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敦

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
敦 U+6566, 敦
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6566
← 敥
[U+6565] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 敧 →
[U+6567]

Translingual

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Han character

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敦 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 卜木人大 (YDOK), four-corner 08440, composition ⿰享攵)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 473, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13276
  • Dae Jaweon: page 826, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1468, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+6566

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 敦
alternative forms
㪟
𦎫
𦎧
𣀦
𢼪
㪟
𦎫
𦎧
𣀦
𢼪
𠧈
𠧉
 

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 敦
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (敦) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
弴 *tjuː, *tuːn
敦 *tuːl, *doːn, *tuːn, *tuːns
錞 *duːlʔ, *duːls, *djun
憝 *duːls
憞 *duːls
譈 *duːls
鐓 *duːls
鷻 *doːn
鶉 *doːn, *djun
惇 *tuːn, *tjun
墩 *tuːn
驐 *tuːn
燉 *tuːns, *tʰuːn, *duːn
焞 *tʰuːn, *djun
啍 *tʰuːn, *duːn
暾 *tʰuːn
噋 *tʰuːn, *kʰʷaːɡ
諄 *tjun, *tjuns
埻 *tjunʔ, *kʷaːɡ, *kʷreːɡ
稕 *tjuns
醇 *djun
淳 *djun
犉 *njun

Originally written 𦎫 in oracle bone script and bronze script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 亯 (“ancestral shrine”) + 羊 (“sheep”). According to Ma Rulin (馬如森), the character represents a cooked goat used as a sacrifice. According to Ma Xulun (馬敍倫) and Yang Shuda (楊樹達), the character's original meanings was "to cook" and is the original form of 燉.

Later used to mean “to force; to compel” and came to be written with 攴, making the modern form an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːl, *doːn, *tuːn, *tuːns) : phonetic 𦎫 () + semantic 攴 (“hand”). The character 燉 was graphically shaped after the modern version.

Etymology 1

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“thick; earnest; plentiful; large”
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t/d)ow-n (“thick”).
“Tun”
From Malay Tun.

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 敦
Reading # 2/4
Initial (聲) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 魂 (55)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 都昆切
Baxter twon
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/tuən/
Pan
Wuyun 		/tuon/
Shao
Rongfen 		/tuən/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/twən/
Li
Rong 		/tuən/
Wang
Li 		/tuən/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/tuən/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		dūn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		deon1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 敦 敦
Reading # 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		dūn dūn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ twon › ‹ twon ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tˁur/ /*tˁur/
English solid, thick 敦煌 ~ 燉煌 Dūnhuáng

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 敦
Reading # 3/4
No. 2597
Phonetic
component 		敦
Rime
group 		文
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		敦
Old
Chinese 		/*tuːn/

Definitions

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敦

  1. † angry
  2. to urge
  3. † to advise and encourage
  4. † diligent
  5. earnest; honest; generous
  6. † intimate
  7. † thick
  8. † plentiful; rich
  9. † large
  10. † to attach importance to; to esteem; to revere
  11. † to put something down with great force
  12. A river in Shanxi
  13. (Malaysia) Tun (Malay honorific title)
  14. a surname

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Definitions

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敦

  1. (historical) ancient vessel used to hold grains

Compounds

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Etymology 3

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Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 敦
Reading # 1/4
Initial (聲) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 灰 (42)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 都回切
Baxter twoj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/tuʌi/
Pan
Wuyun 		/tuoi/
Shao
Rongfen 		/tuɒi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/twəj/
Li
Rong 		/tuᴀi/
Wang
Li 		/tuɒi/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/tuɑ̆i/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		duī
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		deoi1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 敦
Reading # 1/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		duī
Middle
Chinese 		‹ twoj ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tˁur/ (dialect: *-r > *-j)
English manage, direct

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 敦
Reading # 1/4
No. 2587
Phonetic
component 		敦
Rime
group 		微
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		磓
Old
Chinese 		/*tuːl/

Definitions

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敦

  1. † to administer; to manage
  2. † solitary
  3. † to throw
  4. † to force upon

Etymology 4

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See 團 (OC *doːn).

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 敦
Reading # 3/4
Initial (聲) 定 (7)
Final (韻) 桓 (62)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 度官切
Baxter dwan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/duɑn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/dʷɑn/
Shao
Rongfen 		/duɑn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/dwan/
Li
Rong 		/duɑn/
Wang
Li 		/duɑn/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/dʱuɑn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		tuán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		tyun4
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 敦
Reading # 2/4
No. 2594
Phonetic
component 		敦
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		團
Old
Chinese 		/*doːn/

Definitions

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敦

  1. † clustered
  2. † Alternative form of 團／团 (tuán, “round”)

Etymology 5

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Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 敦
Reading # 4/4
Initial (聲) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 魂 (55)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 都困切
Baxter twonH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/tuənH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/tuonH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/tuənH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/twənH/
Li
Rong 		/tuənH/
Wang
Li 		/tuənH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/tuənH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		dùn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		deon3

Definitions

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敦

  1. † to erect
  2. † Alternative form of 墩 (dūn, “mound”)

Etymology 6

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Pronunciation

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Definitions

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敦

  1. Only used in 混敦 and 敦然.

Etymology 7

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Pronunciation

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Definitions

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敦

  1. Only used in 敦恨.

Etymology 8

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For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 雕 (“to engrave; to inlay; to carve; carving; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 雕).

Etymology 9

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For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 燾.
(This character is a variant form of 燾).

Etymology 10

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For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 淳 (“thick; honest; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 淳).

Etymology 11

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For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 屯 (“village; hamlet; military camp; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 屯).

Etymology 12

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For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 墩 (“mound; block of stone or wood; etc.”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 墩).
Notes:

Etymology 13

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For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 礅 (“large stone”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 礅).
Notes:

Etymology 14

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For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 蹾 (“to put down suddenly”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 蹾).
Notes:

Etymology 15

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For pronunciation and definitions of 敦 – see 撴 (“to hold tight; to seize; to jolt; to thump”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 撴).
Notes:

References

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  • “敦”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “敦”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 57.

Japanese

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Kanji

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敦

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

  1. kindness, affinity

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology

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Kanji in this term
敦
たい
Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 敦 (MC twoj|twon|dwan|twonH).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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敦(たい) • (tai) 

  1. dui (vessel)

Proper noun

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敦(あつし) or 敦(つとむ) • (Atsushi or Tsutomu) 

  1. a male given name

References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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敦 (eumhun 쪼을 퇴 (jjo'eul toe))

  1. hanja form? of 퇴 (“peck”)

敦 (eumhun 모을 퇴 (mo'eul toe))

  1. hanja form? of 퇴 (“collect, gather”)

敦 (eumhun 다스릴 퇴 (daseuril toe))

  1. hanja form? of 퇴 (“manage, govern, administer”)

敦 (eumhun 끊을 퇴 (kkeuneul toe))

  1. hanja form? of 퇴 (“sever, cut off, put down”)

敦 (eumhun 곱송거릴 퇴 (gopsonggeoril toe))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

敦 (eumhun 성낼 퇴 (seongnael toe))

  1. hanja form? of 퇴 (“angry, furious”)

敦 (eumhun 도타울 돈 (dotaul don))

  1. hanja form? of 돈 (“esteem”)
  2. hanja form? of 돈 (“honest, candid, sincere”)

Vietnamese

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Han character

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敦: Hán Việt readings: đôn (都(đô)昆(côn)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4], dun[4]
敦: Nôm readings: đon[1][2][3][5][6][7], run[1][2][3][4][6][7], xôn[2][5][4], xun[3][5][6], đôn[3][4][7], giun[4][6][7], dun[4][6][7], don[4][6][7], dồn[1][2], ton[3][5], rủn[3][6], gion[5][6], chon[1], trôn[1], đun[1], dôn[3], giôn[3], đùn[3], đũn[6], dún[7]

  1. Nôm form of run (“to tremble; to shiver”).

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Bonet (1899).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Hồ (1976).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Génibrel (1898).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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