犢

See also: 犊

犢	U+72A2, 犢 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-72A2

← 犡
[U+72A1]

CJK Unified Ideographs

犣 →
[U+72A3]

Translingual

Traditional	犢
Shinjitai (extended)	㸿
Simplified	犊

Han character

犢 (Kangxi radical 93, 牛+15, 19 strokes, cangjie input 竹手土田金 (HQGWC), four-corner 2458₆, composition ⿰牜賣 or ⿰牜𧶠)

calf
victim of sacrifice

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 704, character 38
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20196
Dae Jaweon: page 1117, character 23
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1821, character 2
Unihan data for U+72A2

Chinese

trad.		犢
simp.		犊

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 犢
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (𧶠) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
竇	*l'oːɡs
續	ljoɡs, ljoɡ
覿	*l'juːɡ
黷	*l'oːɡ
讟	*l'oːɡ
殰	*l'oːɡ
讀	*l'oːɡ
櫝	*l'oːɡ
牘	*l'oːɡ
儥	*l'oːɡ
贕	*l'oːɡ
皾	*l'oːɡ
瓄	*l'oːɡ
瀆	*l'oːɡ
豄	*l'oːɡ
韇	*l'oːɡ
嬻	*l'oːɡ
犢	*l'oːɡ
匵	*l'oːɡ
藚	*ljoɡ
襩	*ɦljoɡ
贖	*ɦljoɡ
𧶠	*luɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'oːɡ) : semantic 牛 (“ox”) + phonetic 𧶠 (OC *luɡ).

Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *luk (“sheep”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Cognate with 羭 (OC *lo, “sheep”), Tibetan ལུག (lug, “sheep”).

Other etymologies have been proposed:

Boodberg (1937) relates it to Tibetan ཕྲུག (phrug, “calf”), which Schuessler (2007) deems unlikely.
Norman (1988) suggests that it may be a loan from Mongolic or Tungusic; compare Mongolian ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠯ (tuɣul, “calf”), Manchu ᡨᡠᡴᡧᠠᠨ (tukšan, “calf”). This is an unlikely etymology due to recent developments in the reconstruction of Old Chinese, where *l- (rather than older reconstructions with *d-) would be a poor match for Mongolic/Tungusic t-, as well as new archaeological evidence suggesting that the word is likely older than previously assumed (Miyake, 2017; Cao, 2021).
It could also be related to 畜 (OC *l̥ʰuɡs, *l̥ʰuɡ, *hluɡ, “to nourish; domestic animal”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): dú (du²)

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˊ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): du³
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): duk⁶ / zuk⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): uuk⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): thu̍k

(Meixian, Guangdong): tug⁶
Jin (Wiktionary): dueh⁵
Northern Min (KCR): dŭ
Eastern Min (BUC): dŭk
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): to̍k

(Teochew, Peng'im): dog⁸
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁸doq

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: dú
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dú
  - Wade–Giles: tu²
  - Yale: dú
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dwu
  - Palladius: ду (du)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: dúr
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˊㄦ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dúr
  - Wade–Giles: tu²-ʼrh
  - Yale: dúr
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dwul
  - Palladius: дур (dur)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuɻʷ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: du³
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: du
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu⁵³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: duk⁶ / zuk⁶
  - Yale: duhk / juhk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: duk⁹ / dzuk⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: dug⁶ / zug⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊk̚²/, /t͡sʊk̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: uuk⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɵk̚³²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thu̍k
  - Hakka Romanization System: tug
  - Hagfa Pinyim: tug⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰuk̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: tug⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰʊk̚⁵/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: dueh⁵
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /tuəʔ⁵⁴/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dŭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu²⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: dŭk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuʔ⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: to̍k
  - Tâi-lô: to̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dok
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tɔk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔk̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔk̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tɔk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔk̚⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: dog⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: to̍k
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tok̚⁴/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁸doq
  - MiniDict: doh^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵doq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /doʔ¹²/

Middle Chinese: duwk

Rime
Character	犢
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	屋 (3)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	徒谷切
Baxter	duwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/duk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/duk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dəwk̚/
Li Rong	/duk̚/
Wang Li	/duk̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/dʱuk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	duk⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*lˤok/

(Zhengzhang): /*l'oːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	犢
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dú
Middle Chinese	‹ duwk ›
Old Chinese	/*lˁok/
English	calf
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	犢
Reading #	1/1
No.	16050
Phonetic component	𧶠
Rime group	屋
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	獨
Old Chinese	/*l'oːɡ/

Definitions

犢

calf (young cow or bull)
- 天子適諸侯，諸侯膳以犢。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  天子适诸侯，诸侯膳以犊。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE
  Tiānzǐ shì zhūhóu, zhūhóu shàn yǐ dú. [Pinyin]
  When the Son of Heaven visits a feudal lord, the lord offers him a calf for food.
- 1919, 《新舊約全書：官話和合譯本》 [Mandarin Bible, Union Version], Shanghai: American Bible Society, 約伯記 [Job] 21:10:
  
  他們的公牛孳生而不斷絕．母牛下犢而不掉胎。 [MSC, trad.]
  他们的公牛孳生而不断绝．母牛下犊而不掉胎。 [MSC, simp.]
  Tāmen de gōngniú zīshēng ér bù duànjué. Mǔniú xià dú ér bù diàotāi. [Pinyin]
  Their bulls never fail to breed. Their cows bear calves and never miscarry. [New Living Translation]
a surname

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 小牛 (“calf”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		犢
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		牛犢, 小牛
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	牛犢兒, 牛犢子, 犢兒, 犢子
	Taiwan	牛犢, 小牛
	Chengde	牛犢子
	Chifeng	牛犢子
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	牛犢子
	Heihe	牛犢子
	Qiqihar	牛犢子
	Harbin	牛犢子
	Jiamusi	牛犢子
	Baicheng	牛犢子, 小牛
	Changchun	牛犢子
	Tonghua	牛犢子
	Shenyang	牛犢子, 小牛
	Jinzhou	牛犢子, 小牛犢兒
	Singapore	小牛
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	牛犢子
	Tangshan	牛犢子
	Cangzhou	牛犢子
	Baoding	牛犢子
	Shijiazhuang	牛犢子
	Lijin	牛犢子
	Jinan	牛犢, 牛犢子, 牛犢兒
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	牛犢子
	Dandong	牛犢兒, 小牛
	Yantai	牛犢子, 小牛
	Yantai (Muping)	牛犢子, 牛犢兒
	Qingdao	小牛犢子
	Zhucheng	牛犢子
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	牛犢
	Lingbao	牛犢兒, 牛娃兒
	Jining	牛犢子
	Wanrong	牛犢
	Linfen	牛娃
	Shangqiu	牛犢子, 小牛
	Yuanyang	牛犢兒, 小牛
	Zhengzhou	牛犢兒
	Xinyang	牛娃兒
	Baihe	牛娃兒
	Xi'an	牛犢子, 牛犢兒, 牛娃兒
	Baoji	牛犢子
	Tianshui	牛犢子
	Xining	牛犢子, 尕牛犢兒
	Xuzhou	小牛犢兒, 牛犢兒, 小牛犢子, 牛犢子
	Fuyang	牛犢子, 小牛
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	牛娃子, 牛娃兒
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	牛巴郎, 牛巴郎郎, 牛犢子, 小牛娃娃
	Lanzhou	牛犢子
	Dunhuang	牛娃子
	Hami	牛娃子
	Ürümqi	牛娃子, 牛犢子
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	小牛兒, 牛崽崽, 牛兒子
	Nanchong	小牛
	Dazhou	小牛
	Hanyuan	牛兒子
	Xichang	小牛
	Zigong	小牛
	Chongqing	小牛, 牛兒
	Wuhan	小牛, 牛㹙子, 㹙子, 小牛㹙子
	Yichang	小牛
	Xiangyang	牛犢子, 小牛
	Tianmen	小牛
	Guiyang	牛崽, 小牛崽, 小牛兒
	Zunyi	牛崽
	Bijie	小牛兒
	Liping	牛崽
	Zhaotong	小牛兒
	Dali	小牛牛
	Kunming	小牛
	Mengzi	小牛
	Guilin	牛崽
	Liuzhou	牛崽, 小牛
	Nanning (Wuming)	牛崽
	Changde	小牛
	Hanzhong	小牛
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	小牛, 牛犢子, 牛秧子
	Yangzhou	小牛
	Lianyungang	牛犢子
	Lianshui	小牛
	Nantong	小牛
	Anqing	小牛
	Wuhu	小牛
	Hefei	小牛
	Hong'an	小牛, 奶牛
Cantonese	Guangzhou	牛仔
	Hong Kong	牛仔
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	牛仔
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	牛仔
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	牛仔
	Dongguan	牛仔
	Yangjiang	牛仔
	Nanning	牛仔
	Nanning (Tanka)	牛仔
	Wuzhou	牛仔
	Yulin	牛兒
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	𱒃牛
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	牛仔
	Singapore (Guangfu)	牛仔
Gan	Nanchang	牛崽子
	Lichuan	牛崽兒
	Pingxiang	牛崽仔
Hakka	Meixian	細牛仔
	Changting	細牛子
	Wuping	細牛子
	Ninghua	牛仔
	Yudu	牛子
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	牛子
	Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian)	牛子
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian)	牛子
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	牛子, 細牛仔
	Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian)	細隻牛仔
	Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian)	細牛仔
	Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian)	細牛仔
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	牛子, 細牛仔
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	牛子, 細牛
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	牛子, 細牛仔, 細牛
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping)	牛囝
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	牛幺
	Hong Kong	牛仔
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	細牛
	Senai (Huiyang)	牛仔
Huizhou	Jixi	細牛
	Shexian	小牛
	Fuliang	牛矮兒
	Fuliang (Ehu)	矮兒
Jin	Taiyuan	牛犢子, 牛娃子
	Yangyuan	牛犢兒
	Datong	牛犢兒
	Xinzhou	牛犢子, 小牛子
	Lüliang (Lishi)	牛犢兒, 牛條子, 牛不郎
	Changzhi	牛犢子
	Linhe	牛面子
	Jining	牛犢子
	Hohhot	牛犢子
	Erenhot	牛犢子
	Pingshan	牛犢兒, 小牛犢兒
	Zhangjiakou	牛犢子
	Handan	牛犢, 小牛
	Linzhou	牛犢兒
	Suide	牛犢子, 牛不老
Jiuxing Yumin	Lanxi	小牛
Northern Min	Jian'ou	牛仔
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	牛囝
	Fuzhou (Changle)	牛囝
	Fuqing	牛囝
	Yongtai	牛囝
	Gutian	牛囝
	Fu'an	牛囝
	Ningde	牛囝
	Shouning	牛囝
	Zhouning	牛囝
	Fuding	牛囝
Southern Min	Xiamen	牛仔, 牛仔囝
	Quanzhou	牛仔
	Jinjiang	牛仔
	Yongchun	牛囝
	Zhangzhou	牛仔, 牛仔囝
	Zhao'an	牛囝仔
	Taipei (Wanhua)	牛仔囝
	Kaohsiung	牛仔囝
	Yilan	牛仔囝
	Changhua (Lukang)	牛仔囝
	Taichung	牛仔囝
	Taichung (Wuqi)	牛仔囝
	Tainan	牛仔囝
	Taitung	牛仔囝
	Hsinchu	牛仔囝
	Penghu (Magong)	牛仔囝
	Penang (Hokkien)	牛囝
	Singapore (Hokkien)	牛囝
	Chaozhou	牛囝
	Shantou	牛囝
	Bangkok (Teochew)	牛囝
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	牛囝
	Leizhou	牛囝
	Wenchang	牛囝
	Haikou	牛囝
Puxian Min	Putian	牛囝
	Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang)	牛囝
	Xianyou	牛囝
Central Min	Yong'an	牛仔
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Sanxiang)	牛囝
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	牛崽, 細牛
Waxiang	Yuanling (Shaojiwan)	小牛子
Wu	Shanghai (Songjiang)	小牛, 㹙
	Shanghai (Chongming)	小牛
	Suzhou	小牛
	Danyang	小牛
	Hangzhou	小牛
	Ningbo	㹙
	Wenzhou	牛兒, 牛㹙兒, 㹙兒, 牛童兒
	Jinhua	小牛
Xiang	Changsha	牛崽子
	Xiangtan	牛崽唧
	Loudi	牛崽唧
	Shuangfeng	牛崽唧
	Quanzhou	牛崽崽
Xiangnan Tuhua	Dong'an	牛崽唧
Yuebei Tuhua	Shaoguan (Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang)	牛仔
	Shaoguan (Xiangyang, Xihe, Wujiang)	牛仔
	Shaoguan (Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang)	牛仔
	Renhua (Zhoutian)	牛仔
	Renhua (Shitang)	牛仔
	Ruyuan (Songwei, Guitou)	牛仔
	Lechang (Changlai)	牛仔
	Lechang (Beixiang)	牛仔
	Lechang (Huangpu)	牛崽崽
	Lechang (Guitang, Pingshi)	牛崽崽
	Lechang (Sanxi)	牛仔得

Compounds

Japanese

Shinjitai (extended)	㸿
Kyūjitai	犢

Kanji

犢

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 㸿)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Go-on: どく (doku)
Kan-on: とく (toku)
Kun: こうし (koushi, 犢)

Korean

Hanja

犢 • (dok) (hangeul 독, revised dok, McCune–Reischauer tok, Yale tok)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.