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Short turn

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Carlton streetcar on a short turn service terminating at Queen-Coxwell Loop in Toronto, 1965

In public transport, a short turn, short working or turn-back is a service on a bus route or rail line that do not operate along the full length of the route.[1]: 118  Short turn trips are often scheduled and published in a timetable, but they may also be unscheduled, for multiple reasons.

Short turn services often require additional infrastructure to turn vehicles around in the middle of a route. Short turn bus services may not require any infrastructure, using streets to turn around. In comparison, short turn tram or streetcar services may have to use a balloon loop, limiting the locations for short turns. Rail services such as rapid transit and commuter rail have similar limits with short turn locations: they need crossovers, loops, or other special tracks when they short turn.[2]

Purposes

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A timetable for the Antelope Valley Line in Los Angeles County, California, showing some trips that short turn at Via Princessa station

Demand for services

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Short turns are used on bus routes and rail lines where there is a lower demand for service along the part of the route not served by the short-turning trips. This helps in reducing operating costs.[3]: 10  While more economical, these short turns do not necessarily reduce the number of buses needed to operate the full amount of service along the route.[3]: 457 

An alternative to this are services that split up into multiple branches. This provides a frequent service on the main route while the individual branches are served less frequently.

Crowd management

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Short turns can aid in reducing overcrowding of buses. By scheduling uneven intervals between full-length and short turn trips, this may lead to accommodation of more riders on the trips coming out of the short turn layover location.[4]: 3-75, 7-6 

Unscheduled short turns

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Unscheduled short turns occur when services are delayed or disrupted. When bunching occurs, some of the bunched vehicles may be short-turned to provide additional service in the other direction. This practice can allow a vehicle to regain time in its schedule, and it benefits passengers waiting at stops in the opposite direction. Unscheduled short turns are a useful tool for managers of transport services, but must be used in combination with other methods to properly manage delays and bunching.[3]: 478 

However, unscheduled short turns are inconvenient for passengers on the vehicle being short-turned, who must disembark before their destination.[5] Passengers and the media are often critical of unscheduled short turns, as seen in Toronto, where a review of Toronto Transit Commission bus and streetcar services found that the TTC short-turned over 333,000 trips between January 2012 and September 2014.[6]

History

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An early English-language description of short turn services is in A New English Dictionary On Historical Principles, in its definition of "short running." The dictionary quotes an 1855 document describing stagecoach services in Cornwall, which were successful at that time: "The people patronized the vans to such an extent that short-running coaches were few."[7]

Short turns by mode of transport

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Buses

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Trolleybuses

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Short turn services pose a unique challenge for trolleybuses, electric buses that draw power from an overhead line. Basic trolleybuses must be connected to the overhead lines at all times, and short turn services can only be operated where overhead lines are installed. Some more advanced trolleybuses are equipped with batteries or engines for limited operation away from their overhead lines, which allows for short turns at more locations.[8] With the continuous development of vehicle battery technology, more trolleybuses are equipped to operate "off-wire," enabling flexibility for short turns and other service changes. In 1983, battery-equipped trolleybuses were capable of traveling 3.2 km (2 mi) off-wire;[8] in comparison, by 2023, trolleybuses are routinely equipped with batteries that will power the bus for distances of over 16 mi (25 km).[9]

Battery-electric buses

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Battery-electric buses can operate short turn services with minimal infrastructure. Battery-electric buses must be recharged periodically, and many operators of battery-electric buses place chargers at terminals, which may not be served by short turn services. This issue was studied in a 2024 paper by scholars from Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications and Beijing Jiaotong University, who highlighted that the high costs of deadheading buses to and from chargers can outweigh the otherwise large benefits of operating short turn services.[10]

Streetcars and trams

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Streetcars (trams) require on-street or off-street infrastructure to operate short turn services. On streetcar systems that operate single-ended cars, such as the Toronto streetcar system, short turn services require a loop of track, either via city streets or as an off-street balloon loop. In Toronto, short turn streetcars are common, both scheduled and unscheduled.

Two route 1a trams, a short working of route 1, on Swanston Street, Melbourne

Short turn services on the tram system in Melbourne, the world's largest, are officially known as "short workings," but are sometimes nicknamed "ghost trams" due to their confusing nature. From 1970 to 2012, short workings were identified by different numbers than their full routes, often using numbers that were unrelated to the original. For example, route 31 was a short working of route 48, and short workings of route 1 were variously signed as routes 2, 2A, 4, and 21.[11] After the system was privatized in 1999, many short workings were no longer published in timetables, leading to further confusion. A reorganization of tram routes in 2012 introduced a new nomenclature for short workings, which uses the suffix "d" to indicate trams terminating at their depot, and "a" to indicate other short workings.[12][13][14]

Rapid transit (subway, metro)

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Some 5 trains on the New York City Subway short turn at Bowling Green station, turning around in the inner track of the Old South Ferry loop

Some rapid transit (subway or metro) systems rely heavily on short turn services. An example of this is the New York City Subway, which uses short turn services in multiple locations across the system. For example, 5 trains short turn at Bowling Green when demand is lower on evenings and weekends, turning around in the inner track of the Old South Ferry loop.[15] Short turn services are also operated during peak times, with some F trains short-turning at Kings Highway instead of running their full route to Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue.[16]

Monorail

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External videos
video icon Zoo/Stadion station turntable in operation, 1991

The Wuppertal Schwebebahn, a suspended monorail line in Wuppertal, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, was formerly capable of operating short turn services. Kluse station featured a turning loop that was destroyed during World War II, and Zoo/Stadion station has featured a loop and a turntable at different points in its history. The Zoo/Stadion turntable operated from 1974 until 2002, when it was shut down due to its regular oil leaks. Following the closure of the Zoo/Stadion turntable, all services operate along the full 13.3 km (8.3 mi) line from Oberbarmen to Vohwinkel.[17][18]

Monorail switches, needed to operate short turn services, are large and complex, as seen at Sigongli station on Line 3 of Chongqing Rail Transit

Line 3 of Chongqing Rail Transit, the world's busiest monorail line, is equipped for short turns at multiple locations. This infrastructure is a rarity for monorail systems, due to the size, complexity, and cost of switches. The main line of Line 3 is 53.1 km (30 mi) long with 39 stations, 8 of which are equipped to turn trains around. This infrastructure enables the operation of multiple short turn service patterns on Line 3.[19]

The operations of Line 3 were studied in a 2021 paper by scholars from Southwest Jiaotong University and Hong Kong Polytechnic University, who proposed a mathematical model for optimizing short turn train services. The authors of the study argued that operating costs on Line 3 could be reduced by 4% with the mathematically optimized short turn routes generated by their model, while maintaining a similar or better experience for passengers.[19]

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Short Turn, a streetcar-themed restaurant on Queen Street in Toronto, is inspired by the Toronto streetcar system's large number of unscheduled short turns.[20] The restaurant features fixtures from retired Toronto streetcars and destination sign-inspired exterior signage.[21]

References

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  1. ^ Parkinson, Tom; Fisher, Ian (1996). Rail Transit Capacity (PDF). TCRP Report 13. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board. ISBN 0-309-05718-3.
  2. ^ Puong, André; Wilson, Nigel H. M. (2008). "A Train Holding Model for Urban Rail Transit Systems". In Hickman, Mark; Mirchandani, Pitu B.; Voss, Stefan (eds.). Computer-aided systems in public transport. p. 334. ISBN 9783540733126.
  3. ^ a b c Ceder, Avishai (2007). Public transit planning and operation: theory, modelling and practice. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-6166-9.
  4. ^ Boyle, Daniel K.; et al. (2009). Controlling System Costs: Basic and Advanced Scheduling Manuals and Contemporary Issues in Transit Scheduling. TCRP Report 135. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. ISBN 978-0-309-27994-9.
  5. ^ Young, Leslie; Armstrong, James (2014-12-01). "Stranded: Why your TTC bus short-turned". Global News. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  6. ^ "How we manage delays". Chicago Transit Authority. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  7. ^ A new English dictionary on historical principles: founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society. Vol. 8, part 2. Oxford Clarendon Press. 1914. p. 746. Retrieved 2024-08-27 – via Internet Archive.
  8. ^ a b Parkinson, Tom E. (1983). "Off-Wire Operation". The Trolley Bus: Where It Is and Where It's Going (PDF). TCRB Special Report 200. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. pp. 50–51. ISBN 0-309-03523-6.
  9. ^ "Knowledge Brief: Wires Becoming Charging Infrastructure for In Motion Charging" (PDF). UITP. December 2023. Retrieved 2024-09-18.
  10. ^ Zhang, Wenwei; Zhao, Hui (2024-09-01). "Optimal design of electric bus short turning and interlining strategy". Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 134: 104334. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2024.104334. ISSN 1361-9209. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  11. ^ Waldron, Hugh (2009-10-16). "History of Melbourne Tram Routes from 1950 to 2009". Retrieved 2024-09-18.
  12. ^ Jones, Russell (2020). "What tram do I catch? An incomplete history of Melbourne tram route numbers". Melbourne Tram Museum. Retrieved 2024-09-18.
  13. ^ Sexton, Reid (2008-09-13). "On our tramway's secret service". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2024-09-18.
  14. ^ Jones, Russell (2013). "Haunting the rails: ghost trams of Melbourne". Melbourne Tram Museum. Retrieved 2024-09-18.
  15. ^ "MTA Subway Timetable: 5 Lexington Avenue Express". MTA New York City Transit. June 30, 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-18.
  16. ^ "MTA Subway Timetable: F Queens Blvd Express/ 6 Av Local". MTA New York City Transit. June 30, 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-18.
  17. ^ Atzenroth, Birgit; Ballmann, Bastian; Hilpert, Klaus; Mähler, Stephan; Schulte, Karl-Wilhelm (2003-01-07). "Wuppertal's Suspension Railway: overview and history". Bergische Universität Wuppertal. Archived from the original on 2006-10-08.
  18. ^ Ballmann, Bastian; Pourkhessalian, Mohammad Reza; Schulte, Karl-Wilhelm (2004-07-28). "Wuppertal's Suspension Railway: the re-construction". Bergische Universität Wuppertal. Archived from the original on 2006-10-08.
  19. ^ a b Li, Zhengyang; Zhao, Jun; Peng, Qiyuan (2021-02-01). "Train service design in an urban rail transit line incorporating multiple service routes and multiple train compositions". Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. 123: 102959. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2020.102959. ISSN 0968-090X. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  20. ^ Hershberg, Erin; Neuhaus, Daniel (2023-03-21). "What's on the menu at Short Turn, a snazzy new cocktail spot on Queen West from the 416 Snack Bar team". Toronto Life. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  21. ^ Cicerone, Joseph; Moallemi, Arash (2023-11-06). "Short Turn Feels Like a Streetcar Ride in a Perfect Toronto". Designlines Magazine. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
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