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Common gull

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the common gull butterfly, see Cepora nerissa.

Common gull
Adult in breeding plumage, Norway
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Laridae
Genus: Larus
Species:
L. canus
Binomial name
Larus canus

The common gull (Larus canus) is a medium-sized gull that breeds in cool temperate regions of the Palearctic from Iceland and Scotland east to Kamchatka in the Russian Far East. Most common gulls migrate further south in winter, reaching the Mediterranean Sea, the southern Caspian Sea, and the seas around China and Japan; northwest European populations are at least partly resident.[2][3] The closely related short-billed gull was formerly often included in this species, which was then sometimes known collectively as "mew gull".

Taxonomy

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The common gull was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the current binomial name Larus canus.[4] Linnaeus specified the type locality as Europe but this is now restricted to Sweden.[5] The genus name is a Latin word for a seabird, probably a gull. The specific epithet canus is also Latin and means "grey".[6] The name "common gull" was coined by Thomas Pennant in 1768 because he considered it the most numerous of its genus.[7][8] John Ray earlier used the name common sea-mall.[7][9]

There are many old British regional names for this species, typically variations on maa, mar, and mew.[10] The original English word mew is related to German möwe and Dutch meeuw, and is ultimately onomatopoeic.[11] In Norse influenced regions of Britain, variations include maw or sea-maw, the old Norfolk form being mow. The word gull comes from a Celtic root, with the first recorded usage in English from the 1400s; the modern Welsh form is gwylan.[12]

Subspecies

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Winter plumage

There are three subspecies,[13] with the Kamchatka gull (L. (c.) kamtschatschensis) being considered a distinct species by some authorities.[3][2]

  • L. c. canus – Linnaeus, 1758 – common gull. nominate, found in Europe and western Asia. Small; mantle medium grey (palest subspecies); wingtips with extensive black; iris dark. First-year birds develop white feathers on the head and belly with fine dark markings. Wingspan 110–125 cm (43–49 in); mass 290–480 g (10–17 oz).
  • L. c. heinei – Homeyer, 1853 – Russian common gull. Found in central northern Asia. Larger than canus with a more sloping forehead which gives the appearance of a smaller bill. Eyes are usually paler, bill and legs deeper yellow than canus with weaker dark bill markings in winter. The wings are proportionally longer with more black on p5-p8 than canus with narrow white spots forming a conspicuous "string of pearls". p4 has black markings which are rare in canus. First-year immatures have a whiter head, belly and underwings than canus at the same age, with an unmarked rump and more defined black tail band. Intergrades are common in west Russia.[14] Mass 315–550 g (11.1–19.4 oz).
  • L. c. kamtschatschensis – Bonaparte, 1857; syn. L. kamtschatschensis – Kamchatka gull. Found in northeastern Asia. The largest subspecies, its size is intermediate between common and ring-billed gulls with the largest males approaching the size of black-tailed gull.[14] Head is squarer with a flatter forehead and the bill is thicker and longer than canus, with paler eyes and deeper yellow bill and legs. Mantle medium-dark grey; wingtips with extensive black, with markings on p5-p8 forming a "string of pearls". Plumage development is generally slower than canus; first-year immatures retain juvenile feathers through the winter, appearing darker and browner overall, and the tail has more extensive black. Brown covert wing feathers are still retained in the second winter.[2] Mass 394–586 g (13.9–20.7 oz).

The North American short-billed gull was formerly widely considered conspecific with this species (as Larus canus brachyrhynchus), but most authorities now accept it as a distinct species L. brachyrhynchus, based on differences in genetics, morphology and calls.[2][15] Though "mew gull" was formerly used as a name for Larus canus sensu lato in North America, and was not commonly used outside North America, the name "short-billed gull" was chosen for L. brachyrhynchus by the American Ornithological Society (AOS) due to the usage of mew gull in recent literature to denote all forms of the L. canus complex. The revival of the name short-billed gull in some of the same literature for brachyrhynchus, and the fact that short-billed gull was historically used for brachyrhynchus when it was treated as a distinct species in the first through third editions of the AOU (now AOS) checklist (in which the name mew gull, contrary to more recent usage, was specifically reserved for the Old World forms).[16]

Description

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Adult breeding plumage, Norway
Breeding adults have red rings around dark eyes Kizhi Island, Russia

Adult common gulls are 40–46 cm (16–18 in) long and a wingspan of 100–115 cm (39–45 in), noticeably smaller than the herring gull and slightly smaller than the ring-billed gull. It is further distinguished from the ring-billed gull by its shorter, more tapered bill, which is a more greenish shade of yellow and is unmarked during the breeding season. The body is grey above and white below. The legs are yellow in breeding season, becoming duller in the winter. In winter, the head is streaked grey and the bill often has a poorly defined blackish band near the tip, which is sometimes sufficiently obvious to cause confusion with ring-billed gull. They have black wingtips with large white "mirrors" on the outer primaries p9 and p10, which are smaller than those in the short-billed gull.[14] Young birds have scaly black-brown upperparts and a neat wing pattern, and pink legs which become greyish in the second year before tuning yellow. By the first winter, the head and belly are white, with fine streaks and greyish feathers grow on the saddle. They take three years (up to four in the Kamchatka subspecies[14]) to reach maturity. The call is a high-pitched "laughing" cry.[3][17]

Distribution

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The common gull breeds in the northern Palearctic from Iceland eastwards to northeast Siberia. It is mainly migratory and winters in Europe, the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas, Persian Gulf; Sea of Okhotsk, Japan, Korean Peninsula to southeast China.[18]

It occurs as a scarce winter visitor to coastal eastern Canada and as a vagrant to the northeastern USA.[19] The Kamchatka gull is occasionally seen in northwestern North America mainly in spring, and there is one autumn record in Newfoundland.[14]

Behaviour and ecology

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Eggs, Collection Museum Wiesbaden

Breeding

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The common gull usually breeds colonially, but can be solitary. Both sexes make a lined nest on the ground or in a small tree near water or in marshes. Usually three eggs are laid (sometimes just one or two). They are incubated by both parents and hatch after 24–26 days. The chicks are precocial but remain in the vicinity of the nest. They are cared for by both parents and fledge when aged around 35 days.[20]

Food and feeding

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Like most gulls, they are omnivores and will scavenge as well as hunt small prey. The global population is estimated to be about one million pairs; they are most numerous in Europe, with over half (possibly as much as 80-90%) of the world population.[21] By contrast, the short-billed gull population in Alaska is only about 10,000 pairs.[3]

Larus canus fishing sequence
Larus canus fishing sequence

References

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  1. ^ BirdLife International. (2019) [amended version of 2018 assessment]. "Larus canus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22694308A155576460. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694308A155576460.en. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d Olsen, K.M.; Larsson, H. (2004). Gulls of Europe, Asia, and North America. Helm. ISBN 0-7136-7087-8.
  3. ^ a b c d Burger, J.; Golchfeld, M. (1996). "Family Laridae". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 3: Hoatzin to Auks. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 572–623 [603–604]. ISBN 978-84-87334-20-7.
  4. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 136.
  5. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 315.
  6. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 219, 89. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. ^ a b Lockwood 1993, p. 46.
  8. ^ Pennant, Thomas (1768). British Zoology. Vol. 2. Warrington, United Kingdom: Printed for Benjamin White. p. 424.
  9. ^ Willughby, Francis (1678). Ray, John (ed.). The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton in the County of Warwick. London: John Martyn. pp. 27, 345-346.
  10. ^ Jackson, Christine E. (1968). British Names of Birds. Witherby. ISBN 978-0854930043.
  11. ^ Lockwood 1993, p. 103.
  12. ^ Trudgill, P.; Trudgill, J. (2016). Dialect Matters: Respecting Vernacular Language. Dialect Matters. Respecting Vernacular Language (in German). Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-107-13047-0. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  13. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Noddies, gulls, terns, skimmers, skuas, auks". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  14. ^ a b c d e Olsen, Klaus Malling (2018). Gulls of the World : a Photographic Guide. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-18059-5.
  15. ^ Rasmussen, Pamela C. (10 November 2020). "Split Mew Gull Larus canus brachyrhynchus and rename as Short-billed Gull". AOS Classification Committee – North and Middle America. Proposal Set 2021-A: 187–188.
  16. ^ Chesser, R.T.; Billerman, S.M.; Burns, K.J.; Cicero, C.; Dunn, J.L.; Hernández-Baños, B.E.; Kratter, A.W.; Lovette, I.J.; Mason, N.A.; Rasmussen, P.C.; Remsen, J.V.J.; Stotz, D.F.; Winker, K. (2021). "Sixty-second Supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds". Ornithology. 138 (ukab037). doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukab037.
  17. ^ Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic (Concise ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854099-X.
  18. ^ Moskoff, W.; Bevier, L.R.; Rasmussen, P.C. (2020). Billerman, S.M. (ed.). "Common Gull (Larus canus), version 1.1". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.mewgul.01.1. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  19. ^ Sibley, David Allen (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Knopf. p. 483. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
  20. ^ Cramp 1983, pp. 799–800.
  21. ^ Hagemeijer, W.J.M.; Blair, M.J., eds. (1997). The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds. London: Poyser. ISBN 0-85661-091-7.

Sources

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  • Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1983). "Larus canus Common gull". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. III: Waders to Gulls. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 790–801. ISBN 978-0-19-857506-1.
  • Lockwood, William Burley (1993) [1984]. The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866196-2.
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