List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 283

Supreme Court of the United States
38°53′26″N 77°00′16″W
Established	March 4, 1789 (1789-03-04)
Location	Washington, D.C.
Coordinates	38°53′26″N 77°00′16″W
Composition method	Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation
Authorised by	Constitution of the United States, Art. III, § 1
Judge term length	life tenure, subject to impeachment and removal
Number of positions	9 (by statute)
Website	supremecourt.gov

This is a list of cases reported in volume 283 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1931.

Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 283 U.S.

See also: List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

See also: List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office

See also: List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition

The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789, Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice).

When the cases in volume 283 were decided the Court comprised the following nine members:

Portrait	Justice	Office	Home State	Succeeded	Date confirmed by the Senate (Vote)	Tenure on Supreme Court
	Charles Evans Hughes	Chief Justice	New York	William Howard Taft	February 13, 1930 (52–26)	February 24, 1930 – June 30, 1941 (Retired)
	Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.	Associate Justice	Massachusetts	Horace Gray	December 4, 1902 (Acclamation)	December 8, 1902 – January 12, 1932 (Retired)
	Willis Van Devanter	Associate Justice	Wyoming	Edward Douglass White (as Associate Justice)	December 15, 1910 (Acclamation)	January 3, 1911 – June 2, 1937 (Retired)
	James Clark McReynolds	Associate Justice	Tennessee	Horace Harmon Lurton	August 29, 1914 (44–6)	October 12, 1914 – January 31, 1941 (Retired)
	Louis Brandeis	Associate Justice	Massachusetts	Joseph Rucker Lamar	June 1, 1916 (47–22)	June 5, 1916 – February 13, 1939 (Retired)
	George Sutherland	Associate Justice	Utah	John Hessin Clarke	September 5, 1922 (Acclamation)	October 2, 1922 – January 17, 1938 (Retired)
	Pierce Butler	Associate Justice	Minnesota	William R. Day	December 21, 1922 (61–8)	January 2, 1923 – November 16, 1939 (Died)
	Harlan F. Stone	Associate Justice	New York	Joseph McKenna	February 5, 1925 (71–6)	March 2, 1925 – July 2, 1941 (Continued as chief justice)
	Owen Roberts	Associate Justice	Pennsylvania	Edward Terry Sanford	May 20, 1930 (Acclamation)	June 2, 1930 – July 31, 1945 (Resigned)

Notable Cases in 283 U.S.

Stromberg v. California

Stromberg v. California, 283 U.S. 359 (1931), is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court in which the Court held that a California statute banning red flags was unconstitutional because it violated the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. In the case, Yetta Stromberg was convicted for displaying a red flag daily in the youth camp for children at which she worked, and was charged under the California law. Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes wrote for the seven-justice majority that the California statute was unconstitutional, and therefore Stromberg's conviction could not stand. This decision is considered a landmark in the history of First Amendment constitutional law, as it was one of the first cases in which the Court extended the Fourteenth Amendment to include a protection of the substance of the First Amendment, in this case symbolic speech or "expressive conduct", from state infringement.

Near v. Minnesota ex rel. Olson

Near v. Minnesota ex rel. Olson, 283 U.S. 697 (1931), is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court under which prior restraint on publication was found to violate freedom of the press as protected under the First Amendment. This principle was applied to free speech generally in later jurisprudence. The Court ruled that a Minnesota law that targeted publishers of "malicious" or "scandalous" newspapers violated the First Amendment to the United States Constitution (as applied through the Fourteenth Amendment). Legal scholar and columnist Anthony Lewis called Near the Court's "first great press case". It was later a key precedent in New York Times Co. v. United States (1971), in which the Court ruled against the Nixon administration's attempt to enjoin publication of the Pentagon Papers.

Federal court system

See also: United States district court

See also: United States court of appeals

See also: United States federal courts

Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region.

The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1, 1912, the effective date of the Judicial Code of 1911, the old Circuit Courts were abolished, with their remaining trial court jurisdiction transferred to the U.S. District Courts.

List of cases in volume 283 U.S.

See also: Hughes Court

Case name	Citation	Opinion of the Court	Vote	Concurring opinion or statement	Dissenting opinion or statement	Procedural jurisdiction	Result
American Fruit Growers, Inc. v. Brogdex Company	283 U.S. 1 (1931)	McReynolds	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (3d Cir.)	judgment reversed
Milliken v. United States	283 U.S. 15 (1931)	Stone	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.)	judgment affirmed
McBoyle v. United States	283 U.S. 25 (1931)	Holmes	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (10th Cir.)	judgment reversed
Carbice Corporation of America v. American Patents Development Corporation I	283 U.S. 27 (1931)	Brandeis	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.)	judgment reversed
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company v. United States	283 U.S. 35 (1931)	Butler	9-0	none	none	appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia (S.D.W. Va.)	judgment affirmed
United States v. Munson Steamship Line	283 U.S. 43 (1931)	Hughes	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (4th Cir.)	judgment affirmed
Phillippides v. Day, Commissioner of Immigration	283 U.S. 48 (1931)	Holmes	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.)	judgment affirmed
United States ex rel. Cateches v. Day, Commissioner of Immigration	283 U.S. 51 (1931)	Holmes	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.)	judgment affirmed
Carr, Director of Immigration v. Zaja	283 U.S. 52 (1931)	Holmes	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (9th Cir.)	judgment reversed
Flynn v. New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Company	283 U.S. 53 (1931)	Holmes	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the Supreme Court of Errors of Connecticut (Conn.)	judgment affirmed
Storaasli v. Minnesota	283 U.S. 57 (1931)	Roberts	8-0[a]	none	none	appeal from the Minnesota Supreme Court (Minn.)	judgment affirmed
United States v. Utah	283 U.S. 64 (1931)	Hughes	9-0	none	none	original	decree dismissing complaint of the United States so far as it relates to the beds of the portions of the Green, Grand, and Colorado Rivers found to be navigable
Herron v. Southern Pacific Company	283 U.S. 91 (1931)	Hughes	9-0	none	none	certified questions from the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (9th Cir.)	certified questions answered
Columbus and Greenville Railway Company v. Miller, State Tax Collector ex rel. Mississippi Levee District	283 U.S. 96 (1931)	Hughes	9-0	none	none	appeal from, and certiorari to, the Mississippi Supreme Court (Miss.)	judgment reversed
United States v. Wells	283 U.S. 102 (1931)	Hughes	8-0[b]	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.)	judgment affirmed
Smith v. Springdale Amusement Park, Ltd.	283 U.S. 121 (1931)	Hughes	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (6th Cir.)	decree affirmed
Hans Rees' Sons, Inc. v. North Carolina ex rel. Maxwell, Commissioner of Revenue	283 U.S. 123 (1931)	Hughes	9-0	none	none	appeal from the North Carolina Supreme Court (N.C.)	judgment reversed, and cause remanded
Southern Railroad Company v. Hussey	283 U.S. 136 (1931)	Holmes	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (8th Cir.)	judgment affirmed
Eckert v. Burnet, Commissioner of Internal Revenue	283 U.S. 140 (1931)	Holmes	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.)	judgment affirmed
First National Bank of Chicago v. United States	283 U.S. 142 (1931)	McReynolds	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.)	judgment affirmed
Burnet, Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Whitehouse	283 U.S. 148 (1931)	McReynolds	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1st Cir.)	judgment affirmed
Farbwerke Vormals Meister Lucius und Bruning v. Chemical Foundation, Inc.	283 U.S. 152 (1931)	McReynolds	7-0[c] [d]	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (3d Cir.)	decree affirmed
Standard Oil Company (Indiana) v. United States I	283 U.S. 163 (1931)	Brandeis	8-0[d]	none	none	appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (N.D. Ill.)	decree reversed
Interstate Transit, Inc. v. Lindsey	283 U.S. 183 (1931)	Brandeis	8-1	none	McReynolds (without opinion)	appeal from the Tennessee Supreme Court (Tenn.)	judgment reversed
Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.	283 U.S. 191 (1931)	Brandeis	9-0	none	none	certified question from the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (8th Cir.)	certified question answered
Jewell-LaSalle Realty Company v. Buck	283 U.S. 202 (1931)	Brandeis	9-0	none	none	certified questions from the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (8th Cir.)	certified questions answered
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company v. Martin	283 U.S. 209 (1931)	Sutherland	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia (Va.)	judgment reversed
Burnet, Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Houston	283 U.S. 223 (1931)	Sutherland	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (3d Cir.)	judgment reversed
Burnet, Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Henry	283 U.S. 229 (1931)	Sutherland	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (3d Cir.)	judgment reversed
Burnet, Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Porter	283 U.S. 230 (1931)	Sutherland	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (3d Cir.)	judgment reversed
Klein v. United States	283 U.S. 231 (1931)	Sutherland	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.)	judgment affirmed
Standard Oil Company (Indiana) v. United States II	283 U.S. 235 (1931)	Sutherland	9-0	none	none	appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana (N.D. Ind.)	order of dismissal affirmed
New York Life Insurance Company v. Bowers	283 U.S. 242 (1931)	Butler	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.)	judgments affirmed
Missouri Pacific Railroad Company v. Norwood, Attorney General of Arkansas	283 U.S. 249 (1931)	Butler	9-0	none	none	appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas (W.D. Ark.)	decree affirmed
Bonwit Teller and Company v. United States	283 U.S. 258 (1931)	Butler	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.)	judgment reversed
Pagel v. MacLean	283 U.S. 266 (1931)	Stone	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the Minnesota Supreme Court (Minn.)	judgment vacated, and cause remanded
United States v. Felt and Tarrant Manufacturing Company	283 U.S. 269 (1931)	Stone	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.)	judgment reversed
Maynard v. Elliott, Trustee in Bankruptcy	283 U.S.273 (1931)	Stone	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (6th Cir.)	judgment reversed, and cause remanded
Group No. 1 Oil Corporation v. Bass	283 U.S. 279 (1931)	Stone	8-0[b]	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (5th Cir.)	judgment affirmed
Standard Marine Insurance Company v. Scottish Metropolitan Assurance Company	283 U.S. 284 (1931)	Stone	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (6th Cir.)	judgment affirmed
Susquehanna Power Company v. State Tax Commission of Maryland I	283 U.S. 291 (1931)	Stone	9-0	none	none	appeal from the Maryland Court of Appeals (Md.)	judgment affirmed
Susquehanna Power Company v. State Tax Commission of Maryland II	283 U.S. 297 (1931)	Stone	9-0	none	none	appeal from the Maryland Court of Appeals (Md.)	dismissed
Burnet, Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Thompson Oil and Gas Company	283 U.S. 301 (1931)	Roberts	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (10th Cir.)	judgment reversed
Aldridge v. United States	283 U.S. 308 (1931)	Hughes	8-1	none	McReynolds (opinion)	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (D.C. Cir.)	judgment reversed
Straton v. New	283 U.S. 318 (1931)	Roberts	9-0	none	none	certified question from the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (4th Cir.)	certified question answered
State-Planters Bank and Trust Company v. Parker	283 U.S. 332 (1931)	Roberts	9-0	none	none	certified question from the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (4th Cir.)	certificate dismissed
New Jersey v. New York	283 U.S. 336 (1931)	Holmes	7-0[b] [e]	none	none	original	various decrees regarding New York state diverting waters from the Delaware River
Smoot Sand and Gravel Corporation v. Washington Airport, Inc.	283 U.S. 348 (1931)	Holmes	8-1	none	McReynolds (opinion)	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (4th Cir.)	decree reversed
Twin City Pipe Line Company v. Harding Glass Company	283 U.S. 353 (1931)	Butler	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (8th Cir.)	decree reversed
Stromberg v. California	283 U.S. 359 (1931)	Hughes	7-2	none	McReynolds (opinion); Butler (opinion)	appeal from the California District Court of Appeal (Cal. D. Ct. App.)	judgment reversed
Graniteville Manufacturing Company v. Query	283 U.S. 376 (1931)	Hughes	9-0	none	none	appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina (E.D.S.C.)	order affirmed
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Company v. Railroad Commission of California	283 U.S. 380 (1931)	Hughes	8-1	none	McReynolds (brief statement)	appeals from the California Supreme Court (Cal.)	judgments affirmed
Frank L. Young Company v. McNeal-Edwards Company	283 U.S. 398 (1931)	Holmes	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1st Cir.)	judgment reversed
Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company v. Powe	283 U.S. 401 (1931)	Holmes	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the South Carolina Supreme Court (S.C.)	judgment reversed
Burnet, Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Logan	283 U.S. 404 (1931)	McReynolds	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.)	judgments affirmed
United States ex rel. McLennan v. Wilbur, Secretary of the Interior	283 U.S. 414 (1931)	McReynolds	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (D.C. Cir.)	judgments affirmed
Carbice Corporation of America v. American Patents Development Company II	283 U.S. 420 (1931)	Brandeis	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.)	judgment affirmed
Arizona v. California	283 U.S. 423 (1931)	Brandeis	8-1	none	McReynolds (without opinion)	original	bill dismissed
East Ohio Gas Company v. Tax Commission of Ohio	283 U.S. 465 (1931)	Butler	9-0	none	none	appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio (S.D. Ohio)	decree affirmed
New Jersey v. City of New York	283 U.S. 473 (1931)	Butler	9-0	none	none	original	New Jersey entitled to injunction
Nash-Breyer Motor Company v. Burnet, Commissioner of Internal Revenue	283 U.S. 483 (1931)	Stone	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.)	judgment affirmed
McCaughn, Collector of Internal Revenue v. Hershey Chocolate Company	283 U.S. 488 (1931)	Stone	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (3d Cir.)	judgment reversed
Gasoline Products Company v. Champlin Refining Company	283 U.S. 494 (1931)	Stone	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1st Cir.)	judgment reversed
Merchants Warehouse Company v. United States	283 U.S. 501 (1931)	Stone	8-0[b]	none	none	appeals from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (E.D. Pa.)	judgment affirmed
Custer v. McCutcheon	283 U.S. 514 (1931)	Roberts	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (9th Cir.)	judgment reversed
Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad Company v. Moquin	283 U.S. 520 (1931)	Roberts	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the Minnesota Supreme Court (Minn.)	judgment reversed, and cause remanded
Baldwin v. Iowa State Traveling Men's Association	283 U.S. 522 (1931)	Roberts	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (8th Cir.)	judgment reversed, and cause remanded
State Board of Tax Commissioners of Indiana v. Jackson	283 U.S. 527 (1931)	Roberts	5-4	none	Sutherland (opinion; with which VanDevanter, McReynolds, and Butler concurred)	appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana (S.D. Ind.)	judgment of the district court reversed, and cause remanded with instructions to dismiss the bill
Smith v. Cahoon	283 U.S. 553 (1931)	Hughes	9-0	none	none	appeal from the Florida Supreme Court (Fla.)	judgment reversed, and cause remanded
Northport Power and Light Company v. Hartley, Governor of Washington	283 U.S. 568 (1931)	Holmes	9-0	none	none	appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington (W.D. Wash.)	decree affirmed
Indian Motocycle Company v. United States	283 U.S. 570 (1931)	VanDevanter	7-2	Holmes ("acquiesces in this decision")	Stone (opinion; with which Brandeis concurred)	certified question from the United States Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.)	certified question answered
Maas and Waldstein Company v. United States	283 U.S. 583 (1931)	McReynolds	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.)	judgment affirmed
Phillips v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue	283 U.S. 589 (1931)	Brandeis	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.)	judgment affirmed
United States v. Macintosh	283 U.S. 605 (1931)	Sutherland	5-4	none	Hughes (opinion; with which Holmes, Brandeis, and Stone concurred)	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.)	decree reversed
United States v. Bland	283 U.S. 636 (1931)	Sutherland	5-4	none	Hughes (opinion; with which Holmes, Brandeis, and Stone concurred)	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.)	decree reversed
Fetters, U.S. Marshal v. United States ex rel. Cunningham	283 U.S. 638 (1931)	Sutherland	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (3d Cir.)	judgment reversed, and cause remanded
Federal Trade Commission v. Raladam Company	283 U.S. 643 (1931)	Sutherland	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (6th Cir.)	decree affirmed
Lewis-Simas-Jones Company v. Southern Pacific Company	283 U.S. 654 (1931)	Butler	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the California Courts of Appeal (Cal. Dist. Ct. App.)	judgment reversed
DeForest Radio Company v. General Electric Company	283 U.S. 664 (1931)	Stone	9-0	McReynolds (without opinion)	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (3d Cir.)	judgment reversed
Great Northern Railroad Company v. Delmar Company	283 U.S. 686 (1931)	Roberts	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (8th Cir.)	judgment reversed, and cause remanded
Choteau v. Burnet, Commissioner of Internal Revenue	283 U.S. 691 (1931)	Roberts	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (10th Cir.)	judgment affirmed
Near v. Minnesota ex rel. Olson	283 U.S. 697 (1931)	Hughes	5-4	none	Butler (opinion; with which VanDevanter, McReynolds, and Sutherland concurred)	appeal from the Minnesota Supreme Court (Minn.)	judgment reversed
United States v. Equitable Trust Company of New York	283 U.S. 738 (1931)	VanDevanter	8-0[d]	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.)	decree modified and affirmed
Mott v. United States	283 U.S. 747 (1931)	VanDevanter	8-0[d]	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (10th Cir.)	decree affirmed
Halbert v. United States	283 U.S. 753 (1931)	VanDevanter	9-0	none	none	certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (9th Cir.)	decrees reversed
Georgia Public Service Commission v. United States	283 U.S. 765 (1931)	Brandeis	9-0	none	none	appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia (N.D. Ga.)	judgment affirmed
Alabama v. United States	283 U.S. 776 (1931)	Brandeis	9-0	none	none	appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama (N.D. Ala.)	decree affirmed

[a] Butler took no part in the case

[b] Roberts took no part in the case

[c] Sutherland took no part in the case

[d] Stone took no part in the case

[e] Hughes took no part in the case

External links

• [1] Case reports in volume 283 from Library of Congress
• [2] Case reports in volume 283 from Court Listener
• [3] Case reports in volume 283 from the Caselaw Access Project of Harvard Law School
• [4] Case reports in volume 283 from Google Scholar
• [5] Case reports in volume 283 from Justia
• [6] Case reports in volume 283 from Open Jurist
• Website of the United States Supreme Court
• United States Courts website about the Supreme Court
• National Archives, Records of the Supreme Court of the United States
• American Bar Association, How Does the Supreme Court Work?
• The Supreme Court Historical Society