References
Baars BJ, Ramsoy TZ, Laureys S (2003) Brain, conscious experience and the observing self. TINS 26:671–675
Canavero S, Bonicalzi V (2007) Central pain syndrome. Cambridge University Press, New York
Canavero S (ed) (2009) Textbook of therapeutic cortical stimulation. Nova Biomedical Books, New York
Canavero S, Bonicalzi V, Intonti S, Crasto S, Castellano G (2006) Effects of bilateral extradural cortical stimulation for plegic stroke rehabilitation. Case report. Neuromodulation 9:28–33
Jennett B (2002) The vegetative state. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Kotchoubey B, Lang S, Mezger G et al (2005) Information processing in severe disorders of consciousness: vegetative state and minimally conscious state. Clin Neurophysiol 116:2441–2453
Laureys S, Perrin F, Schnakers C, Boly M, Majerus S (2005) Residual cognitive function in comatose, vegetative and minimally conscious states. Curr Opin Neurol 18:726–733
Laureys S (2005) The neural correlate of (un)awareness: lessons from the vegetative state. Trends Cogn Sci 9:556–559
Laureys S, Boly M (2007) What is it like to be vegetative or minimally conscious? Curr Opin Neurol 20:609–613
Northoff G, Bermpohl F (2004) Cortical midline structures and the self. Trends Cogn Sci 8:102–107
Owen AM, Coleman MR, Boly M, Davis MH, Laureys S, Pickard JD (2006) Detecting awareness in the vegetative state. Science 313:1402
Plewnia C, Rilk AJ, Soekadar SR et al (2008) Enhancement of long-range EEG coherence by synchronous bifocal transcranial magnetic stimulation. Eur J NeuroSci 27:1577–1583
Schiff ND, Giacino JT, Kalmar K et al (2007) Behavioural improvements with thalamic stimulation after severe traumatic brain injury. Nature 448:600–603
Wijdicks EF, Cranford RE (2005) Clinical diagnosis of prolonged states of impaired consciousness in adults. Mayo Clin Proc 80:1037–1046
Yamamoto T, Kobayashi K, Kasai M, Oshima H, Fukaya C, Katayama Y (2005) DBS therapy for the vegetative state and minimally conscious state. Acta Neurochir Suppl 93:101–104
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Canavero, S., Massa-Micon, B., Cauda, F. et al. Bifocal extradural cortical stimulation-induced recovery of consciousness in the permanent post-traumatic vegetative state. J Neurol 256, 834–836 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-009-5019-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-009-5019-4