic, it occurred frequently on all fronts d…
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Entry
Rear Area on the Western Front
By Larissa Wegner
The rear area was the space behind the front, linking the operational zone with …
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Entry
Refugees (Belgium)
By Michaël Amara
In Belgium, the outbreak of the First World War and subsequent German invasion c…
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Entry
Resistance (Belgium and France)
By Emmanuel Debruyne
In occupied Belgium and France, citizens opposed the German army with organized …
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Entry
Ruhr Occupation
By Conan Fischer
The 1923-1925 Ruhr occupation by France and Belgium was triggered when Germany d…
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Entry
Russian Expeditionary Force
By Sofya Anisimova, Gwendal Piégais
The Russian Expeditionary Force in France and in Macedonia (“Brigades russes en …
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Entry
Solvay, Ernest
By Kenneth Bertrams
Industrial tycoon and philanthropist Ernest Solvay transformed the chemical indu…
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Entry
University of Ghent
By Christine Van Everbroeck
During the war, the Germans created a Flemish university in Ghent. By doing so, …
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Entry
Villalobar, Rodrigo de Saavedra y Vinent, Marqués de
By Emmanuel Debruyne
Rodrigo de Saavedra y Vinent, Marqués de Villalobar was the diplomatic represent…
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Entry
Ypres, Battles of
By Spencer Jones
The Belgian city of Ypres is synonymous with the First World War. Ypres gave its…
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Entry
Ypres Menin Gate
By Dominiek Dendooven
The Menin Gate in Ypres is the best known of the memorials to the missing in the…
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See Also

Thematic
Alliance System 1914
By Günther Kronenbitter
Alliances were an important feature of the international system on the eve of Wo…
Read more
Thematic
Antisemitism
By Werner Bergmann, Ulrich Wyrwa
The First World War and its direct repercussions in the postwar period (revoluti…
Read more
Thematic
Atrocities
By Alan Kramer
The term "atrocity" describes an act of violence condemned by contemporaries as …
Read more
Thematic
Bereavement and Mourning
By Manfred Hettling, Tino Schölz
In the modern era, new forms of mourning and meaning-making for fallen soldiers …
Read more
Thematic
Centenary (Battlefield Tourism)
By Romain Fathi
The centenary of the First World War has been a catalyst for battlefield tourism…
Read more
Thematic
Centenary (Computer Games)
By Chris Kempshall
The First World War centenary saw an emergence of new portrayals of the conflict…
Read more
Thematic
Centenary (Education, Pedagogy, Youth Programs)
By Catriona Pennell
The centenary of the First World War revealed palpable anxieties around a loss o…
Read more
Thematic
Centenary (Internet)
By Lorna M. Hughes, Ian G. Anderson
The centenary events surrounding the First World War have produced a significant…
Read more
Thematic
Centenary (Libraries)
By Matthew Shaw
Libraries (local, specialist, and national) contributed in numerous and importan…
Read more
Thematic
Centenary (Museums)
By Andrea Brait
This article discusses how European museums – in particular, national war museum…
Read more
Thematic
Centenary (Visual Arts)
By Paul Gough
The commemorative period between 2014 and 2018 was marked globally by numerous e…
Read more
Thematic
Colonial Empires after the War/Decolonization
By James E. Kitchen
The First World War saw the colonial empires of France and Britain mobilised to …
Read more
Thematic
Commemoration, Cult of the Fallen
By Stéphane Tison
The First World War ushered in an unprecedented wave of commemorations. Mass dea…
Read more
Thematic
Controversy: War-related Changes in Gender Relations: The Issue of Women’s Citizenship
By Birgitta Bader-Zaar
The idea that World War I was a watershed in gender relations has pervaded both …
Read more
Thematic
Destruction of the Ecosystem
By Tait Keller
This article examines the First World War’s ecological impact and shows that pro…
Read more
Thematic
Espionage
By Emmanuel Debruyne
During the entire war, warring powers used the “secret war” to try to break the …
Read more
Thematic
Film/Cinema
By Roger Smither
The First World War played a significant role in the evolution of film both as a…
Read more
Thematic
Food and Nutrition
By Emmanuelle Cronier
During the First World War, food became a major issue for military and civilian …
Read more
Thematic
Forced Labour
By Jens Thiel, Christian Westerhoff
This article examines the conditions, forms and consequences of forced labor and…
Read more
Thematic
Governments, Parliaments and Parties
By Torsten Oppelland
One sees a wide range of political regimes from a democratic republic with unive…
Read more
Thematic
Imperialism
By Boris Barth
This article focuses on the extent to which imperialism contributed to the outbr…
Read more
Thematic
International Labour Organization
By Anita Ziegerhofer
The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919, establishing both the Leagu…
Read more
Thematic
International Law and the Laws of War
By Jean H. Quataert
The article examines international efforts to curb states’ war-making prerogativ…
Read more
Thematic
Labor
By Steven E. Rowe
Across the major belligerent powers, industrial production and the mobilization …
Read more
Thematic
Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes
By James Thompson
This article compares the history of labour movements during the war across a ra…
Read more
Thematic
League of Nations
By Anita Ziegerhofer
The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919, the same day on which the L…
Read more
Thematic
Making Sense of the War
By Jo Fox
Claims to “just war” formed the basis for the propaganda campaigns of the First …
Read more
Thematic
Maps, Geography and the Representation of Space
By Ute Schneider
After the First World War, the general staffs and military geographers of all th…
Read more
Thematic
Media Discourse after the War
By André Keil
The discourse about the Great War during the interwar period was shaped by numer…
Read more
Thematic
Medicine and Medical Service
By Leo van Bergen
It is impossible to talk about “the” medical care or “the” medical service of Wo…
Read more
Thematic
Memory of the War: Popular Memory 1918-1945, 1945 to the Present
By Susanne Brandt
What role do representations of the First World War play in media that reach a w…
Read more
Thematic
Negotiating and Mediating Conduct of War
By Matthew Stibbe
Many issues surrounding the conduct of war in the years 1914-1918 were imperviou…
Read more
Thematic
Non-European Soldiers
By Richard Fogarty, Andrew Tait Jarboe
This article examines the use by Great Britain and France of colonial subjects f…
Read more
Thematic
Occupation during the War
By Gustavo Corni
After an initial wave of interest in 1914 and the immediate post-war period, int…
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Thematic
Photography
By Hilary Roberts
The First World War represents a watershed in the history of war photography. It…
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Thematic
Post-war Societies
By Richard Bessel
The First World War caused unprecedented disruption to societies across the glob…
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Thematic
Propaganda at Home and Abroad
By Eberhard Demm
This article summarizes and compares the principal arguments and strategies of p…
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Thematic
Refugees
By Peter Gatrell
This article addresses the scale of wartime population displacement in continent…
Read more
Thematic
Resettlement
By Peter Gatrell
The conduct of warfare in 1914-1918 included extensive population resettlement i…
Read more
Thematic
Social Conflict
By Claire Morelon
This article deals with the nature of social conflict during the war. The length…
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Thematic
Social Costs of War
By Kimberly A. Redding
This article explores how the anticipation, reality, and memory of sacrifice inf…
Read more
Thematic
State, Civil Society and Relief Organizations for War
By Branden Little
A vast array of initiatives designed to counteract the destructiveness of the Fi…
Read more
Thematic
The Everyday as Involved in War
By Tammy M. Proctor
This essay examines how the "everyday" functions in war, not only for those on t…
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Thematic
The Paris Peace Conference and its Consequences
By Alan Sharp
This article offers an overview of peacemaking after the First World War from th…
Read more
Thematic
Visualization of Violence
By Mark Connelly
This piece explores the visualisation of violence for home front audiences and s…
Read more
Thematic
Wartime Emotions: Honour, Shame, and the Ecstasy of Sacrifice
By Ute Frevert
Through investigating the pivotal role of honour in private and public matters, …
Read more
Thematic
Willingly to War. Public Response to the Outbreak of War
By Jean-Jacques Becker
It may surprise us to learn that some sectors of the European public were in fav…
Read more
Thematic
Women War Reporters
By Stephanie Seul
Female war reporters from belligerent and neutral countries were present in the …
Read more

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