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Video editing

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Video editing is the post-production and arrangement of video shots. To showcase perfect video editing to the public, video editors must be reasonable and ensure they have a superior understanding of film, television, and other sorts of videography.[1] Video editing structures and presents all video information, including films and television shows, video advertisements and video essays. Video editing has been dramatically democratized in recent years by editing software available for personal computers. Editing video can be difficult and tedious, so several technologies have been produced to aid people in this task. Overall, video editing has a wide variety of styles and applications.

Types of editing

Though once the province of expensive machines called video editors, video editing software is now available for personal computers and workstations. Video editing includes cutting segments (trimming), re-sequencing clips, and adding transitions and other special effects.[2]

  • Linear video editing uses video tape and is edited sequentially. Several video clips from different tapes are recorded to one single tape in the order that they will appear.
  • Non-linear editing systems (NLE) allow video(s) to be edited on computers with specialized software. This process is not destructive to the raw video footage and is done by using programs such as DaVinci Resolve, Avid Media Composer, Adobe Premiere Pro and Final Cut Pro.
  • Offline editing is the process by which raw footage is copied from an original source, without affecting the original film stock or video tape. Once the editing is complete, the original media is then re-assembled in the online editing stage.
  • Online editing is the process of reassembling the edit to a full resolution video after an offline edit has been performed. It is done in the final stage of a video production.
  • Cloud-based editing is the process of utilising the internet to work with content remotely, collaboratively or of a time-critical nature such as editing of live sports events in real-time using video proxies (lower resolution copies) of original material.
  • Vision mixing is used when working within live television and video production environments. A vision mixer is used to cut live feed coming from several cameras in real time.

Background

Video editing table

Video editing is one of the most crucial steps of the post-production process. The process combines all motion video production footage, special effects and sound recordings to create a compelling visual story. Before editing film, makers would require the camera to be stationary, with the action being distant from the camera. The video was captured with single shots strung together without regard for continuity, screen direction, lighting, emotional consideration, etc.[3] Using video footage, a director can communicate non-fictional and fictional events. The goal of editing is to combine video and sound to communicate to the audience and allow them to feel emotionally connected to the story. It is a visual art.[4]

Motion picture film editing is a predecessor to video editing and, in several ways, video editing simulates motion picture film editing. Video editing was first introduced with the use of linear video editing, which was performed before digital software. Followed by video editing software on non-linear editing systems (NLE).

Linear editing

The first type of editing in the early 1900s was made with scissors, tape, and an editing table. Since editors could not view their edits while in the process, holding the film to the light was their only way of viewing their work. With the invention of the Moviola in the 1920s, a machine that allowed editors to see the film and make precise edits to deliver a better film.[5] this process was used for about fifty years and helped advance video editing.

In the 1950s, video tape recorders (VTR) were invented and it was a defining element in the advancement of video editing. The VTR was the first device to use magnetic tape and was revolutionary due to how it recorded video. The VTR was a revolutionary addition to video editing but had major drawbacks the quality degradation caused by copying was so great, that a 2-inch Quadruplex videotape was edited by visualizing the recorded track with ferrofluid, cutting it with a razor blade or guillotine cutter, and splicing with video tape. The two pieces of tape to be joined were painted with a solution of extremely fine iron filings suspended in carbon tetrachloride, a toxic and carcinogenic compound. This "developed" the magnetic tracks (tape), making them visible when viewed through a microscope so that they could be aligned in a splicer designed for this task. The process did allowed editors to play back their video but only at one speed and to mark the point of cut an editor had to be very precise.This process was used up until the late 1990s and early 2000s but the evolution of video editing continued. By the 1960s the EECO 900 was invented as well as the Ampex EDITEC which allowed for electronic editing and electronic editing controller.[citation needed]

Vision mixer

Improvements in quality and economy, and the invention of the flying erase-head, allowed new video and audio material to be recorded over the material already present on an existing magnetic tape. This was introduced into the linear editing technique. If a scene closer to the beginning of the video tape needed to be changed in length, all later scenes would need to be recorded onto the video tape again in sequence. In addition, sources could be played back simultaneously through a vision mixer (video switcher) to create more complex transitions between scenes. A popular 1970-80s system for creating these transitions was the U-matic equipment (named for the U-shaped tape path). That system used two tape players and one tape recorder, and edits were done by automatically having the machines back up, then speed up together simultaneously, so that the edit didn't roll or glitch. Later, in the 1980-90's came the smaller beta equipment (named for the B-shaped tape path), and more complex controllers, some of which did the synchronizing electronically.

Non-linear editing

Non-linear editing (NLE) was first introduced in the 1970s with the CMX 600, which allowed editors to modify and edit the pieces of footage to be moved and placed in an alternate timeline and preserving the original footage, the ability to work on any segment in the video in any order.[5] In 1984, the invention of the Editdroid created by LucasFilm allowed editors a computerized editing system that stored large quantities of high definition footage.[6]

Video editing controller Sony BVE-600 for the analog U-Matic system, 1980s

There was a transitional analog period using multiple source videocassette recorders (VCR) with the Montage Picture Processor[7] and Ediflex,[8] or EditDroid using LaserDisc players, but modern NLE systems edit video digitally captured onto a hard drive from an analog video or digital video source. Content is ingested and recorded natively with the appropriate codec that the video editing software uses to process captured footage. With high-definition video becoming more popular and it can be readily edited using the same video editing software along with related motion graphics programs. In the late 1980s and early 1990s at home NLE software became more apparent on home computers using software such as Avid Media Composer and Adobe Premiere. The video clips are arranged on a timeline, music tracks, titles, digital on-screen graphics are added, special effects can be created, and the finished program is "rendered" into a finished video. The video may then be distributed in a variety of ways including DVD, web streaming, QuickTime Movies, iPod, CD-ROM, or video tape.

By the 2000s, NLE had become accessible to everyone, with advanced of central processing units (CPUs) on personal computers giving the ability to edit at home with higher resolutions.

Home video editing

A woman editing a video using iMovie

Like some other technologies, the cost of video editing has declined over time. The original 2" Quadruplex system costs so much, that many television production facilities could only afford a single unit, and editing was a highly involved process that required special training.

In contrast to this, nearly any home computer sold since the year 2000 has the speed and storage capacity to digitize and edit standard-definition television (SDTV). The two major retail operating systems include basic video editing software – Apple's iMovie and Microsoft's Windows Movie Maker. Additional options exist, usually as more advanced commercial products. As well as these commercial products, there are open-source[9] video-editing programs. Automatic video editing products have also emerged, opening up video editing to a broader audience of amateurs and reducing the time it takes to edit videos. These exist usually as media storage services, such as Google with its Google Photos[10] or smaller companies like Vidify.

Current applications

Video editing can be used for many purposes. Every social media app, workplace, YouTube video, and educational institute use this skill to create something visually appealing and informational.[11]

Collaborative video editing
  • Personal use—Many programs online are easily obtainable to download from anyone's personal computer. Adobe, Canva, and Filmora are a couple examples of programs that are downloadable for anyone to use.[12]
  • Virtual reality—Advancements are being made to help with editing spherical video used in virtual reality settings. The ability to edit in virtual reality was created so that users would be able to check their video edits in real time, without having to continually view the video in a headset between edits.[13]
  • Social media—Video editing can be used for entertainment and other purposes on YouTube and other social media sites. School teachers have used video editing to help their students retain information and extend lessons outside the classroom.[14]

Future applications

Extracurricular courses in elementary schools throughout the United States have been started to educate students on the importance of video editing and practice video production.[15] Notable themes of videos being taught in schools include music videos and short documentaries; some of which win awards such as one from Panasonic.

See also

References

  1. ^ Wang, Zejun (2021-06-09). "Analysis on the Application of Video Editing Skills Based on Image Mosaic in Film and Television Works". 2021 2nd International Conference on Computers, Information Processing and Advanced Education. CIPAE 2021. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1446–1449. doi:10.1145/3456887.3459697. ISBN 978-1-4503-8996-9. S2CID 235381487.
  2. ^ "What is video editing?". Webopedia. 6 October 1997. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  3. ^ "Chapter 1 The Silent Period - The Technique of Film and Video Editing, 5th Edition [Book]". www.oreilly.com. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
  4. ^ "The Art Of Film And Video Editing Part-1 « Video University". 1 March 2012. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  5. ^ a b "Evolution of Video Editing". www.skillmanvideogroup.com. 2019-12-30. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
  6. ^ "Lucasfilm Originals: The EditDroid • Lucasfilm". Lucasfilm. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
  7. ^ American Cinemeditor Fall-88 Vol.38 #3 pg. Nine http://americancinemaeditors.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ce88fall88.pdf
  8. ^ Sontag, Sherry (1986-10-19). "FILM EDITING GOES ELECTRONIC". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  9. ^ "Best free video editing software". Tale Production. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  10. ^ "Create movies, animations & collages - Android - Google Photos Help". Support.google.com. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  11. ^ Mackay, Wendy E.; Davenport, Glorianna (July 1989). "Virtual video editing in interactive multimedia applications". Communications of the ACM. 32 (7): 802–810. doi:10.1145/65445.65447. S2CID 11325781.
  12. ^ "How to Make Home Videos for Your Family Look Professional". www.movavi.com. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
  13. ^ Nguyen, Cuong; DiVerdi, Stephen; Hertzmann, Aaron; Liu, Feng (2017). "Vremiere". Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Chi '17. Denver, Colorado, USA: ACM Press. pp. 5428–5438. doi:10.1145/3025453.3025675. ISBN 9781450346559. S2CID 10639858.
  14. ^ Dreon, Oliver; Kerper, Richard M.; Landis, Jon (May 2011). "Digital Storytelling: A Tool for Teaching and Learning in the YouTube Generation". Middle School Journal. 42 (5): 4–10. doi:10.1080/00940771.2011.11461777. ISSN 0094-0771. S2CID 12395064.
  15. ^ Wong, Wylie. "Students Adopt Software to Create Digital Stories". Technology Solutions That Drive Education. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
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