Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰelh₃-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵʰelh₃-

1. to flourish
2. green, yellow

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰelh₃- (50 c, 0 e)

• *ǵʰélh₃-ye-ti (ye-present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źelˀtei
    • Latvian: zelt
    • Lithuanian: žélti
• *ǵʰélh₃-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-és
  • Proto-Germanic: *gulaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *helos
    • Old Latin: helus
      • Latin: holus (“vegetable; greens”)
• *ǵʰolh₃-éh₂
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰolā́ (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰarHáH
    • Proto-Iranian: *jarHáH
      • Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬀 (zāra, “gall”)
      • Middle Persian: [Term?] (/⁠zahrag⁠/, “gall, bile”)
        • Persian: زهره (zahre, “gall”), زهله (zahle)
• *ǵʰólh₃-i-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-éy-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰárHiš (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰolh₃-n-éh₂
  • ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *gallǭ (“gall, bile”) (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰl̥h₃-no-s
  • Proto-Celtic: *glanos (“clean, clear”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰelh₃-o-s
  • Proto-Celtic: *gelos (“bright, white”) (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰl̥h₃-ró-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰlōrós
    • Ancient Greek: χλωρός (khlōrós, “bright green, yellow”)
    • Phrygian: γλουρος (glouros)
• *ǵʰl̥h₃-tó-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gilˀtas
    • Latvian: dzeltens, dzelts (dialectal)
    • Lithuanian: gel̃tas
    • Proto-Slavic: *žьltъ (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *gulþą (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰelh₃-wó-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: žel̃vas
  • Proto-Germanic: *gelwaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰelh₃-i-wó-s
  • Proto-Italic: *heliwos (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰleh₃- (metathesized)
  • *ǵʰleh₃-(e)-ti (root present)
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *glōaną (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰelh₃-en-

• *ǵʰélh₃en-o-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źel-
    • Proto-Slavic: *zelènъ (“green”) (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰl̥h₃en-yó-m
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰelh₃-t-

• *ǵʰélh₃t-o-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Latgalian: zalts
    • Latvian: zelts
• *ǵʰólh₃t-o-m
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *zolto (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰl̥h₃t-tó-s
  • Proto-Celtic: *glastos (see there for further descendants)

• Unsorted formations:
  • Albanian: diell