User:TzarThePoliticalNerd/sandbox

1968 United States presidential election
538 members of the Electoral College; 270 electoral votes needed to win
	Opinion polls
Turnout	62.5% 0.3 pp
	Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Nixon/Agnew, blue denotes those won by Johnson/Daley, and orange denotes those won by Wallace/LeMay, including several faithless electors. Green denotes faithless electors for McCarthy/McGovern. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state.
President before election; Lyndon B. Johnson; Democratic	Elected President ; Richard Nixon; Republican

Lafayette's Rebellion
	Part of the Atlantic Revolutions
	; Québécois troops led by Lafayette at the Battle of Quebec City, 1783
Date	July 10th 1781 – September 18th, 1783
Location	Province of Quebec
Result	British Victory Dissolution of the République du Québec and the St. Lawerance Republic; Thomas Winthrop is appointed the 1st Governor of Lower Canada; The Province of Quebec is split between the newly formed Province of Ohio and Colony of Lower Canada;
Belligerents
St. Lawerance Republic ; British Empire	République du Québec
Commanders and leaders
Thomas Winthrop; James Livingston; Lord Cornwallis	Marquis de Lafayette; Christophe Pélissier
Strength
5,400 soldiers	2,500 soldiers
Casualties and losses
46 dead ; 34 wounded	130 dead, ; 500 wounded

1952 United States presidential election
531 members of the Electoral College; 266 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	52.2% 3.7 pp
	Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by MacArthur/McCarthy, blue denotes those won by Fulbright/Barkley, green denotes those won by Wallace/Roosevelt. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election; Douglas MacArthur; Republican	Elected President ; Douglas MacArthur; Republican

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List of prime ministers of the Dominion of Dixieland
Portrait	Prime minister Office (Lifespan)	Term of office			Mandate^[a]	Ministerial offices held as prime minister	Party	Government	Monarch Reign
Portrait	Prime minister Office (Lifespan)	Start	End	Duration	Mandate^[a]	Ministerial offices held as prime minister	Party	Government	Monarch Reign
	John C. Calhoun MP for Greenwood (1782-1850)	August 17 1841	March 31 1850	8 years, 226 days	(—)	First Lord of the Treasury Leader of Parliament Secretary of War Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs	Queen's Party	Calhoun Caretaker	Victoria r. 1837–1901
					1842			Calhoun II
					1847			Calhoun III
	Zachary Taylor MP for Richmond (1784-1859)	March 31 1850	April 21 1856	6 years, 21 days	(—)	First Lord of the Treasury Leader of Parliament Secretary of War	Queen's Party	Taylor I
	Zachary Taylor MP for Richmond (1784-1859)	March 31 1850	April 21 1856	6 years, 21 days	1852		Queen's Party	Taylor II
	John C. Breckinridge MP for Lexington (1821-1875)	April 21 1856	May 4 1871	15 years, 13 days	1856	First Lord of the Treasury Leader of Parliament Secretary of War First Lord of the Admiralty (And more...)	Queen's Party	Breckinridge I
					1861			Breckinridge War I
					1866			Breckinridge War II
					1868			Breckinridge IV
	Robert E. Lee MP for North Arlington (1807-1878)	May 4 1871	November 1 1876	5 years, 150 days	1871	Secretary of War Leader of Parliament	Queen's Party	Lee
	John S. Carlile MP for Morgantown (1817-1878)	November 1 1876	October 24 1878	1 year, 357 days	1876	First Lord of the Treasury Leader of Parliament	Reformed Liberal	Carlile
	James Longstreet MP for Gainesville (1821-1904)	October 24 1879	July 10 1881	2 years, 229 days	(—)	First Lord of the Treasury Leader of Parliament Secretary of Foreign Affairs	Reformed Liberal	Longstreet
	Benjamin Tillman MP for Calhounville (1847-1911)	July 10 1881	January 2 1911	29 years, 206 days	1881	First Lord of the Treasury Leader of Parliament Secretary of War Secretary of Labour (And more...)	Queen's Party	Tillman I
					1884		National Labour	Tillman II
					1886		National Labour	Tillman III
					1891		Southron National Labour	Tillman IV
					1896			Tillman V
					1901			Tillman VI	Edward VII r. 1901–1910
					1906			Tillman VII	Edward VII r. 1901–1910
					1910			Tillman VIII	George V r. 1910–1936
					1911			Tillman IX
	D.W. Griffith MP for North Louisville (born 1875)	January 2 1911	January 9 1912	1 year, 7 days	(—)	First Lord of the Treasury Leader of Parliament Secretary of War Secretary of Labour (And more...)	Southron National Labour	Griffith
	Woodrow Wilson MP for Alexandria (1856-1919)	January 9 1912	April 20 1919	7 years, 101 days	1912	Secretary of Labour Leader of Parliament Secretary of War	Conservative	Wilson War (Con.-Reform)
	Woodrow Wilson MP for Alexandria (1856-1919)	January 9 1912	April 20 1919	7 years, 101 days	1917	Secretary of Labour Leader of Parliament Secretary of War	Conservative	Wilson II
	James Carson Breckinridge MP for Clarksville (Born 1877)	April 20 1919	January 12 1932	12 years, 267 days	1922	Leader of Parliament Secretary of War	Conservative	Carson I
		April 20 1919	January 12 1932	12 years, 267 days	1927	Leader of Parliament Secretary of War	Conservative	Carson II
	Robert Alexander MP for Fredricksburg (Born 1863)	January 12 1932	Incumbent	4 years, 8 days	1932	Leader of Parliament Secretary of War	Conservative	Alexander
	Robert Alexander MP for Fredricksburg (Born 1863)	January 12 1932	Incumbent	4 years, 8 days	1932	Leader of Parliament Secretary of War	Conservative	Alexander	Edward VIII r. 1936–present

List of prime ministers of the Grand American Dominion
Portrait	Prime minister Office (Lifespan)	Term of office			Mandate^[a]	Ministerial offices held as prime minister	Party	Government	Monarch Reign
Portrait	Prime minister Office (Lifespan)	Start	End	Duration	Mandate^[a]	Ministerial offices held as prime minister	Party	Government	Monarch Reign
	Alexander Hamilton MP for Western Manhattan (1755-1826)	November 11 1799	May 10 1807	7 years, 181 days	1799	First Lord of the Treasury Leader of Parliament	Whig	Hamilton I	George III r. 1760–1820
	Alexander Hamilton MP for Western Manhattan (1755-1826)	November 11 1799	May 10 1807	7 years, 181 days	1804	First Lord of the Treasury Leader of Parliament	Whig	Hamilton II
	William Franklin MP for Princeton (1730-1813)	May 10 1807	June 11 1808	1 year, 32 days	1807	First Lord of the Treasury Leader of Parliament	Tory	Franklin
	Alexander Hamilton MP for Western Manhattan (1755-1826)	June 11 1808	December 7 1812	4 years, 179 days	(—)	First Lord of the Treasury Leader of Parliament Secretary of State for War	Whig	Hamilton Caretaker (Tory-Whig)
	William Augustus Bowles MP for Fredrick (1763-1855)	June 11 1812	March 28 1817	4 years, 279 days	(—)	Leader of Parliament Secretary of State for War	Tory	Bowles Caretaker
	Alexander Hamilton MP for Western Manhattan (1755-1826)	March 28 1817	April 2 1826	9 years, 5 days	1817	First Lord of the Treasury Leader of Parliament	Whig	Hamilton IV
					1820			Hamilton V	George IV r. 1820–1830
					1825			Hamilton VI
	Rufus King MP for Gotham (1755-1827)	April 2 1826	April 29 1827	1 year, 27 days	(—)	First Lord of the Treasury Leader of Parliament	Whig	King
	Daniel Webster MP for Manchester (1782-1847)	April 29 1827	December 1 1831	4 years, 216 days	(—)	First Lord of the Treasury Leader of Parliament	Whig	Webster I (Websterite)
	Daniel Webster MP for Manchester (1782-1847)	April 29 1827	December 1 1831	4 years, 216 days	1830	First Lord of the Treasury Leader of Parliament	Whig	Webster II Websterite Whig	William IV r. 1830–1837
	Martin Van Buren MP for Western Manhattan (1782-1847)	December 1 1831	September 22 1833	1 year, 295 days	(—)	First Lord of the Treasury Leader of Parliament	Whig Burenist Whig	Van Buren (Burenist Whig-Common Sense)
	James Clark Ross MP for Norfolk (1800-1862)	September 22 1833	August 17 1841	7 years, 329 days	(—)	First Lord of the Treasury Leader of Parliament Secretary of War	Tory	Ross War (Wallacite Whig-Tory)
					(—)		Queen's Party	Ross Caretaker	Victoria r. 1837–1901

Candidates for the Republican Nomination

Candidate	Most recent office	Home state	Campaign Withdrawal date	Popular vote	Contests won
John Heinz	U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania (1977-Present)	Pennsylvania	Withdrew at Convention	5,530,981 (58.2%)	44 AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, Fl, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OR, RI, SC, SD, TN, VT, VA, WA, WI, WY
John B. Anderson	44th President of the United States (1991-Present)	Illinois	Won Nomination	5,530,981 (58.2%)	44 AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, Fl, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OR, RI, SC, SD, TN, VT, VA, WA, WI, WY
Oliver North	U.S. Senator from Virginia (1989-Present)	Virginia	Withdrew at Convention	5,530,981 (58.2%)	44 AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, Fl, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OR, RI, SC, SD, TN, VT, VA, WA, WI, WY
John H. Sununu	75th Governor of New Hampshire (1983-Present)	New Hampshire	Withdrew at Convention	5,530,981 (58.2%)	44 AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, Fl, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OR, RI, SC, SD, TN, VT, VA, WA, WI, WY
Alan Keyes	Asst. Secretary of State (1985–1991)	Maryland	(Campaign) Withdrew at Convention	985,819 (5.1%)	0
John McCain	U.S. Senator from Arizona (1987–Present)	Arizona	(Campaign) Withdrew at Convention	6,061,332 (31.23%)	7 AZ, CT, MA, MI, NH, RI, VT
Dan Quayle	U.S. Senator from Indiana (1981–Present)	Indiana	Withdrew at Convention	1,938,694 (20.4%)	3 NJ, PA, WV
Rudy Giuliani	United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York (1985-1988)	New York	Withdrew at Convention	1,938,694 (20.4%)	3 NJ, PA, WV
Ted Bundy	U.S. Senator from Washington (1989–Present)	Washington	Withdrew at Convention	1,938,694 (20.4%)	3 NJ, PA, WV

Candidates for the Progressive Nomination

Candidate	Most recent office	Home state	Campaign Withdrawal date	Popular vote	Contests won
Ralph Nader	Progressive Activist from Connecticut	Connecticut	Withdrew at Convention	5,530,981 (58.2%)	44 AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, Fl, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OR, RI, SC, SD, TN, VT, VA, WA, WI, WY
George McGovern	Former U.S. Senator from South Dakota (1963–1987)	South Dakota	Won Nomination	589,211 (6.2%)	1 UT
Lyndon LaRouche	Political Activist from Illinois	Illinois	Withdrew at Convention	1,444,517 (15.2%)	3 OK, TX & DC
Bernie Sanders	Governor of Vermont (1989–Present)	Vermont	Withdrew: May 18	1,938,694 (20.4%)	3 NJ, PA, WV

Candidates for the New Democratic Nomination

Candidate	Most recent office	Home state	Campaign Withdrawal date	Popular vote	Contests won
Al Gore	U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1985–Present)	Tennessee	Won Nomination	5,530,981 (58.2%)	44 AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, Fl, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OR, RI, SC, SD, TN, VT, VA, WA, WI, WY
Ted Wilson	U.S. Senator from Utah (1989–Present)	Utah	Withdrew: April 16	589,211 (6.2%)	1 UT
Charlie Wilson	U.S. representative from TX-02 (1973-Present)	Texas	Withdrew at Convention	1,444,517 (15.2%)	3 OK, TX & DC
Bob Casey Sr.	Governor of Pennsylvania (1987–Present)	Pennsylvania	Withdrew: May 10	1,938,694 (20.4%)	3 NJ, PA, WV

Candidates for the Democratic Nomination

Candidate	Most recent office	Home state	Campaign Withdrawal date	Popular vote	Contests won
Jerry Brown	U.S. Senator from California (1983–1989)	California	Withdrew at convention	4,568,894 (34.2%)	17 AK, CA, CT, HI, NH, NM, NJ, NY, NV, MI, OR, VT, WA & DC, PR, NMA, USV
Gary Hart	U.S. Senator from Colorado (1979–Present)	Colorado	Won Nomination	6,826,622 (51.1%)	31 AL, AR, AZ, CO, DE, FL, GA, IA, KS, KY, LA, MD, MN, MO, MS, MT, NC, ND, NE, OH, OK, PA, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, WI, WV & ASAM
Adlai Stevenson III	43rd Vice President of the United States (1983-1985)	Illinois	Withdrew: March 21	1,349,293 (10.1%)	3 ID, IL, IN
John Kerry	U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1985–Present)	Massachusetts	Withdrew: April 15	614,529 (4.6%)	4 MA, ME, RD & GUAM

1990 United States Senate election in Alaska

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Ted Stevens	Michael Beasley	John Howard Lindauer
Party	Republican	Democratic	Independence
Popular vote	125,806	61,152	61,152
Percentage	66.2%	32.2%	32.2%

Results by state house district
Stevens: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%

U.S. senator before election

Ted Stevens
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Ted Stevens
Republican

1990 United States Special Senate election in New York

← 1988

November 3, 1994

1994 →


Nominee	John F. Kennedy Jr.	Jeffrey Epstein	Lenora Fulani
Party	Democratic	Save America	Progressive
Alliance	Liberal New Democrat	New York for Trump Women's Equality	Working Families DSA
Popular vote	1,040,486	1,059,100	948,816
Percentage	23.64%	22.76%	20.39%


Nominee	Al D'Amato	Rudy Giuliani	Howard Stern
Party	Republican	Liberty-Conservative	Libertarian
Alliance	Conservative Right to Life	Rudy's Party
Popular vote	854,353	582,132	108,888
Percentage	18.36%	12.51%	2.34%

County results
Kennedy:      20–30%      30–40%      40–50%
Epstein:      20–30%      30–40%
Fulani:      20–30%
D'Amato:      20–30%      30–40%
Giuliani:      20–30%

U.S. senator before election

Al Sharpton
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

John F. Kennedy Jr.
Democratic

1990 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	John Kerry	Jim Rappaport	Harris Kit
Party	Democratic	Republican	Progressive
Popular vote	1,163,774	928,715	212,014
Percentage	50.5%	40.3%	9.2%

Results by County
Kerry: 40–50% 50–60%
Rappaport: 40–50%

U.S. senator before election

John Kerry
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

John Kerry
Democratic

1990 United States Senate election in Rhode Island

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Claiborne Pell	Claudine Schneider
Party	Democratic	Republican
Popular vote	228,105	132,947
Percentage	63.8%	36.2%

Pell: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%
Schneider: 50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Claiborne Pell
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Claiborne Pell
Democratic

1990 United States Senate election in New Hampshire

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	John A. Durkin	Bob Smith	Adrian Chase Hoff
Party	Democratic	Republican	Libertarian
Popular vote	137,020	125,870	30,514
Percentage	46.7%	42.9%	10.4%

County results
Durkin: 40–50% 50–60%
Smith: 40–50% 50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Gordon J. Humphrey
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

John A. Durkin
Democratic

1990 United States Senate election in Maine

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	William Cohen	Neil Rolde	John Rensenbrink
Party	Republican	Democratic	Progressive
Popular vote	335,174	130,463	53,564
Percentage	63.2%	24.6%	10.1%

County results
Cohen: 60–70% 70–80%

U.S. senator before election

William Cohen
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

William Cohen
Republican

1990 United States Senate election in New Jersey

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	James Florio	Jeff Bell
Party	Democratic	Republican
Popular vote	817,159	778,510
Percentage	44.4%	42.3%


Nominee	Ira Goodman	Chris Bacon
Party	Save America	Progressive
Popular vote	169,321	75,458
Percentage	9.2%	4.1%

County results
Florio: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70%
Bell: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Jeff Bell
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

James Florio
Democratic

1990 United States Senate election in Delaware

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Joe Biden
Party	Democratic
Popular vote	118,918
Percentage	98.2%

County results
Biden: 100%

U.S. senator before election

Joe Biden
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Joe Biden
Democratic

1990 United States Senate election in Virginia

← 1984

November 5, 1990

1996 →

Turnout

25.5% (voting eligible)^[5]


Nominee	John Warner	Andrew P. Miller
Party	Republican	Democratic
Popular vote	533,225	449,032
Percentage	53.2%	44.8%

County and independent city results
Miller: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70%
Warner: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Andrew P. Miller
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

John Warner
Republican

1990 United States Senate election in West Virginia

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Clyde See	John Raese
Party	New Democratic	Republican
Popular vote	233,621	178,408
Percentage	56.7%	43.3%

County results
Raese: 50–60% 60–70%
See: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%

U.S. senator before election

John Raese
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Clyde See
New Democratic

1990 United States Senate election in North Carolina

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Mike Easley	Jesse Helms
Party	Democratic	Conservative
Popular vote	999,493	990,878
Percentage	49.89%	49.46%

County results

Easley: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%

Helms: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%

U.S. senator before election

Jesse Helms
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Mike Easley
Democratic

1990 United States Senate election in Kentucky

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Mitch McConnell	Harvey Sloane
Party	Republican	New Democratic
Popular vote	452,955	449,346
Percentage	50.2%	49.8%

County results
McConnell: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90%
Sloane: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%

U.S. senator before election

Mitch McConnell
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Mitch McConnell
Republican

1990 United States Senate election in Tennessee

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Al Gore	William R. Hawkins
Party	New Democratic	Conservative
Popular vote	546,610	207,334
Percentage	72.5%	27.5%

County results
Gore: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80-90%

U.S. senator before election

Al Gore
New Democrat

Elected U.S. Senator

Al Gore
New Democrat

1990 United States Senate election in Michigan

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Carl Levin	Bill Schuette	Isabel Valdez
Party	Democratic	Republican	Progressive
Popular vote	1,310,360	1,086,888	167,604
Percentage	51.6%	42.8%	6.6%

County results
Levin: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70%
Schuette: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Carl Levin
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Carl Levin
Democratic

1990 United States Senate election in Illinois

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →

Turnout

54.90%


Nominee	Paul Simon	Lynn Morley Martin
Party	Democratic	Republican
Popular vote	2,070,647	1,159,692
Percentage	64.1%	35.9%

County results
Simon: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90%
Martin: 50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Paul Simon
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Paul Simon
Democratic

1990 United States Senate election in Minnesota

← 1984

November 5, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Walter Mondale	Paul Wellstone
Party	Democratic (DFL)	Progressive
Popular vote	736,534	452,523
Percentage	38.9%	23.9%


Nominee	Rudy Boschwitz	Ron Johnson
Party	Republican	Conservative
Popular vote	354,066	350,279
Percentage	18.7%	18.5%

County results
Mondale:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%
Wellstone:      40–50%      50–60%
Boschwitz:      30–40%      40–50%
Johnson:      40–50%      50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Walter Mondale
Democratic (DFL)

Elected U.S. Senator

Walter Mondale
Democratic (DFL)

1990 United States Senate election in South Carolina

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Strom Thurmond	Liz J. Patterson
Party	Conservative	New Democratic
Popular vote	478,658	274,156
Percentage	65.3%	34.7%

County results

Thurmond: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%

Patterson: 50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Strom Thurmond
Conservative

Elected U.S. Senator

Strom Thurmond
Conservative

1990 United States Senate election in Georgia

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Sam Nunn
Party	New Democratic
Popular vote	1,033,439
Percentage	100.0%

County results
Nunn: 100%

U.S. Senator before election

Sam Nunn
New Democrat

Elected U.S. Senator

Sam Nunn
New Democrat

1990 United States Senate election in Alabama

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Howell Heflin	Spencer Bachus
Party	New Democratic	Conservative
Popular vote	695,303	538,669
Percentage	54.6%	42.3%

County results
Heflin: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%
Bachus: 50–60% 60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Howell Heflin
New Democrat

Elected U.S. Senator

Howell Heflin
New Democrat

1990 United States Senate election in Mississippi

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Thad Cochran
Party	Conservative
Popular vote	274,244
Percentage	100.0%

County results
Cochran: >90%
No vote:

U.S. senator before election

Thad Cochran
Conservative

Elected U.S. Senator

Thad Cochran
Conservative

1990 United States Senate election in Iowa

← 1984

November 5, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Dick Clark	Tom Tauke
Party	Democratic	Conservative
Popular vote	509,114	464,335
Percentage	52.3%	47.7%

County results
Clark: 50–60% 60–70%
Tauke: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%

U.S. senator before election

Tom Tauke
Conservative

Elected U.S. Senator

Dick Clark
Democratic

1990 United States Senate election in South Dakota

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	James Abdnor	Harvey L. Wollman
Party	Republican	Democratic
Popular vote	132,384	124,175
Percentage	51.6%	48.4%

County results

Abdnor: 40-50% 50-60% 60-70% 70-80%

Wollman: 40–50% 50–60%

U.S. senator before election

James Abdnor
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

James Abdnor
Republican

1990 United States Senate election in Nebraska

← 1984

November 5, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	John DeCamp	Ernie Chambers
Party	Republican	Democratic
Popular vote	337,107	260,600
Percentage	56.4%	43.6%

County results
Chambers: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%
DeCamp: 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% 80-90%

U.S. senator before election

John DeCamp
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

John DeCamp
Republican

1990 United States Senate election in Kansas

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Nancy Kassebaum	Qinn Mackenstein
Party	Republican	Democratic
Popular vote	557,048	220,952
Percentage	71.6%	28.4%

County results
Kassebaum: 60-70% 70-80% 80-90%

U.S. senator before election

Nancy Kassebaum
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Nancy Kassebaum
Republican

1990 United States Senate election in Oklahoma

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1994 (special) →


Nominee	Jim Inhofe	Ted Risenhoover
Party	Conservative	New Democratic
Popular vote	571,588	322,916
Percentage	63.9%	36.1%

Inhofe: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%
Risenhoover: 40–50% 50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Jim Inhofe
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Jim Inhofe
Democratic

1990 United States Senate election in Arkansas

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	David Pryor
Party	New Democratic
Popular vote	493,910
Percentage	99.8%

County results
Pryor: 100%

U.S. senator before election

David Pryor
New Democrat

Elected U.S. Senator

David Pryor
New Democrat

1990 United States Senate election in Louisiana

← 1984

November 6, 1990^[6]

1996 →


Nominee	John Breaux	John Rarick
Party	Democratic	American Independent
Popular vote	737,307	840,587
Percentage	51.4%	48.6%

Parish results
Breaux: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%
Rarick: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70%

U.S. senator before election

John Breaux
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

John Breaux
Democratic

1990 United States Senate special election in Hawaii

← 1988

November 4, 1990

1994 →


Nominee	Pat Saiki	Daniel Akaka	Jeremy Harris
Party	Republican	Democratic	Progressive
Popular vote	150,513	110,423	86,158
Percentage	42.8%	31.4%	24.5%

County results
Saiki: 40–50%
Akaka: 30–40% 40–50%

U.S. senator before election

Daniel Akaka
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Pat Saiki
Republican

1990 United States Senate election in Texas

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Kenneth Copeland	John Sharp	Beau Boutler
Party	Conservative	New Democratic	Republican
Popular vote	1,429,986	2,302,357	1,429,986
Percentage	37.4%	60.2%	37.4%


Nominee	Ron Paul	Kirk Watson
Party	Libertarian	Save America
Popular vote	1,429,986	1,429,986
Percentage	37.4%	37.4%

County results
Gramm:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%
Tie:      50–60%
Parmer:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election

George W. Bush
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

John Sharp
New Democratic

1990 United States Senate election in New Mexico

← 1984

November 5, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Toney Anaya	Colin R. McMillan	John McGill
Party	Democratic	Conservative	Libertarian
Popular vote	215,370	178,450	16,409
Percentage	52.5%	43.5%	4.0%

County results
Anaya: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70%
McMillian: 40–50% 50–60% 70–80%

U.S. senator before election

Toney Anaya
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Toney Anaya
Democratic

1990 United States Senate election in Colorado

← 1990 (Special)

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	William L. Armstrong	Mitch Morrissey
Party	Republican	Democratic
Popular vote	415,886	348,961
Percentage	43.5%	36.5%


Nominee	Richard Lamm	John Morse
Party	Save America	Progressive
Popular vote	121,419	58,319
Percentage	12.7%	6.1%

County results
Armstrong:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%
Morrissey:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%
Lamm:      30–40%

U.S. senator before election

William L. Armstrong
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

William L. Armstrong
Republican

1990 United States Senate election in Montana

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Max Baucus	Westley F. Deitchler
Party	New Democratic	Libertarian
Popular vote	236,101	76,202
Percentage	75.6%	24.4%

County results
Baucus: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90%
Deitchler: 40–50%

U.S. senator before election

Max Baucus
New Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Max Baucus
New Democratic

1990 United States Senate election in Wyoming

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Alan K. Simpson	Al Hamburg	David Herbert
Party	Conservative	New Democratic	Libertarian
Popular vote	88,140	48,516	19,344
Percentage	56.5%	31.1%%	12.4%

County results
Simpson: 50–60% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%

U.S. senator before election

Alan K. Simpson
Conservative

Elected U.S. Senator

Alan K. Simpson
Conservative

1990 United States Senate election in Idaho

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Jim McClure	Forrest Chuch
Party	Conservative	New Democratic
Popular vote	281,484	148,920
Percentage	65.4%	34.6%

County results
Craig: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%
Church: 50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Jim McClure
Conservative

Elected U.S. Senator

Jim McClure
Conservative

1990 United States Senate election in Oregon

← 1984

November 6, 1990

1996 →


Nominee	Mark Hatfield	Les AuCoin
Party	Republican	Democratic
Popular vote	559,257	519,934
Percentage	51.2%	47.6%

County results

Hatfield: 40-50% 50-60% 60-70%

AuCoin: 40–50% 50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Mark Hatfield
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Mark Hatfield
Republican

1988 United States Special Senate election in Mississippi

← 1988

August 8, 1989

1994 →


Nominee	Trent Lott	Jon Hinson	Peter Walls
Party	Conservative	Republican	American Independent
Popular vote	448,990	435,346	355,967
Percentage	36.2%	35.1%	28.7%

County results
Lott:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%
Hinson:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%
Walls:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Billy Davis
Independent

Elected U.S. Senator

Trent Lott
Republican

Earth First

Founded	1987; 37 years ago (1987)
Headquarters	2300 S Massachusetts St, Seattle, Washington 98144
Membership (November 1989)	97,560
Ideology	Enviromentalism Eco-Socialism Anti-Tech Anarchism Eco-Populism
Political position	far-left Anarchist
Colors	Green, Blue
Seats in the Senate^[c]	0 / 100
Seats in the House^[c]	0 / 435
Governorships^[c]	1 / 50
State Upper House Seats^[c]	2 / 1,972
State Lower House Seats^[c]	1 / 5,411
Seattle City Council	1 / 9
Politics of United States Political parties Elections

1988 Montana gubernatorial election

← 1984

November 8, 1988

1992 →

Turnout

75.00%

^[7]


Nominee	Theodore J. Kaczynski	Stanley Anderson
Party	Earth First	Libertarian
Running mate	Kalhar Anderson	Lauren Kamiko
Popular vote	153,152	134,223
Percentage	35.6%	31.2%


Nominee	Stan Stephens	Thomas Lee Judge †
Party	Conservative	Democratic
Running mate	Allen Kolstad	Barbara B. Skelton †
Popular vote	108,841	33,986
Percentage	25.3%	7.9%

County results

Kaczynski: 30–40% 40–50% 50–60% Anderson: 30–40% 40–50% 50–60%

Stephans: 40–50% 50-60%

Governor before election

Ted Schwinden
Democratic

Elected Governor

Theodore J. Kaczynski
Earth First

1989 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election

← 1987

January 3–9, 1989

1991 →

Needed to win: Majority of votes cast
Final (tenth) ballot: 435 votes cast, 218 needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party	Third party

Candidate	Ronald Reagan	Charlie Wilson	Tom Foley
Party	Conservative	New Democratic	Democratic
Leader's seat	California 30th	Texas 2nd	Washington 5th
First ballot	75 (17.20%)	90 (20.69%)	62 (14.25%)
Final ballot	223 (51.26%)	135 (31.03%)	44 (10.11%)

	Fourth party	Fifth party	Sixth party

Candidate	George McGovern	Robert Lagomarsino	Hamilton Fish IV
Party	Progressive	Republican	Republican
Leader's seat	None	California 19th	New York 21st
First ballot	34 (7.82%)	37 (8.51%)	85 (19.54%)
Final ballot	29 (6.66%)	4 (0.92%)	0 (0.0%)

	Seventh party	Eighth party

Candidate	Newt Gingrich	John Rarick
Party	Conservative	American Independent
Leader's seat	Georgia 6th	Louisiana 6th
First ballot	42 (9.66%)	10 (2.30%)
Final ballot	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)

House Speaker before election

Charlie Wilson
New Democratic

Elected House Speaker

Ronald Reagan
Conservative

1988 United States Senate elections

← 1986

November 8, 1988

1990 →

33 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate
51 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party	Third party

Leader	Mark Hatfield	Robert Byrd	Jim McClure
Party	Republican	Democratic	Conservative
Leader since	January 3, 1981	January 3, 1977	March 15, 1981
Leader's seat	Oregon	West Virginia	Idaho
Seats before	34	35	19
Seats after	35	30	20
Seat change	1	5	1
Popular vote	TBD	TBD	TBD
Percentage	TBD%	TBD%	TBD%
Seats up	11	15	5
Races won	11	10	6

	Fourth party	Fifth party

Leader	Al Gore
Party	New Democratic	Independent
Leader since	September 11, 1988
Leader's seat	Tennessee
Seats before	11	1
Seats after	13	2
Seat change	2	1
Popular vote	TBD	TBD
Percentage	TBD%	TBD%
Seats up	3	0
Races won	5	1

Results of the elections:
     Democratic gain      Democratic hold
     Republican gain      Republican hold
     Conservative gain      Conservative hold
     New Democrat gain      New Democrat hold
     Independent gain
     No election

Majority Leader before election

Robert Byrd
Democratic

Elected Majority Leader

Mark Hatfield
Republican

1986 Vermont gubernatorial election

← 1984

November 4, 1986 (1986-11-04)

1988 →


Nominee	Bernie Sanders	Peter Smith	Peter Diamondstone Arrested
Party	Progressive	Republican	Democratic
Electoral vote	89	86	5
Popular vote	83,260	94,760	51,980
Percentage	36.2%	41.2%	22.6%

County results
Kunin: 40–50% 50–60%
Smith: 40-50%

Governor before election

Peter Smith
Republican

Elected Governor

Bernie Sanders
Progressive

1988 United States presidential election in Louisiana

← 1984

November 8, 1988

1992 →


Nominee	David Duke	Bill Clinton
Party	American Independent	New Democrat
Home state	Louisiana	Arkansas
Running mate	Pat Buchanan	Al Gore
Popular vote	520,555	495,038
Percentage	30.6%	29.1%

Parish Results

Bush

40–50%

50–60%

60–70%

70–80%

Dukakis

40–50%

50–60%

60–70%

President before election

Ronald Reagan
Republican

Elected President

George H. W. Bush
Republican

Libyan War

Part of the North African conflict and the War on terror

Clockwise from top: US troops at Uday and Qusay Hussein's hideout; insurgents in northern Iraq; the toppling of the Saddam Hussein statue in Firdos Square

Date	12 May 1983 – 13 March 1993 (1983-05-12 – 1993-03-13) (9 years, 10 months and 1 day)
Location	Libya
Result	Invasion and occupation of Libya Overthrow of Gaddafi-era government Killing of Muammar Gaddafi in 1983 Death of George H.W. Bush in 1988 due to the Conventon Bombings Dissolution of the Libyan People's Commune in 1990 Recognition of the Free Libyan State Emergence of significant insurgency, rise and fall of Yad-Alijihad in Libya May 1993 Libyan congressional elections and formation of a moderate coaliton-led government Civil war between 1983 and 1991 Withdrawal of US forces from Libya in 1993 Escalation of sectarian insurgency after US withdrawal leading to the rise of the Yad-Alijihad^[12]^[13] Re-escalation of conflict in 1995 and return of US forces to Iraq in 1996 due to the resurgence of Yad-Alijihad Continued Libyan conflict

Belligerents

Invasion phase (1983)
United States

United Kingdom

Italy

Canada

Al'iikhwan Almuslimun

Islamic Fighting Coalition
Supported by:

Israel

Greece

West Germany

Spain

Australia

Invasion phase (1983)

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Invasion phase (1983)

Jaysh Altahrir Alshaebii
Supported by:

Soviet Union

Poland

Post-invasion
(2003–11)
Libya
United States
United Kingdom

MNF–I
(2003–09)

United States
(2003–09)
United Kingdom
(2003–09)
Australia
(2003–09)
Turkey
(2003–08)
Romania
(2003–09)
Azerbaijan
(2003–08)
Kuwait
(2003–08)
Estonia
(2003–09)
El Salvador
(2003–09)
Bulgaria
(2003–08)
Moldova
(2003–08)
Albania
(2003–08)
Ukraine
(2003–08)
Denmark
(2003–08)
Czech Republic
(2003–08)
South Korea
(2003–08)
Singapore
(2003–08)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (2003–08)
North Macedonia
(2003–08)
Latvia
(2003–08)
Poland
(2003–08)
Kazakhstan
(2003–08)
Mongolia
(2003–08)
Georgia
(2003–08)
Tonga
(2004–08)
Japan
(2004–08)
Armenia
(2005–08)
Slovakia
(2003–07)
Lithuania
(2003–07)
Italy
(2003–06)
Norway
(2003–06)
Hungary
(2003–05)
Netherlands
(2003–05)
Portugal
(2003–05)
New Zealand
(2003–04)
Thailand
(2003–04)
Philippines
(2003–04)
Honduras
(2003–04)
Dominican Republic
(2003–04)
Spain
(2003–04)
Nicaragua
(2003–04)
Iceland
(2003–04)

Awakening Council Supported by:
Iran^[8]^[9]

Artesh

Iraqi Kurdistan

Peshmerga

Post-invasion (2003–11)
Ba'ath loyalists

SCJL
- JRTN

Sunni insurgents

AQI (2004–06)
ISI^[10] (from 2006)
File:IAILogo.png IAI
Ansar al-Sunnah (2003–07)
Others

Shia insurgents

Supported by:
Iran

IRGC
- Quds Force^[11]

Commanders and leaders

Strength

Invasion forces (2003)
309,000-584,799
United States: 192,000-466,985 personnel ^[15]^[16]
United Kingdom: 45,000
Australia: 2,000
Poland: 194
Peshmerga: 70,000

Coalition forces (2004–09)
176,000 at peak
United States Forces – Iraq (2010–11)
112,000 at activation
Security contractors 6,000–7,000 (estimate)^[17]
Iraqi security forces
805,269 (military and paramilitary: 578,269,^[18]^{[page needed]} police: 227,000)
Awakening militias
≈103,000 (2008)^[19]
Iraqi Kurdistan
≈400,000 (Kurdish Border Guard: 30,000,^[20] Peshmerga 75,000)

Iraqi Armed Forces: 375,000^[d]
Special Iraqi Republican Guard: 12,000
Iraqi Republican Guard: 70,000–75,000
Fedayeen Saddam: 30,000

Sunni Insurgents
≈70,000 (2007)^[21]
Al-Qaeda
≈1,300 (2006)^[22]

Islamic State of Iraq
≈1,000 (2008)
Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
≈500–1,000 (2007)

Casualties and losses

Iraqi security forces (post-Saddam)
Killed: 17,690^[23]
Wounded: 40,000+^[24]
Coalition forces
Killed: 4,825 (4,507 US,^[25] 179 U.K.,^[26] 139 other)^[27]
Missing/captured (US): 17 (9 died in captivity, 8 rescued)^[28]
Wounded: 32,776+ (32,292 US,^[29] 315 U.K., 210+ other^[30])^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34] Injured/diseases/other medical*: 51,139 (47,541 US,^[35] 3,598 UK)^[31]^[33]^[34]
Contractors
Killed: 1,554^[36]^[37]
Wounded & injured: 43,880^[36]^[37]
Awakening Councils
Killed: 1,002+^[38]
Wounded: 500+ (2007),^[39] 828 (2008)^[40]

Total dead: 25,071
Total wounded: 117,961

Iraqi combatant dead (invasion period): 7,600–45,000^[41]^[42]
Insurgents (post-Saddam)
Killed: 26,544+ (2003–11)^[43]
(4,000 foreign fighters killed by Sep. 2006)^[44]
Detainees: 12,000 (Iraqi-held, in 2010 only)^[45]
119,752 insurgents arrested (2003–2007)^[46]
Total dead: 34,144–71,544

Documented deaths from violence:
Iraq Body Count (2003 – 14 December 2011): 103,160–113,728 civilian deaths recorded^[47] and 12,438 new deaths added from the Iraq War Logs^[48]
Associated Press (March 2003 – April 2009): 110,600 Iraqi deaths in total^[49]

Statistical estimates
Lancet survey** (March 2003 – July 2006): 654,965 (95% CI: 392,979–942,636)^[50]^[51]
Iraq Family Health Survey*** (March 2003 – July 2006): 151,000 (95% CI: 104,000–223,000)^[52]
Opinion Research Business**: (March 2003 – August 2007): 1,033,000 (95% CI: 946,258–1,120,000)^[53]
PLOS Medicine Study**: (March 2003 – June 2011): 405,000 (60% violent) (95% CI: 48,000–751,000)^[54]

For more information see Casualties of the Iraq War.

* "injured, diseased, or other medical": required medical air transport. UK number includes "aeromed evacuations".
** Total excess deaths include all additional deaths due to increased lawlessness, degraded infrastructure, poorer healthcare, etc.
*** Violent deaths only – does not include excess deaths due to increased lawlessness, poorer healthcare, etc.

Somalian War

Part of the War on Terror

Clockwise from top left:

American Huey helicopters insert South Vietnamese ARVN troops, 1970.
North Vietnamese soldiers in action c. 1966.
American marines use a flamethrower, 1967.
South Vietnamese general Nguyễn Ngọc Loan summarily executes Viet Cong officer Nguyễn Văn Lém during the Tet Offensive.
Two Douglas A-4C Skyhawk fly past the anti-submarine aircraft carrier USS Kearsarge (CVS-33), 1964.
Dead civilians from the Massacre at Huế are buried.

Date	6 March 1989 – 23 April 1990 (1 year, 1 month, 2 weeks and 3 days)^{[A 2]}^[71]
Location	Somalia, Somaliland, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea
Result	Somalian and United Nations/NATO victory Establishment of a Democratic Somalia under the watch of the United Nations Permenant UN presence in Somaliland under the watch of Colin Powell Start of the Somali refugee crisis
Territorial changes	Reunification of Somaliland into the Somali Democratic Republic in 1990

Belligerents

Supported by:

Commanders and leaders

Strength

≈860,000 (1967)

North Vietnam:
690,000 (1966, including PAVN and Viet Cong).^{[A 6]}
Viet Cong:
~200,000 (estimated, 1968)^[73]^[74]
China:
170,000 (1968)
320,000 total^[75]^[76]^[77]
Khmer Rouge:
70,000 (1972)^[78]^: 376
Pathet Lao:
48,000 (1970)^[79]
Soviet Union: ~3,000^[80]
North Korea: 200^[81]
Albania 12^[82]

≈1,420,000 (1968)

South Vietnam:
850,000 (1968)
1,500,000 (1974–1975)^[83]
United States:
2,709,918 serving in Vietnam total
Peak: 543,000 (April 1969)^[78]^: xlv
Khmer Republic:
200,000 (1973)^{[citation needed]}
Laos:
72,000 (Royal Army and Hmong militia)^[84]^[85]
South Korea:
48,000 per year (1965–1973, 320,000 total)
Thailand: 32,000 per year (1965–1973)
(in Vietnam^[86] and Laos)^{[citation needed]}
Australia: 50,190 total
(Peak: 8,300 combat troops)^[87]
New Zealand: 3,500 total
(Peak: 552 combat troops)^[74]
Philippines: 2,061

Casualties and losses

North Vietnam & Viet Cong
30,000–182,000 civilian dead^[78]^: 176^[88]^[89]^{: 450–453}^[90]
849,018 military dead (per Vietnam; 1/3 non-combat deaths)^[91]^[92]^[93]
666,000–950,765 dead
(US estimated 1964–1974)^{[A 7]}^[88]^[89]^{: 450–451}
232,000–300,000+ military missing (per Vietnam)^[91]^[94]
600,000+ military wounded^[95]^: 739
Khmer Rouge: Unknown
Pathet Lao: Unknown
China: ~1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded^[77]
Soviet Union: 16 dead^[96]
North Korea: 14 dead^[97]^[98]

Total military dead/missing:
≈1,100,000
Total military wounded:
≈604,200
(excluding GRUNK/Khmer Rouge and Pathet Lao)

South Vietnam:
195,000–430,000 civilian dead^[88]^[89]^{: 450–453}^[99]
Military dead: 254,256 (between 1960 and 1974)^[100]^: 275–313,000 (total)^[101]
1,170,000 military wounded^[78]
≈ 1,000,000 captured^[102]
United States:
58,281 dead^[103] (47,434 from combat)^[104]^[105]
303,644 wounded (including 150,341 not requiring hospital care)^{[A 8]}
Laos: 15,000 army dead^[110]
Khmer Republic: Unknown
South Korea: 5,099 dead; 10,962 wounded; 4 missing
Australia: 521 dead; 3,129 wounded^[111]
Thailand: 351 dead^[78]
New Zealand: 37 dead^[112]
Republic of China: 25 dead^[113]
17 captured^[114]
Philippines: 9 dead;^[115] 64 wounded^[116]

Total military dead:
333,620 (1960–1974) – 392,364 (total)
Total military wounded:
≈1,340,000+^[78]
(excluding FARK and FANK)
Total military captured:
≈1,000,000+

Vietnamese civilian dead: 405,000–2,000,000^[89]^{: 450–453}^[117]^[118]
Vietnamese total dead: 966,000^[88]–3,010,000^[118]
Cambodian Civil War dead: 275,000–310,000^[119]^[120]^[121]
Laotian Civil War dead: 20,000–62,000^[118]
Non-Indochinese military dead: 65,494
Total dead: 1,326,494–3,447,494
For more information see Vietnam War casualties and Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War

^ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.
^ Bemis, Samuel Flagg (1965). A Diplomatic History of the United States. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 8.
^ Newman, Gerald; Brown, Leslie Ellen (13 November 1997). Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714-1837: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780815303961. All in all, the war cost Britain 20,000 casualties and 407 ships, primarily merchantmen, in exchange for little commercial or strategic gain.
^ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.
^ Dr. Michael McDonald (March 25, 2013). "Turnout 1980-2012". George Mason University. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
^ U. S. Senator
^ "Montana Voter Turnout". Montana Secretary of State. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
^ Elaheh Rostami-Povey, Iran's Influence: A Religious-Political State and Society in Its Region, pp. 130–154, Zed Books Ltd, 2010.
^ "Iranian Strategy in Iraq: Politics and 'Other Means'" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
^ President Barack Obama Speaks With VICE News. YouTube. 16 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14.
^ "Operations By Iran's Military Mastermind – Business Insider". Business Insider. 9 July 2014.
^ "The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Ctc.usma.edu. Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
^ "Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests". US Department of State. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
^ "Operations By Iran's Military Mastermind – Business Insider". Business Insider. 9 July 2014.
^ "A Timeline of Iraq War, Troop Levels". The Huffington Post.
^ https://sgp.fas.org/crs/mideast/RL31763.pdf
^ "Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Programs Charlene Lamb's Remarks on Private Contractors in Iraq". US Department of State. 17 July 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (3 February 2010). Hackett, James (ed.). The Military Balance 2010. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85743-557-3.
^ Rubin, Alissa J.; Nordland, Rod (29 March 2009). "Troops Arrest an Awakening Council Leader in Iraq, Setting Off Fighting". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
^ "The Kurdish peshmerga forces will not be integrated into the Iraqi army: Mahmoud Sangawi — Interview". Ekurd.net. 22 January 2010. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
^ The Brookings Institution Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq Archived 2 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine 1 October 2007
^ Pincus, Walter. "Violence in Iraq Called Increasingly Complex". The Washington Post, 17 November 2006.
^ 260 killed in 2003,[1] 15,196 killed from 2004 through 2009 (with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009),[2] 67 killed in March 2009,[3] 1,100 killed in 2010,[4] and 1,067 killed in 2011,[5] thus giving a total of 17,690 dead
^ "Iraq War" (PDF). US Department of State. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
^ The US DoD and the DMDC list 4,505 US fatalities during the Iraq War.[6][7] In addition to these, two service members were also previously confirmed by the DoD to have died while supporting operations in Iraq,[8][9] but have been excluded from the DoD and DMDC list. This brings the total of US fatalities in the Iraq War to 4,507.
^ "Fact Sheets | Operations Factsheets | Operations in Iraq: British Fatalities". Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
^ "Operation Iraqi Freedom". iCasualties. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
^ "POW and MIA in Iraq and Afghanistan Fast Facts". CNN. Retrieved 5 June 2014.; As of July 2012, seven American private contractors remain unaccounted for. Their names are: Jeffrey Ake, Aban Elias, Abbas Kareem Naama, Neenus Khoshaba, Bob Hamze, Dean Sadek and Hussain al-Zurufi. Healy, Jack, "With Withdrawal Looming, Trails Grow Cold For Americans Missing In Iraq", The New York Times, 22 May 2011, p. 6.
^ "Casualty" (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2016.
^ 33 Ukrainians,[10] 31+ Italians,[11][12] 30 Bulgarians,[13][14] 20 Salvadorans,[15] 19 Georgians,[16] Archived 13 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine 18 Estonians,[17] 1421+ Poles,[18][19][20] 15 Spaniards,[21][22] Archived 2 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine [23][24] 10 Romanians,[25] 6 Australians,[26] 5 Albanians, 4 Kazakhs,[27] 3 Filipinos,[28] and 2 Thais,[29][30] for a total of 210+ wounded
^ ^a ^b Many official US tables at "Military Casualty Information" Archived 3 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine. See latest totals for injury, disease/other medical Archived 2 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Casualties in Iraq".
^ ^a ^b iCasualties.org (was lunaville.org). Benicia, California. Patricia Kneisler, et al., "Iraq Coalition Casualties" Archived 21 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b "Defence Internet Fact Sheets Operations in Iraq: British Casualties" Archived 14 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine. UK Ministry of Defense. Latest combined casualty and fatality tables Archived 4 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ ^a ^b "Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP) – Defense Base Act Case Summary by Nation". US Department of Labor. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
^ ^a ^b T. Christian Miller (23 September 2009). "US Government Private Contract Worker Deaths and Injuries". Projects.propublica.org. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
^ 185 in Diyala from June 2007 to December 2007,[31] 4 in assassination of Abu Risha, 25 on 12 November 2007,[32] Archived 14 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine 528 in 2008,[33] Archived 10 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine 27 on 2 January 2009,[34] 13 on 16 November 2009,"Thirteen anti-Qaeda tribe members killed in Iraq - FRANCE 24". Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011. 15 in December 2009,[35] 100+ from April to June 2010,[36] [37] 52 on 18 July 2010,[38] [39] total of 1,002+ dead Archived 18 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ Moore, Solomon; Oppel, Richard A. (24 January 2008). "Attacks Imperil U.S.-Backed Militias in Iraq". The New York Times.
^ Greg Bruno. "Finding a Place for the 'Sons of Iraq'". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 10 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
^ Conetta, Carl (23 October 2003). "The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict — Project on Defense Alternative Research Monograph #8". Project on Defense Alternatives (via Commonwealth Institute). Retrieved 2 September 2010.
^ "Jonathan Steele: Body counts". TheGuardian.com. 28 May 2003.
^ 597 killed in 2003,[40], 23,984 killed from 2004 through 2009 (with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009),[41] 652 killed in May 2004,[42] 45 killed in March 2009,[43] Archived 3 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine 676 killed in 2010,[44] and 590 killed in 2011,[45] thus giving a total of 26,544 dead
^ "4,000 fighters killed, 'al-Qaida in Iraq' tape says." The Guardian. 28 September 2006.
^ "Amnesty: Iraq holds up to 30,000 detainees without trial". CNN. 13 September 2010. Archived from the original on 23 October 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
^ "Insurgent body count documents released." Archived 27 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Stars and Stripes. 1 October 2007. Number of convictions not specified.
^ "Iraq Body Count". Retrieved 27 April 2014.
^ "Iraq War Logs: What the numbers reveal". Iraq Body Count. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
^ Kim Gamel (23 April 2009). "AP Impact: Secret tally has 87,215 Iraqis dead". Fox News. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
^ "Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2015. (242 KB). By Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, and Les Roberts. The Lancet, 11 October 2006
^ "The Human Cost of the War in Iraq: A Mortality Study, 2002–2006" (PDF). (603 KB). By Gilbert Burnham, Shannon Doocy, Elizabeth Dzeng, Riyadh Lafta, and Les Roberts. A supplement to the October 2006 Lancet study. It is also found here: "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) [46]
^ "Iraq Family Health Survey" New England Journal of Medicine 31 January 2008
^ "Greenspan admits Iraq was about oil, as deaths put at 1.2m". the Guardian. 16 September 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
^ Cite error: The named reference Hagopian was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Hupchick, Dennis P. (2002). The Balkans : from Constantinople to communism. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-312-29913-2. OCLC 54360177.
^ Logevall, Fredrik (1993). "The Swedish-American Conflict over Vietnam". Diplomatic History. 17 (3): 421–445. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1993.tb00589.x. JSTOR 24912244. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
^ Moise, Edwin E. (1996). Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-8078-2300-2.
^ "Chapter Three: 1957–1969 Early Relations between Malaysia and Vietnam" (PDF). University of Malaya Student Repository. p. 72. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj (Profiles of Malaysia's Foreign Ministers) (PDF). Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia). 2008. p. 31. ISBN 978-983-2220-26-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015. The Tunku had been personally responsible for Malaya's partisan support of the South Vietnamese regime in its fight against the Vietcong and, in reply to a Parliamentary question on 6 February 1962, he had listed all the used weapons and equipment of the Royal Malaya Police given to Saigon. These included a total of 45,707 single-barrel shotguns, 611 armoured cars and smaller numbers of carbines and pistols. Writing in 1975, he revealed that "we had clandestinely been giving 'aid' to Vietnam since early 1958. Published American archival sources now reveal that the actual Malaysian contributions to the war effort in Vietnam included the following: "over 5,000 Vietnamese officers trained in Malaysia; training of 150 U.S. soldiers in handling Tracker Dogs; a rather impressive list of military equipment and weapons given to Viet-Nam after the end of the Malaysian insurgency (for example, 641 armored personnel carriers, 56,000 shotguns); and a creditable amount of civil assistance (transportation equipment, cholera vaccine, and flood relief)". It is undeniable that the Government's policy of supporting the South Vietnamese regime with arms, equipment and training was regarded by some quarters, especially the Opposition parties, as a form of interfering in the internal affairs of that country and the Tunku's valiant efforts to defend it were not convincing enough, from a purely foreign policy standpoint.
^ Guan, Ang Cheng (29 April 2009). "Singapore and the Vietnam war". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 40 (2): 353–384. doi:10.1017/S0022463409000186. S2CID 161788670. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
^ McKenna, Peter (2 September 2021). "Reconsidering Canada's role in Vietnam". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
^ Boyko, John (9 April 2021). "Canada is making the same mistakes in Yemen that it did in Vietnam". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
^ Young, J. W. (2002). "Britain and 'LBJ's War', 1964-68". Cold War History. 2 (3): 63–92. doi:10.1080/713999965. S2CID 153635200. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
^ Varsori, A. (2003). "Britain and US Involvement in the Vietnam War during the Kennedy Administration, 1961-63". Cold War History. 3 (2): 83–112. doi:10.1080/713999980. S2CID 153891042. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^ Blang, Eugenie M. (May 2004). "A Reappraisal of Germany's Vietnam Policy, 1963-1966: Ludwig Erhard's Response to America's War in Vietnam". German Studies Review. 27 (2): 341–360. doi:10.2307/1433086. JSTOR 1433086. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
^ Daum, Andreas W.; Gardner, Lloyd C.; Mausbach, Wilfried (14 July 2013). America, the Vietnam War, and the World: Comparative and International Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 259–278. ISBN 978-0521008761.
^ "Name of Technical Sergeant Richard B. Fitzgibbon to be added to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial". Department of Defense (DoD). Archived from the original on 20 October 2013.
^ ^a ^b Lawrence, A.T. (2009). Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4517-2.
^ Olson & Roberts 2008, p. 67.
^ "Chapter 5, Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960". The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1. Boston: Beacon Press. 1971. Section 3, pp. 314–346. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2008 – via International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.
^ The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later (Conference Transcript). Washington, DC: The Nixon Center. April 1998. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2012 – via International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.
^ Military History Institute of Vietnam 2002, p. 182. "By the end of 1966 the total strength of our armed forces was 690,000 soldiers."
^ Doyle, Edward; Lipsman, Samuel; Maitland, Terence (1986). The Vietnam Experience The North. Time Life Education. pp. 45–9. ISBN 978-0-939526-21-5.
^ ^a ^b Moïse, Edwin (2005). The A to Z of the Vietnam War. The Scarecrow Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4617-1903-8.
^ "China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam". Toledo Blade. Reuters. 16 May 1989. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
^ Roy, Denny (1998). China's Foreign Relations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8476-9013-8.
^ ^a ^b Womack, Brantly (2006). China and Vietnam. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-521-61834-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Tucker, Spencer C (2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3.
^ "Area Handbook Series Laos". Retrieved 1 November 2019.
^ O'Ballance, Edgar (1982). Tracks of the bear: Soviet imprints in the seventies. Presidio. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-89141-133-8.
^ Pham Thi Thu Thuy (1 August 2013). "The colorful history of North Korea-Vietnam relations". NK News. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
^ "After training in the secret bases in Dragot e Tale of Lezha, we, the 12 scouts, went to Vietnam, where for a year we fou". Memorie.al. 2022-09-07. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
^ Le Gro, William (1985). Vietnam from ceasefire to capitulation (PDF). US Army Center of Military History. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4102-2542-9.
^ "The rise of Communism". www.footprinttravelguides.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
^ "Hmong rebellion in Laos". Members.ozemail.com.au. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
^ "Vietnam War Allied Troop Levels 1960–73". Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016., accessed 7 November 2017
^ Doyle, Jeff; Grey, Jeffrey; Pierce, Peter (2002). "Australia's Vietnam War – A Select Chronology of Australian Involvement in the Vietnam War" (PDF). Texas A&M University Press.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Hirschman, Charles; Preston, Samuel; Vu, Manh Loi (December 1995). "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 21 (4): 783. doi:10.2307/2137774. JSTOR 2137774.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lewy, Guenter (1978). America in Vietnam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-987423-1.
^ "Battlefield:Vietnam – Timeline". PBS.
^ ^a ^b Moyar, Mark. "Triumph Regained: The Vietnam War, 1965-1968." Encounter Books, December 2022. Chapter 17 index: "Communists provided further corroboration of the proximity of their casualty figures to American figures in a postwar disclosure of total losses from 1960 to 1975. During that period, they stated, they lost 849,018 killed plus approximately 232,000 missing and 463,000 wounded. Casualties fluctuated considerably from year to year, but a degree of accuracy can be inferred from the fact that 500,000 was 59 percent of the 849,018 total and that 59 percent of the war's days had passed by the time of Fallaci's conversation with Giap. The killed in action figure comes from "Special Subject 4: The Work of Locating and Recovering the Remains of Martyrs From Now Until 2020 And Later Years," downloaded from the Vietnamese government website datafile on 1 December 2017. The above figures on missing and wounded were calculated using Hanoi's declared casualty ratios for the period of 1945 to 1979, during which time the Communists incurred 1.1 million killed, 300,000 missing, and 600,000 wounded. Ho Khang, ed, Lich Su Khang Chien Chong My, Cuu Nuoc 1954-1975, Tap VIII: Toan Thang (Hanoi: Nha Xuat Ban Chinh Tri Quoc Gia, 2008), 463."
^ "Chuyên đề 4 CÔNG TÁC TÌM KIẾM, QUY TẬP HÀI CỐT LIỆT SĨ TỪ NAY ĐẾN NĂM 2020 VÀ NHỮNG NĂM TIẾP THEO". Datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
^ "Công tác tìm kiếm, quy tập hài cốt liệt sĩ từ nay đến năm 2020 và những năn tiếp theo" [The work of searching and collecting the remains of martyrs from now to 2020 and the next] (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Defence, Government of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
^ Joseph Babcock (29 April 2019). "Lost Souls: The Search for Vietnam's 300,000 or More MIAs". Pulitzer Centre. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
^ Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-240567-8.
^ James F. Dunnigan; Albert A. Nofi (2000). Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War: Military Information You're Not Supposed to Know. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-25282-3.
^ "North Korea fought in Vietnam War". BBC News Online. 31 March 2000. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ Pribbenow, Merle (November 2011). "North Korean Pilots in the Skies over Vietnam" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. p. 1. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
^ Thayer, Thomas C. (1985). War Without Fronts: The American Experience in Vietnam. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-7132-0.
^ Clarke, Jeffrey J. (1988). United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973. Center of Military History, United States Army. The Army of the Republic of Vietnam suffered 254,256 recorded combat deaths between 1960 and 1974, with the highest number of recorded deaths being in 1972, with 39,587 combat deaths
^ Rummel, R.J (1997), "Table 6.1A. Vietnam Democide : Estimates, Sources, and Calculations" (GIF), Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War, University of Hawaii System
^ "The Fall of South Vietnam" (PDF). Rand.org. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
^ Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (4 May 2021). "2021 NAME ADDITIONS AND STATUS CHANGES ON THE VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL" (Press release).
^ National Archives–Vietnam War U.S. Military Fatal Casualties, 15 August 2016, retrieved 29 July 2020
^ "Vietnam War U.S. Military Fatal Casualty Statistics: HOSTILE OR NON-HOSTILE DEATH INDICATOR." U.S. National Archives. 29 April 2008. Accessed 13 July 2019.
^ America's Wars (PDF) (Report). Department of Veterans Affairs. May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2014.
^ Anne Leland; Mari–Jana "M-J" Oboroceanu (26 February 2010). American War and Military Operations: Casualties: Lists and Statistics (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service.
^ Aaron Ulrich (editor); Edward FeuerHerd (producer and director) (2005, 2006). Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945–1975 (Box set, Color, Dolby, DVD-Video, Full Screen, NTSC, Dolby, Vision Software) (Documentary). Koch Vision. Event occurs at 321 minutes. ISBN 1-4172-2920-9.
^ Kueter, Dale (2007). Vietnam Sons: For Some, the War Never Ended. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4259-6931-8.
^ T. Lomperis, From People's War to People's Rule (1996)
^ "Australian casualties in the Vietnam War, 1962–72". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
^ "Overview of the war in Vietnam". New Zealand and the Vietnam War. 16 July 1965. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
^ "America Wasn't the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War". 2 October 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
^ "Vietnam Reds Said to Hold 17 From Taiwan as Spies". The New York Times. 1964.
^ Larsen, Stanley (1975). Vietnam Studies Allied Participation in Vietnam (PDF). Department of the Army. ISBN 978-1-5176-2724-9.
^ "Asian Allies in Vietnam" (PDF). Embassy of South Vietnam. March 1970. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ Shenon, Philip (23 April 1995). "20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2011. The Vietnamese government officially claimed a rough estimate of 2 million civilian deaths, but it did not divide these deaths between those of North and South Vietnam.
^ ^a ^b ^c Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J L; Gakidou, Emmanuela (23 April 2008). "Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme". British Medical Journal. 336 (7659): 1482–1486. doi:10.1136/bmj.a137. PMC 2440905. PMID 18566045. From 1955 to 2002, data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths ... 3.8 million in Vietnam
^ Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979". Forced Migration and Mortality. National Academies Press. pp. 102–104, 120, 124. ISBN 978-0-309-07334-9. As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less.
^ Banister, Judith; Johnson, E. Paige (1993). Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community. Yale University Southeast Asia Studies. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-938692-49-2. An estimated 275,000 excess deaths. We have modeled the highest mortality that we can justify for the early 1970s.
^ Sliwinski, Marek (1995). Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique [The Khmer Rouge genocide: A demographic analysis]. L'Harmattan. pp. 42–43, 48. ISBN 978-2-7384-3525-5.

^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Mandate was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Nixon's official state of residence was New York because he moved there to practice law after his defeat in the 1962 California gubernatorial election. During his first term as president, Nixon re-established his residency in California. Consequently, most reliable reference books, including the January 6, 1969, edition of the Congressional Record, list his home state as New York.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Includes members of the Democratic Party in New York elected on the WFP ballot line via electoral fusion.
^ disbanded in 2003

Cite error: There are <ref group=A> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=A}} template (see the help page).

[2] "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.

[3] Bemis, Samuel Flagg (1965). A Diplomatic History of the United States. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 8.

[4] Newman, Gerald; Brown, Leslie Ellen (13 November 1997). Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714-1837: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780815303961. All in all, the war cost Britain 20,000 casualties and 407 ships, primarily merchantmen, in exchange for little commercial or strategic gain.

[5] "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.

[VEP80-12-7] Dr. Michael McDonald (March 25, 2013). "Turnout 1980-2012". George Mason University. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2013.

[8] U. S. Senator

[10] "Montana Voter Turnout". Montana Secretary of State. Retrieved 2022-05-26.

[11] Elaheh Rostami-Povey, Iran's Influence: A Religious-Political State and Society in Its Region, pp. 130–154, Zed Books Ltd, 2010.

[12] "Iranian Strategy in Iraq: Politics and 'Other Means'" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.

[YouTube-13] President Barack Obama Speaks With VICE News. YouTube. 16 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14.

[14] "Operations By Iran's Military Mastermind – Business Insider". Business Insider. 9 July 2014.

[ctc.usma.edu-15] "The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Ctc.usma.edu. Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2014.

[16] "Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests". US Department of State. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2010.

[17] "Operations By Iran's Military Mastermind – Business Insider". Business Insider. 9 July 2014.

[18] "A Timeline of Iraq War, Troop Levels". The Huffington Post.

[19] ttps://sgp.fas.org/crs/mideast/RL31763.pdf

[20] "Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Programs Charlene Lamb's Remarks on Private Contractors in Iraq". US Department of State. 17 July 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.

[21] International Institute for Strategic Studies (3 February 2010). Hackett, James (ed.). The Military Balance 2010. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85743-557-3.

[22] Rubin, Alissa J.; Nordland, Rod (29 March 2009). "Troops Arrest an Awakening Council Leader in Iraq, Setting Off Fighting". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2010.

[23] "The Kurdish peshmerga forces will not be integrated into the Iraqi army: Mahmoud Sangawi — Interview". Ekurd.net. 22 January 2010. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2010.

[brookings-25] The Brookings Institution Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq Archived 2 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine 1 October 2007

[26] Pincus, Walter. "Violence in Iraq Called Increasingly Complex". The Washington Post, 17 November 2006.

[27] 260 killed in 2003,[1] 15,196 killed from 2004 through 2009 (with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009),[2] 67 killed in March 2009,[3] 1,100 killed in 2010,[4] and 1,067 killed in 2011,[5] thus giving a total of 17,690 dead

[28] "Iraq War" (PDF). US Department of State. Retrieved 18 November 2012.

[29] The US DoD and the DMDC list 4,505 US fatalities during the Iraq War.[6][7] In addition to these, two service members were also previously confirmed by the DoD to have died while supporting operations in Iraq,[8][9] but have been excluded from the DoD and DMDC list. This brings the total of US fatalities in the Iraq War to 4,507.

[30] "Fact Sheets | Operations Factsheets | Operations in Iraq: British Fatalities". Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.

[31] "Operation Iraqi Freedom". iCasualties. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2010.

[32] "POW and MIA in Iraq and Afghanistan Fast Facts". CNN. Retrieved 5 June 2014.; As of July 2012, seven American private contractors remain unaccounted for. Their names are: Jeffrey Ake, Aban Elias, Abbas Kareem Naama, Neenus Khoshaba, Bob Hamze, Dean Sadek and Hussain al-Zurufi. Healy, Jack, "With Withdrawal Looming, Trails Grow Cold For Americans Missing In Iraq", The New York Times, 22 May 2011, p. 6.

[defensecasualty-33] "Casualty" (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2016.

[34] 33 Ukrainians,[10] 31+ Italians,[11][12] 30 Bulgarians,[13][14] 20 Salvadorans,[15] 19 Georgians,[16] Archived 13 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine 18 Estonians,[17] 1421+ Poles,[18][19][20] 15 Spaniards,[21][22] Archived 2 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine [23][24] 10 Romanians,[25] 6 Australians,[26] 5 Albanians, 4 Kazakhs,[27] 3 Filipinos,[28] and 2 Thais,[29][30] for a total of 210+ wounded

[mil-35] Many official US tables at "Military Casualty Information" Archived 3 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine. See latest totals for injury, disease/other medical Archived 2 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine

[antiwarcasualties-36] "Casualties in Iraq".

[icasualties-37] Casualties.org (was lunaville.org). Benicia, California. Patricia Kneisler, et al., "Iraq Coalition Casualties" Archived 21 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine

[ukcasualties-38] "Defence Internet Fact Sheets Operations in Iraq: British Casualties" Archived 14 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine. UK Ministry of Defense. Latest combined casualty and fatality tables Archived 4 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine.

[39] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[dol.gov-40] "Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP) – Defense Base Act Case Summary by Nation". US Department of Labor. Retrieved 15 December 2011.

[projects.propublica.org-41] T. Christian Miller (23 September 2009). "US Government Private Contract Worker Deaths and Injuries". Projects.propublica.org. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2010.

[42] 185 in Diyala from June 2007 to December 2007,[31] 4 in assassination of Abu Risha, 25 on 12 November 2007,[32] Archived 14 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine 528 in 2008,[33] Archived 10 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine 27 on 2 January 2009,[34] 13 on 16 November 2009,"Thirteen anti-Qaeda tribe members killed in Iraq - FRANCE 24". Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011. 15 in December 2009,[35] 100+ from April to June 2010,[36] [37] 52 on 18 July 2010,[38] [39] total of 1,002+ dead Archived 18 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine

[43] Moore, Solomon; Oppel, Richard A. (24 January 2008). "Attacks Imperil U.S.-Backed Militias in Iraq". The New York Times.

[44] Greg Bruno. "Finding a Place for the 'Sons of Iraq'". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 10 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2011.

[45] Conetta, Carl (23 October 2003). "The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict — Project on Defense Alternative Research Monograph #8". Project on Defense Alternatives (via Commonwealth Institute). Retrieved 2 September 2010.

[46] "Jonathan Steele: Body counts". TheGuardian.com. 28 May 2003.

[47] 597 killed in 2003,[40], 23,984 killed from 2004 through 2009 (with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009),[41] 652 killed in May 2004,[42] 45 killed in March 2009,[43] Archived 3 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine 676 killed in 2010,[44] and 590 killed in 2011,[45] thus giving a total of 26,544 dead

[48] "4,000 fighters killed, 'al-Qaida in Iraq' tape says." The Guardian. 28 September 2006.

[cnn1-49] "Amnesty: Iraq holds up to 30,000 detainees without trial". CNN. 13 September 2010. Archived from the original on 23 October 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2011.

[50] "Insurgent body count documents released." Archived 27 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Stars and Stripes. 1 October 2007. Number of convictions not specified.

[51] "Iraq Body Count". Retrieved 27 April 2014.

[52] "Iraq War Logs: What the numbers reveal". Iraq Body Count. Retrieved 3 December 2010.

[53] Kim Gamel (23 April 2009). "AP Impact: Secret tally has 87,215 Iraqis dead". Fox News. Retrieved 26 April 2014.

[lancetOct2006-54] "Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2015. (242 KB). By Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, and Les Roberts. The Lancet, 11 October 2006

[Lancet_supplement-55] "The Human Cost of the War in Iraq: A Mortality Study, 2002–2006" (PDF). (603 KB). By Gilbert Burnham, Shannon Doocy, Elizabeth Dzeng, Riyadh Lafta, and Les Roberts. A supplement to the October 2006 Lancet study. It is also found here: "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) [46]

[Iraq_Family_Health_Survey-56] "Iraq Family Health Survey" New England Journal of Medicine 31 January 2008

[57] "Greenspan admits Iraq was about oil, as deaths put at 1.2m". the Guardian. 16 September 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2020.

[Hagopian-58] Cite error: The named reference Hagopian was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[59] Hupchick, Dennis P. (2002). The Balkans : from Constantinople to communism. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-312-29913-2. OCLC 54360177.

[60] Logevall, Fredrik (1993). "The Swedish-American Conflict over Vietnam". Diplomatic History. 17 (3): 421–445. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1993.tb00589.x. JSTOR 24912244. Retrieved 29 July 2021.

[UONC-62] Moise, Edwin E. (1996). Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-8078-2300-2.

[63] "Chapter Three: 1957–1969 Early Relations between Malaysia and Vietnam" (PDF). University of Malaya Student Repository. p. 72. Retrieved 17 October 2015.

[64] Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj (Profiles of Malaysia's Foreign Ministers) (PDF). Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia). 2008. p. 31. ISBN 978-983-2220-26-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015. The Tunku had been personally responsible for Malaya's partisan support of the South Vietnamese regime in its fight against the Vietcong and, in reply to a Parliamentary question on 6 February 1962, he had listed all the used weapons and equipment of the Royal Malaya Police given to Saigon. These included a total of 45,707 single-barrel shotguns, 611 armoured cars and smaller numbers of carbines and pistols. Writing in 1975, he revealed that "we had clandestinely been giving 'aid' to Vietnam since early 1958. Published American archival sources now reveal that the actual Malaysian contributions to the war effort in Vietnam included the following: "over 5,000 Vietnamese officers trained in Malaysia; training of 150 U.S. soldiers in handling Tracker Dogs; a rather impressive list of military equipment and weapons given to Viet-Nam after the end of the Malaysian insurgency (for example, 641 armored personnel carriers, 56,000 shotguns); and a creditable amount of civil assistance (transportation equipment, cholera vaccine, and flood relief)". It is undeniable that the Government's policy of supporting the South Vietnamese regime with arms, equipment and training was regarded by some quarters, especially the Opposition parties, as a form of interfering in the internal affairs of that country and the Tunku's valiant efforts to defend it were not convincing enough, from a purely foreign policy standpoint.

[65] Guan, Ang Cheng (29 April 2009). "Singapore and the Vietnam war". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 40 (2): 353–384. doi:10.1017/S0022463409000186. S2CID 161788670. Retrieved 23 April 2022.

[66] McKenna, Peter (2 September 2021). "Reconsidering Canada's role in Vietnam". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg. Retrieved 23 April 2022.

[67] Boyko, John (9 April 2021). "Canada is making the same mistakes in Yemen that it did in Vietnam". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 23 April 2022.

[68] Young, J. W. (2002). "Britain and 'LBJ's War', 1964-68". Cold War History. 2 (3): 63–92. doi:10.1080/713999965. S2CID 153635200. Retrieved 12 May 2022.

[69] Varsori, A. (2003). "Britain and US Involvement in the Vietnam War during the Kennedy Administration, 1961-63". Cold War History. 3 (2): 83–112. doi:10.1080/713999980. S2CID 153891042. Retrieved 13 May 2022.

[70] Blang, Eugenie M. (May 2004). "A Reappraisal of Germany's Vietnam Policy, 1963-1966: Ludwig Erhard's Response to America's War in Vietnam". German Studies Review. 27 (2): 341–360. doi:10.2307/1433086. JSTOR 1433086. Retrieved 23 April 2022.

[71] Daum, Andreas W.; Gardner, Lloyd C.; Mausbach, Wilfried (14 July 2013). America, the Vietnam War, and the World: Comparative and International Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 259–278. ISBN 978-0521008761.

[72] "Name of Technical Sergeant Richard B. Fitzgibbon to be added to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial". Department of Defense (DoD). Archived from the original on 20 October 2013.

[Lawrence-73] Lawrence, A.T. (2009). Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4517-2.

[FOOTNOTEOlsonRoberts200867-74] Olson & Roberts 2008, p. 67.

[WarBegan-75] "Chapter 5, Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960". The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1. Boston: Beacon Press. 1971. Section 3, pp. 314–346. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2008 – via International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.

[mtholyoke.edu-77] The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later (Conference Transcript). Washington, DC: The Nixon Center. April 1998. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2012 – via International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.

[81] Military History Institute of Vietnam 2002, p. 182. "By the end of 1966 the total strength of our armed forces was 690,000 soldiers."

[83] Doyle, Edward; Lipsman, Samuel; Maitland, Terence (1986). The Vietnam Experience The North. Time Life Education. pp. 45–9. ISBN 978-0-939526-21-5.

[AtoZ-84] Moïse, Edwin (2005). The A to Z of the Vietnam War. The Scarecrow Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4617-1903-8.

[Toledo_Blade_320,000_Chinese_troops-85] "China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam". Toledo Blade. Reuters. 16 May 1989. Retrieved 24 December 2013.

[Roy-86] Roy, Denny (1998). China's Foreign Relations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8476-9013-8.

[Womack-87] Womack, Brantly (2006). China and Vietnam. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-521-61834-2.

[Tucker-88] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Tucker, Spencer C (2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3.

[89] "Area Handbook Series Laos". Retrieved 1 November 2019.

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[93] Le Gro, William (1985). Vietnam from ceasefire to capitulation (PDF). US Army Center of Military History. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4102-2542-9.

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[97] Doyle, Jeff; Grey, Jeffrey; Pierce, Peter (2002). "Australia's Vietnam War – A Select Chronology of Australian Involvement in the Vietnam War" (PDF). Texas A&M University Press.

[Hirschman-98] Hirschman, Charles; Preston, Samuel; Vu, Manh Loi (December 1995). "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate" (PDF). Population and Development Review. 21 (4): 783. doi:10.2307/2137774. JSTOR 2137774.

[Lewy-99] Lewy, Guenter (1978). America in Vietnam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-987423-1.

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[Moyar,_Mark-101] Moyar, Mark. "Triumph Regained: The Vietnam War, 1965-1968." Encounter Books, December 2022. Chapter 17 index: "Communists provided further corroboration of the proximity of their casualty figures to American figures in a postwar disclosure of total losses from 1960 to 1975. During that period, they stated, they lost 849,018 killed plus approximately 232,000 missing and 463,000 wounded. Casualties fluctuated considerably from year to year, but a degree of accuracy can be inferred from the fact that 500,000 was 59 percent of the 849,018 total and that 59 percent of the war's days had passed by the time of Fallaci's conversation with Giap. The killed in action figure comes from "Special Subject 4: The Work of Locating and Recovering the Remains of Martyrs From Now Until 2020 And Later Years," downloaded from the Vietnamese government website datafile on 1 December 2017. The above figures on missing and wounded were calculated using Hanoi's declared casualty ratios for the period of 1945 to 1979, during which time the Communists incurred 1.1 million killed, 300,000 missing, and 600,000 wounded. Ho Khang, ed, Lich Su Khang Chien Chong My, Cuu Nuoc 1954-1975, Tap VIII: Toan Thang (Hanoi: Nha Xuat Ban Chinh Tri Quoc Gia, 2008), 463."

[Chuyen-102] "Chuyên đề 4 CÔNG TÁC TÌM KIẾM, QUY TẬP HÀI CỐT LIỆT SĨ TỪ NAY ĐẾN NĂM 2020 VÀ NHỮNG NĂM TIẾP THEO". Datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn. Retrieved 11 April 2021.

[VNMOD-103] "Công tác tìm kiếm, quy tập hài cốt liệt sĩ từ nay đến năm 2020 và những năn tiếp theo" [The work of searching and collecting the remains of martyrs from now to 2020 and the next] (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Defence, Government of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018.

[105] Joseph Babcock (29 April 2019). "Lost Souls: The Search for Vietnam's 300,000 or More MIAs". Pulitzer Centre. Retrieved 28 June 2021.

[Hastings-106] Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-240567-8.

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[Thayer-110] Thayer, Thomas C. (1985). War Without Fronts: The American Experience in Vietnam. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-7132-0.

[Clarke-111] Clarke, Jeffrey J. (1988). United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973. Center of Military History, United States Army. The Army of the Republic of Vietnam suffered 254,256 recorded combat deaths between 1960 and 1974, with the highest number of recorded deaths being in 1972, with 39,587 combat deaths

[Rummel-112] Rummel, R.J (1997), "Table 6.1A. Vietnam Democide : Estimates, Sources, and Calculations" (GIF), Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War, University of Hawaii System

[113] "The Fall of South Vietnam" (PDF). Rand.org. Retrieved 11 April 2021.

[2new-114] Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (4 May 2021). "2021 NAME ADDITIONS AND STATUS CHANGES ON THE VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL" (Press release).

[115] National Archives–Vietnam War U.S. Military Fatal Casualties, 15 August 2016, retrieved 29 July 2020

[116] "Vietnam War U.S. Military Fatal Casualty Statistics: HOSTILE OR NON-HOSTILE DEATH INDICATOR." U.S. National Archives. 29 April 2008. Accessed 13 July 2019.

[117] America's Wars (PDF) (Report). Department of Veterans Affairs. May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2014.

[118] Anne Leland; Mari–Jana "M-J" Oboroceanu (26 February 2010). American War and Military Operations: Casualties: Lists and Statistics (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service.

[119] Aaron Ulrich (editor); Edward FeuerHerd (producer and director) (2005, 2006). Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945–1975 (Box set, Color, Dolby, DVD-Video, Full Screen, NTSC, Dolby, Vision Software) (Documentary). Koch Vision. Event occurs at 321 minutes. ISBN 1-4172-2920-9.

[Kueter-120] Kueter, Dale (2007). Vietnam Sons: For Some, the War Never Ended. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4259-6931-8.

[122] T. Lomperis, From People's War to People's Rule (1996)

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[126] "Vietnam Reds Said to Hold 17 From Taiwan as Spies". The New York Times. 1964.

[127] Larsen, Stanley (1975). Vietnam Studies Allied Participation in Vietnam (PDF). Department of the Army. ISBN 978-1-5176-2724-9.

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[Shenon-129] Shenon, Philip (23 April 1995). "20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2011. The Vietnamese government officially claimed a rough estimate of 2 million civilian deaths, but it did not divide these deaths between those of North and South Vietnam.

[Obermeyer-130] Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J L; Gakidou, Emmanuela (23 April 2008). "Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme". British Medical Journal. 336 (7659): 1482–1486. doi:10.1136/bmj.a137. PMC 2440905. PMID 18566045. From 1955 to 2002, data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths ... 3.8 million in Vietnam

[Heuveline-131] Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979". Forced Migration and Mortality. National Academies Press. pp. 102–104, 120, 124. ISBN 978-0-309-07334-9. As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less.

[Banister-132] Banister, Judith; Johnson, E. Paige (1993). Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community. Yale University Southeast Asia Studies. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-938692-49-2. An estimated 275,000 excess deaths. We have modeled the highest mortality that we can justify for the early 1970s.

[Sliwinski-133] Sliwinski, Marek (1995). Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique [The Khmer Rouge genocide: A demographic analysis]. L'Harmattan. pp. 42–43, 48. ISBN 978-2-7384-3525-5.

[Mandate-1] Cite error: The named reference Mandate was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[California_1960-6] Nixon's official state of residence was New York because he moved there to practice law after his defeat in the 1962 California gubernatorial election. During his first term as president, Nixon re-established his residency in California. Consequently, most reliable reference books, including the January 6, 1969, edition of the Congressional Record, list his home state as New York.

[Fusion-9] Includes members of the Democratic Party in New York elected on the WFP ballot line via electoral fusion.

[24] sbanded in 2003

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