Henry, King of Portugal

Styles of
**Henry of Portugal**
Styles of; Henry of Portugal
Reference style	His Royal Highness
Spoken style	Your Royal Highness
Religious style	His Eminence
Informal style	Cardinal-King

Henry
Henry
Cardinal of the Catholic Church
	Portrait by Domenico Tintoretto, c. 1579
King of Portugal
Reign	4 August 1578 – 31 January 1580
Coronation	28 August 1578, Lisbon
Predecessor	Sebastian
Successor	Anthony (disputed) or Philip I
Born	31 January 1512; Lisbon, Portugal
Died	31 January 1580 (aged 68); Almeirim, Portugal
Burial	Jerónimos Monastery
Dynasty	Aviz
Father	Manuel I of Portugal
Mother	Maria of Aragon
Religion	Catholicism

Henry (Portuguese: Henrique [ẽˈʁikɨ]; 31 January 1512 – 31 January 1580), dubbed the Chaste (Portuguese: o Casto) and the Cardinal-King (Portuguese: o Cardeal-Rei), was king of Portugal and an inquisitor and cardinal of the Catholic Church, who ruled Portugal between 1578 and 1580. As a clergyman, he was bound to celibacy, and as such, had no children to succeed him, and thus put an end to the reigning House of Aviz. His death led to the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 and ultimately to the 60-year Iberian Union that saw Portugal share a monarch with Habsburg Spain. The next independent monarch of Portugal would be John IV, who restored the throne after 60 years of Spanish rule.

Life

Born in Lisbon, Henry was the fifth son of King Manuel I of Portugal and Maria of Aragon.^[1]

Cardinal

As the younger brother of King John III of Portugal and a younger son in the Royal Family, Henry was not expected to succeed to the Portuguese throne. Early in his life, Henry took Holy Orders to promote Portuguese interests within the Catholic Church, then dominated by Spain. He rose rapidly through the Church hierarchy, becoming in quick succession Archbishop of Braga, Archbishop of Évora, and Grand Inquisitor before being made a cardinal on 16 December 1545,^[2] with the title of Santi Quattro Coronati. From 1564 to 1570 he was Archbishop of Lisbon. Henry, more than anyone, endeavoured to bring the Jesuits to Portugal to encourage their activity in the colonial empire.

Reign

Henry served as regent for his great-nephew King Sebastian, replacing his sister-in-law and Sebastian's grandmother Queen dowager Catherine, following her resignation from the role in 1562.^[4]^[5] King Sebastian died without an heir in the disastrous Battle of Alcácer Quibir that took place in 1578, and the elderly cardinal was proclaimed king soon after.^[6] Henry sought to be released from his ecclesiastical vows so he could take a bride and pursue the continuation of the Aviz dynasty, but Pope Gregory XIII, not wanting to antagonize Philip II of Spain, did not grant him that release.^[7]^[8]

Death and succession

The Cardinal-King died in the Royal Palace of Almeirim, on his 68th birthday, without having appointed a successor, leaving only a regency to care for the kingdom.^[9] One of the closest dynastic claimants was King Philip II of Spain who, in June 1580, sent the Duke of Alba to claim Portugal by force.^[10] Lisbon soon fell, and Philip was elected king of Portugal at the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar in 1581— on the condition that the kingdom and its overseas territories would retain their autonomy.^[11]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Henry, King of Portugal

8. Edward, King of Portugal^[14]

4. Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu^[12]

9. Eleanor of Aragon^[14]

2. Manuel I of Portugal

10. John, Constable of Portugal^[13]

5. Beatrice of Portugal^[12]

11. Isabel of Barcelos^[13]

1. Henry, King of Portugal

12. John II of Aragon^[15]

6. Ferdinand II of Aragon^[13]

13. Juana Enríquez^[15]

3. Maria of Aragon

14. John II of Castile^[16]

7. Isabella I of Castile^[13]

15. Isabella of Portugal^[16]

Notes

^ McMurdo 1889, pp. 113–114.
^ Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Enrique de Portugal; Henry's brother Alonso had also been made a cardinal, in 1517 at the age of eight. (Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Alonso de Portugal Archived 5 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine).
^ ^a ^b As King, Cardinal Henry deprecated the manner of address of "Your Majesty", considering it to be appropriate only when applied to God.
^ Disney 2009, p. 174
^ McMurdo 1889, p. 165.
^ McMurdo 1889, pp. 220–221.
^ MacKay 2012, p. 44
^ Disney 2009, p. 176
^ Disney 2009, pp. 193–195.
^ Disney 2009, p. 195.
^ Stephens 1903, pp. 283–284.
^ ^a ^b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Emanuel I." . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Liss, Peggy K. (2015). Isabel the Queen: Life and Times. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0812293203.
^ ^a ^b Stephens 1903, p. 139
^ ^a ^b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. of Aragon" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ ^a ^b Isabella I, Queen of Spain at the Encyclopædia Britannica

Bibliography

Disney, A. R. (2009). A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-60397-3.
MacKay, Ruth (2012). The Baker Who Pretended to Be King of Portugal. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226501086.
McMurdo, Edward (1889). The History of Portugal, from the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III. Vol. III. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
Stephens, Henry Morse (1903). The Story of Portugal. G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0722224731.

External links

Regnal titles
Henry, King of Portugal House of Aviz Cadet branch of the House of Burgundy Born: 31 January 1512 Died: 31 January 1580
Preceded by Sebastian	King of Portugal 1578–1580	Succeeded by Anthony or Philip I
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Diogo de Sousa	Archbishop of Braga 1533–1539	Succeeded by Diego da Silva
Preceded by Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal as Bishop of Evora	Archbishop of Evora 1540–1564	Succeeded by João de Melo
Preceded by Fernando de Menezes Coutinho e Vasconcellos	Archbishop of Lisboa 1564–1569	Succeeded by Jorge de Almeida
Preceded by João de Melo	Archbishop of Evora 1574–1578	Succeeded by Teotónio de Bragança

[FOOTNOTEMcMurdo1889113–114-1] McMurdo 1889, pp. 113–114.

[2] Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Enrique de Portugal; Henry's brother Alonso had also been made a cardinal, in 1517 at the age of eight. (Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Alonso de Portugal Archived 5 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine).

[styles-3] As King, Cardinal Henry deprecated the manner of address of "Your Majesty", considering it to be appropriate only when applied to God.

[DisneyP174-4] Disney 2009, p. 174

[FOOTNOTEMcMurdo1889165-5] McMurdo 1889, p. 165.

[FOOTNOTEMcMurdo1889220–221-6] McMurdo 1889, pp. 220–221.

[MacKayP44-7] MacKay 2012, p. 44

[DisneyP176-8] Disney 2009, p. 176

[FOOTNOTEDisney2009193–195-9] Disney 2009, pp. 193–195.

[FOOTNOTEDisney2009195-10] Disney 2009, p. 195.

[FOOTNOTEStephens1903283–284-11] Stephens 1903, pp. 283–284.

[1911-Emanuel_I-12] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Emanuel I." . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

[Liss-13] Liss, Peggy K. (2015). Isabel the Queen: Life and Times. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0812293203.

[Stephens1903-14] Stephens 1903, p. 139

[1911-Ferdinand-15] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. of Aragon" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

[Britannica295037-16] Isabella I, Queen of Spain at the Encyclopædia Britannica

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v t e Monarchs of Portugal
House of Burgundy (1139–1383)	Afonso I Sancho I Afonso II Sancho II Afonso III Denis I Afonso IV Peter I Ferdinand I Beatrice I
House of Aviz (1385–1580)	John I Edward I Afonso V John II Manuel I John III Sebastian I Henry I Anthony I
House of Habsburg (1581–1640)	Philip I Philip II Philip III
House of Braganza (1640–1910)	John IV Afonso VI Peter II John V Joseph I Maria I with Peter III John VI Peter IV Maria II Miguel I Maria II with Ferdinand II Peter V Luís I Carlos I Manuel II
Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.

v t e Infantes of Portugal
The generations indicate descent from Afonso I, and continues through the House of Aviz, the House of Habsburg through Infanta Isabel, Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Spain, and the House of Braganza through Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza.
1st generation	Sancho I
2nd generation	Afonso II Infante Pedro, Count of Urgell Infante Fernando, Count of Flanders
3rd generation	Sancho II Afonso III Infante Fernando, Lord of Serpa
4th generation	Dinis I Infante Afonso, Lord of Portalegre
5th generation	Afonso IV Infante Afonso, Lord of Leiria
6th generation	Pedro I
7th generation	Fernando I Infante João, Duke of Valencia de Campos Infante Dinis, Lord of Cifuentes
8th generation	Duarte I Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra Infante Henrique, Duke of Viseu Infante João, Constable of Portugal Infante Fernando
9th generation	Afonso V Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu Infante Pedro, Constable of Portugal Infante João, Prince of Antioch Cardinal-Infante Jaime of Coimbra Infante Diogo, Constable of Portugal
10th generation	João, Prince of Portugal João II Infante João, Duke of Viseu Infante Diogo, Duke of Viseu Manuel I
11th generation	Afonso, Hereditary Prince of Portugal Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal and Asturias* João III Infante Luís, Duke of Beja Infante Fernando, Duke of Guarda Cardinal-Infante Afonso Henrique I (The Cardinal-King) Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães
12th generation	Afonso, Prince of Portugal Manuel, Prince of Portugal Filipe, Prince of Portugal João Manuel, Prince of Portugal Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães
13th generation	Sebastião I Diogo, Prince of Portugal and Asturias§ Filipe II§ Manuel, Hereditary Prince of Portugalƒ
14th generation	Filipe III§ Infante Carlos§ Cardinal-Infante Fernando§ Infante Alonso§
15th generation	Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Portugal and Asturias§ Teodósio, Prince of Brazil Afonso VI Pedro II
16th generation	João, Prince of Brazil João V Infante Francisco, Duke of Beja Infante António Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém
17th generation	Pedro, Prince of Brazil José I Infante Carlos Pedro III Infante Alexandre
18th generation	None
19th generation	José, Prince of Brazil João VI
20th generation	Francisco António, Prince of Beira Pedro I of Brazil & IV of Portugal Miguel I Infante Pedro Carlos#
21st generation	João Carlos, Prince of Beira Pedro II of Brazil‡ Infante Miguel, Duke of Braganzaƒ Infante Sebastião#
22nd generation	Pedro V¶ Luís I¶ Infante João, Duke of Beja¶ Infante Fernando¶ Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra¶ Infante Miguel, Duke of Viseuƒ◙ Infante Francisco Joséƒ◙ Infante Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganzaƒ◙
23rd generation	Carlos I¶ Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto¶ Infante Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganzaƒ
24th generation	Luís Filipe, Prince Royal¶ Manuel II¶ Afonso, Prince of Beiraƒ
* also an infante of Castile and León, Aragon, Sicily and Naples, § also an infante of Spain and an archduke of Austria, # also an infante of Spain, ‡ also an imperial prince of Brazil, ¶ also a prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony, ◙ also a prince of Braganza, ¤ title removed in 1920 as their parents' marriage was deemed undynastic, ƒ claimant infante

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