Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T07:11:35.728Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A classification system for seed dormancy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 February 2007

Jerry M. Baskin  and
Carol C. Baskin
Jerry M. Baskin*
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0225, USA
Carol C. Baskin
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0225, USA Department of Agronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40546-0091, USA
*
*Correspondence Fax: +1 859?257 1717 Email: jmbask0@uky.edu
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The proposal is made that seed scientists need an internationally acceptable hierarchical system of classification for seed dormancy. Further, we suggest that a modified version of the scheme of the Russian seed physiologist Marianna G. Nikolaeva be adopted. The modified system includes three hierarchical layers – class, level and type; thus, a class may contain levels and types, and a level may contain only types. The system includes five classes of dormancy: physiological dormancy (PD), morphological dormancy (MD), morphophysiological dormancy (MPD), physical dormancy (PY) and combinational dormancy (PY + PD). The most extensive classification schemes are for PD, which contains three levels and five types (in the non-deep level), and MPD, which contains eight levels but no types. PY is not subdivided at all but probably should be, for reasons given. Justifications are presented for not including mechanical dormancy or chemical dormancy in the modified scheme. PD (non-deep level) is the most common kind of dormancy, and occurs in gymnosperms (Coniferales, Gnetales) and in all major clades of angiosperms. Since, first, this is the class and level of dormancy in seeds of wild populations of Arabidopsis thaliana and, secondly, Type 1 (to which seeds of A. thaliana belong) is also common, and geographically and phylogenetically widespread, it seems that biochemical, molecular and genetic studies on seed dormancy in this model species might have rather broad application in explaining the basic mechanism(s) of physiological dormancy in seeds.

Keywords

Arabidopsis thalianahierarchical classification systemphylogenyseed dormancyseed plants
Type
Research Opinion
Information
Seed Science Research , Volume 14 , Issue 1 , March 2004 , pp. 1 - 16
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2004

References

Adams, C.A. (2003) A comparative study of seed morphology, dormancy, and germination of four closely-related Aristolochia subgenus Siphisia species (Aristolochiaceae, Piperales): A test of two hypotheses on ecological changes in species within a lineage through geological time. PhD thesis, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.Google Scholar
Alvarado, V., Hiroyaki, H. and Bradford, K.J. (2000) Expression of endo-β-mannanase and SNF-related protein kinase genes in true potato seeds in relation to dormancy, gibberellin and abscisic acid. pp. 347–364. In Viémont, J.-D., Crabbé, J. (Eds) Dormancy in plants: From whole plant behavior to cellular control. Wallingford, CABI Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amen, R.D. (1968) A model of seed dormancy. The Botanical Review 34, 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) (1998) An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85, 531–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, C.C. and Baskin, J.M. (1998) Seeds: Ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination. San Diego, Academic Press.Google Scholar
Baskin, C.C. and Baskin, J.M. (2004b) Determining dormancy-breaking and germination requirements from the fewest seeds. In Guerrant, E.;Havens, K.;Maunder, M. (Eds) Ex situ plant conservation: supporting species survival in the wild. Covelo, CA, Island Press(in press).Google Scholar
Baskin, C.C., Chesson, P.L. and Baskin, J.M. (1993) Annual seed dormancy cycles in two desert winter annuals. Journal of Ecology 81, 551–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, C.C., Zackrisson, O. and Baskin, J.M. (2002) Role of warm stratification in promoting germination of seeds of Empetrum hermaphroditum (Empetraceae), a circumboreal species with a stony endocarp. American Journal of Botany 89, 486–493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baskin, J.M. and Baskin, C.C. (1972) Ecological life cycle and physiological ecology of seed germination of Arabidopsis thaliana. Canadian Journal of Botany 50, 353–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, J.M. and Baskin, C.C. (1980) Ecophysiology of secondary dormancy in seeds of Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Ecology 61, 475–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, J.M. and Baskin, C.C. (1983) Seasonal changes in the germination responses of buried seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana and ecological interpretation. Botanical Gazette 144, 540–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, J.M. and Baskin, C.C. (1985) The annual dormancy cycle in buried weed seeds: A continuum. BioScience 35, 492–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, J.M. and Baskin, C.C. (1986) Changes in dormancy status of Frasera caroliniensis seeds during overwintering on parent plant. American Journal of Botany 73, 5–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baskin, J.M. and Baskin, C.C. (1989) Physiology of dormancy and germination in relation to seed bank ecology. pp. 53–66. In Leck, M.A., Parker, V.T., Simpson, R.L. (Eds) Ecology of soil seed banks. San Diego, Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, J.M. and Baskin, C.C. (1997) Methods of breaking seed dormancy in the endangered species Iliamna corei (Sherff) Sherff (Malvaceae), with special attention to heating. Natural Areas Journal 17, 313–323.Google Scholar
Baskin, J.M. and Baskin, C.C. (2004a) Classification, biogeography, and phylogenetic relationships of seed dormancy. In Pritchard, H. (Ed.) Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew, The Royal Botanic Gardens (in press).Google Scholar
Baskin, J.M., Nan, X. and Baskin, C.C. (1998) A comparative study of seed dormancy and germination in an annual and a perennial species of Senna (Fabaceae). Seed Science Research 8, 501–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, J.M., Baskin, C.C. and Li, X. (2000) Taxonomy, ecology, and evolution of physical dormancy in seeds. Plant Species Biology 15, 139–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beadle, N.C.W. (1952) Studies in halophytes. I. The germination of seeds and establishment of seedlings of five species of Atriplex in Australia. Ecology 33, 49–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaudoin, N., Serizet, C., Gosti, F. and Giraudat, J. (2000) Interactions between abscisic acid and ethylene signaling cascades. The Plant Cell 12, 1103–1115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berry, T. and Bewley, J.D. (1992) A role of the surrounding fruit tissues in preventing the germination of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) seeds. A consideration of the osmotic environment and abscisic acid. Plant Physiology 100, 951–957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bewley, J.D. (1997a) Seed germination and dormancy. The Plant Cell 9, 1055–1066.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bewley, J.D. (1997b) Breaking down the walls – a role for endo-β-mannanase in release from seed dormancy? Trends in Plant Science 2, 464–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bewley, J.D. and ack, M. (1994) Seeds. Physiology, development and germination (2nd edition). New York, Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Bouwmeester, H.J. and Karssen, C.M. (1992) The dual role of temperature in the regulation of the seasonal changes in dormancy and germination of seeds of Polygonum persicaria L. Oecologia 90, 88–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bremer, K., Bremer, B. and Thulin, M. (1999) Introduction to phylogeny and systematics of flowering plants. Department of Systematic Botany, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Sweden.Google Scholar
Burrows, C.J. (1993) Germination requirements of the seeds of native trees, shrubs, and vines. Canterbury Botanical Journal 27, 42–46.Google Scholar
Burrows, C.J. (1995) Germination behavior of the seeds of the New Zealand species Aristotelia serrata, Coprosma robusta, Cordyline australis, Myrtus obcordata, and Schefflera digitata. New Zealand Journal of Botany 33, 257–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrows, C.J. (1999) Germination behavior of seeds of the New Zealand woody species Alseuosmia macrophylla, A. pusilla, Cordyline banksii, Geniostoma rupestre, Myrtus bullata, and Solanum aviculare. New Zealand Journal of Botany 37, 277–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbineau, F., Côme, D. (2000) Dormancy of cereal seeds as related to embryo sensitivity to ABA and water potential. pp. 183–194. In Viémont, J.-D., Crabbé, J. (Eds) Dormancy in plants: From whole plant behavior to cellular control. Wallingford, CABI Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debeaujon, I. and Koornneef, M. (2000) Gibberellin requirement for Arabidopsis seed germination is determined both by testa characteristics and embryonic abscisic acid. Plant Physiology 122, 415–424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Miguel, L., Sánchez, R.A. (1992) Phytochrome-induced germination, endosperm softening and embryo growth potential in Datura ferox seeds: Sensitivity to low water potential and time to escape FR reversal. Journal of Experimental Botany 43, 969–974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derkx, M.P.M. and Karssen, C.M. (1994) Are seasonal dormancy patterns in Arabidopsis thaliana regulated by changes in seed sensitivity to light, nitrate and gibberellin? Annals of Botany 73, 129–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downie, B. and Bewley, J.D. (1996) Dormancy in white spruce ( Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) seeds imposed by tissues surrounding the embryo. Seed Science Research 6, 9–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downie, B., Hilhorst, H.W.M. and Bewley, J.D. (1997) Endo-β-mannanase activity during dormancy alleviation and germination of white spruce ( Picea glauca ) seeds. Physiologia Plantarum 101, 405–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyer, W.E. (1993) Dormancy-associated embryonic mRNAs and proteins in imbibing Avena fatua caryopses. Physiologia Plantarum 88, 201–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fennimore, S.A. and Foley, M.E. (1998) Genetic and physiological evidence for the role of gibberellic acid in the germination of dormant Avena fatua seeds. Journal of Experimental Botany 49, 89–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foley, M.E. (2001) Seed dormancy: An update on terminology, physiological genetics, and quantitative trait loci regulating germinability. Weed Science 49, 305–317.Google Scholar
Foley, M.E. and Fennimore, S.A. (1998) Genetic basis for seed dormancy. Seed Science Research 8, 173–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbis, T.A. and Diggle, P.K. (2001) Subnivean embryo development in the alpine herb Caltha leptosepala (Ranunculaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany 79, 635–642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbis, T.A., Floyd, S.K., de Querioz, A. (2002) The evolution of embryo size in angiosperms and other seed plants: Implications for the evolution of seed dormancy. Evolution 56, 2112–2125.Google ScholarPubMed
Garello, G., Barthe, P., Bonelli, M., Bianco-Trinchant, J., Bianco, J., Le Page-Degivry, M.-T. (2000) Abscisic acid-regulated responses of dormant and non-dormant embryos of Helianthus annuus: Role of ABA-inducible proteins. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 38, 473–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garvin, S.C. and Meyer, S.E. (2003) Multiple mechanisms for seed dormancy regulation in shadscale ( Atriplex confertifolia: Chenopodiaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany 81, 601–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghassemian, M., Nambara, E., Cutler, S., Kawaide, H., Kamiya, Y. and McCourt, P. (2000) Regulation of abscisic acid signaling by the ethylene response pathway in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 12, 1117–1126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldmark, P.J., Curry, J., Morris, C.F., Walker-Simmons, M.K. (1992) Cloning and expression of an embryo-specific mRNA up-regulated in hydrated dormant seeds. Plant Molecular Biology 19, 433–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grappin, P., Bouinot, D., Sotta, B., Miginiac, E. and Jullien, M. (2000) Control of seed dormancy in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia: Post-imbibition abscisic acid synthesis imposes dormancy maintenance. Planta 210, 279–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Groot, S.P.C. and Karssen, C.M. (1992) Dormancy and germination of abscisic acid-deficient tomato seeds. Studies with the sitiens mutant. Plant Physiology 99, 952–958.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gunn, C.R. (1984) Fruits and seeds of genera in subfamily Mimosoideae (Fabaceae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin Number 1681. Washington, DC, United States Department of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Gunn, C.R. (1991) Fruits and seeds of genera in subfamily Caesalpinioideae (Fabaceae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin Number 1755. Washington, DC, United States Department of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Gutterman, Y. (1993) Seed germination in desert plants. Berlin, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutterman, Y. (2000) Maternal effects on plants during development. pp. 59–84. in Fenner, M.Seeds: The ecology of regeneration in plant communities (2nd edition). Wallingford, CABI Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, J.L. (1957) The ecological significance of dormancy and its importance in weed control. Proceedings of the international congress on crop protection (Hamburg) 4, 415–420.Google Scholar
Harper, J.L. (1977) Population biology of plants. London, Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hilhorst, H.W.M. (1993) New aspects of seed dormancy. pp. 571–579. in Côme, D., Corbineau, F. (Eds) Proceedings of the international workshop on seeds. Basic and applied aspects of seed biology, Angers, France, 20–24. July 1992, Vol. 2, Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie.Google Scholar
Hilhorst, H.W.M. (1995) A critical update on seed dormancy. I. Primary dormancy. Seed Science Research 5, 61–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilhorst, H.W.M. (1998) The regulation of secondary dormancy. The membrane hypothesis revisited. Seed Science Research 8, 77–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilhorst, H.W.M. and Cohn, M.A. (2000) Are cellular membranes involved in the control of seed dormancy? 275–289. in Viémont, J.-D., Crabbé, J. (Eds) Dormancy in plants: From whole plant behavior to cellular control. Wallingford, CABI Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilhorst, H.W.M. and Downie, B. (1995) Primary dormancy in tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Moneymaker): Studies with the sitiens mutant. Journal of Experimental Botany 47, 89–97.Google Scholar
Hilhorst, H.W.M. and Karssen, C.M. (1992) Seed dormancy and germination: The role of abscisic acid and gibberellins and the importance of hormone mutants. Plant Growth Regulation 11, 225–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilhorst, H.W.M., Derkx, M.P.M. and Karssen, C.M. (1996) An integrating model for seed dormancy cycling. pp. 341–360. In Lang, G.A. (Ed.) Plant dormancy: Physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology. Wallingford, CAB International.Google Scholar
Hilhorst, H.W.M., Groot, S.P.C. and Bino, R.J. (1998) The tomato seed as a model system to study seed development and germination. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 47, 169–183.Google Scholar
Holdsworth, M., Kurup, S. and McKibbin, R. (1999) Molecular and genetic mechanisms regulating the transition from embryo development to germination. Trends in Plant Science 4, 275–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarvis, S.B., Taylor, M.A., MacLeod, M.R. and Davies, H.V. (1996) Cloning and characterisation of the cDNA clones of three genes that are differentially expressed during dormancy-breakage in the seeds of Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ). Journal of Plant Physiology 147, 559–566.Google Scholar
Jarvis, S.B., Taylor, M.A., Bianco, J., Corbineau, F. and Davies, H.V. (1997) Dormancy-breakage in seeds of Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Support for the hypothesis that LEA gene expression is essential for the process. Journal of Plant Physiology 151, 457–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, R.R., Cranston, H.J., Chaverra, M.E. and Dyer, W.E. (1995) Characterization of cDNA clones for differentially expressed genes in embryos of dormant and nondormant Avena fatua L. caryopses. Plant Molecular Biology 28, 113–122.Google Scholar
Jullien, M., Bouinot, D., Ali-Rachedi, S., Sotta, B. and Grappin, P. (2000) Abscisic acid control of dormancy expression in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia and Arabidopsis thaliana. pp. 195–210. in Viémont, J.-D., Crabbé, J. (Eds) Dormancy in plants: From whole plant behavior to cellular control. Wallingford, CABI Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karssen, C.M. (1995) Hormonal regulation of seed development, dormancy, and germination studied by genetic control. pp. 333–350. in Kigel, J., Galili, G. (Eds) Seed development and germination. New York, Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar
Karssen, C.M., Groot, S.P.C. (1987) The hormone-balance theory of dormancy evaluated. pp. 17–30. in Pinfield, N.J., Black, M.British plant growth regulator group monograph 15 – Growth regulators and seeds. Bristol, UK, British Plant Growth Regulator Group.Google Scholar
Karssen, C.M. and Lacka, E. (1986) A revision of the hormone balance theory of seed dormancy: Studies on gibberellin and/or abscisic acid-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. pp. 315–323. in Bopp, M.Plant growth substances 1985. Berlin, Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Kępczyński, J., Kępczyńska, E. (1997) Ethylene in seed dormancy and germination. Physiologia Plantarum 101, 720–726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, A.A. (1994) Induction of dormancy in nondormant seeds. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, 408–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koller, D. (1957) Germination-regulating mechanisms in some desert seeds. I. Atriplex dimorphostegia Kar. et Kir. Ecology 38, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koornneef, M. and Karssen, C.M. (1994) Seed dormancy and germination. pp. 313–334. in Myerowitz, E.M., Somerville, C.R. (Eds) Arabidopsis. Plainview, NY, Cold Spring Harbor Press.Google Scholar
Koornneef, M., Alonso-Blanco, C., Bentsink, L., Blankestijn-de Vries, H., Debeaujon, I., Hanhart, C.J., Léon-Kloosterziel, K.M., Peeters, A.J.M. and Raz, V. (2000) The genetics of seed dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana. pp. 365–373. In Viémont, J.D., Crabbé, J. (Eds) Dormancy in plants: From whole plant behavior to cellular control. Wallingford, CABI Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koornneef, M., Bentsink, L. and Hilhorst, H. (2002) Seed dormancy and germination. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 5, 33–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lang, G.A. (1987) Dormancy: A new universal terminology. HortScience 22, 817–820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, G.A., Early, J.D., Arroyave, N.J., Darnell, R.L., Martin, G.C. and Stutte, G.W. (1985) Dormancy: Toward a reduced, universal terminology. HortScience 20, 809–812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, G.A., Early, J.D., Martin, G.C. and Darnell, R.L. (1987) Endo-, para-, and ecodormancy: Physiological terminology and classification for dormancy research. HortScience 22, 371–377.Google Scholar
LePage-Degivry, M.-T., Bianco, J., Barthe, P. and Garello, G. (1996) Changes in hormone sensitivity in relation to onset and breaking of sunflower embryo dormancy. pp. 221–231. In Lang, G.A. (Ed.) Plant dormancy: Physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology. Wallingford, CAB International.Google Scholar
Leubner-Metzger, G. (2003) Functions and regulation of β-1,3-glucanases during seed germination, dormancy release and after-ripening. Seed Science Research 13, 17–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leubner-Metzger, G., Fründt, C., Vögeli-Lange, R. and Meins, F. (1995) Class 1 β-1,3-glucanases in the endosperm of tobacco during germination. Plant Physiology 109, 751–759.Google Scholar
Li, B. and Foley, M.E. (1994) Differential polypeptide patterns in imbibed dormant and after-ripened Avena fatua embryos. Journal of Experimental Botany 45, 275–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, B. and Foley, M.E. (1995) Cloning and characterization of differentially expressed genes in imbibed dormant and afterripened Avena fatua embryos. Plant Molecular Biology 29, 823–831.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, B. and Foley, M. (1996) Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of dormancy-associated gene expression by afterripening in wild oat. Plant Physiology 110, 1267–1273.Google Scholar
Li, B. and Foley, M.E. (1997) Genetic and molecular control of seed dormancy. Trends in Plant Science 2, 384–389.Google Scholar
Li, X., Baskin, J.M. and Baskin, C.C. (1999) Physiological dormancy and germination requirements of seeds of several North American Rhus species (Anacardiaceae). Seed Science Research 9, 237–245.Google Scholar
Lorenzo, O., Nicolás, C., Nicolás, G. and Rodriquez, D. (2002) GA 3 -induced expression of a new functional AAA-ATPase (FsA1) is correlated with the onset of germination in Fagus sylvatica L. seeds. Plant and Cell Physiology 43, 27–34.Google Scholar
Mabberley, D.J. (1997) The plant-book. A portable dictionary of the vascular plants (2nd edition). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mandák, B., Pyšek, P. (2001) The effect of light quality, nitrate concentration and presence of bracteoles on germination of different fruit types in heterocarpous Atriplex sagittata. Journal of Ecology 89, 149–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matilla, A.J. (2000) Ethylene in seed formation and germination. Seed Science Research 10, 111–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, A.M., Poljakoff-Mayber, A. (1989) The germination of seeds (4th edition). Oxford, Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Meisert, A. (2002) Physical dormancy in Geraniaceae seeds. Seed Science Research 12, 121–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meisert, A., Schulz, D. and Lehman, H. (1999) Structural features underlying hardseededness in Geraniaceae. Plant Biology 1, 311–314.Google Scholar
Morris, C.F., Anderberg, R.J., Goldmark, P.J., Walker-Simmons, M.K. (1991) Molecular cloning and expression of abscisic acid-responsive genes in embryos of dormant wheat seeds. Plant Physiology 95, 814–821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrison, D.A., Auld, T.D., Rish, S., Porter, C. and McClay, K. (1992) Patterns of testa-imposed dormancy in native Australian legumes. Annals of Botany 70, 157–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, D.A., McClay, K., Porter, C. and Rish, S. (1998) The role of the lens in controlling heat-induced breakdown of testa-imposed dormancy in native Australian legumes. Annals of Botany 82, 35–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicolás, C., Nicolás, G. and Rodriquez, D. (1996) Antagonistic effects of abscisic acid and gibberellic acid on the breaking of dormancy of Fagus sylvatica seeds. Physiologia Plantarum 96, 244–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nikolaeva, M.G. (1969) Physiology of deep dormancy in seeds. Leningrad, Russia, Izdatel'stvo ‘Nauka’. (Translated from Russian by Shapiro, Z., National Science Foundation, Washington DC.)Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, M.G. (1977) Factors controlling the seed dormancy pattern. pp. 51–74. In Khan, A.A. (Ed.) The physiology and biochemistry of seed dormancy and germination. Amsterdam, North-Holland.Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, M.G. (1999) Patterns of seed dormancy and germination as related to plant phylogeny and ecological and geographical conditions of their habitats. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 46, 369–373.Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, M.G. (2001) Ecological and physiological aspects of seed dormancy and germination (review of investigations for the last century). Botanicheskii Zhurnal 86, 1–14. (in Russian with English summary)Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, M.G., Rasumova, M.V. and Gladkova, V.N. (1985) Reference book on dormant seed germination. In Danilova, M.F. (Ed.). Leningrad, ‘Nauka’ Publishers (in Russian).Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, M.G., Lyanguzova, I.V. and Pozdova, L.M. (1999) Biology of seeds St. Petersburg, V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian with English summary and English table of contents).Google Scholar
Osmond, C.B., Björkman, O. and Anderson, D.J. (1980) Physiological processes in plant ecology – Toward a synthesis with Atriplex. Berlin, Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Pallais, N. (1995a) Storage factors control germination and seedling establishment of freshly harvested true potato seed. American Potato Journal 72, 427–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pallais, N. (1995b) High temperature and low moisture reduce the storage requirement of freshly harvested true potato seed. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, 699–702.Google Scholar
Probert, R.J. (2000) The role of temperature in the regulation of seed dormancy and germination. pp. 261–292. In Fenner, M. (Ed.) Seeds: The ecology of regeneration in plant communities (2nd edition). Wallingford, CABI Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratcliffe, D. (1976) Germination characteristics and their inter- and intra-population variability in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis Information Service 13, 34–45.Google Scholar
Ren, C. and Kermode, A.R. (1999) Analyses to determine the role of the megagametophyte and other seed tissues in dormancy maintenance of yellow cedar ( Chamaecyparis nootkatensis ) seeds: Morphological, cellular and physiological changes following moist chilling and during germination. Journal of Experimental Botany 50, 1403–1419.Google Scholar
Sánchez, R.A., de Miguel, L. (1997) Phytochrome promotion of mannan-degrading enzyme activities in the micropylar endosperm of Datura ferox seeds requires the presence of the embryo and gibberellin synthesis. Seed Science Research 7, 27–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, G.M. (1990) Seed dormancy in grasses. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Steinbach, H.S., Benech-Arnold, R.L., Sánchez, R.A. (1997) Hormonal regulation of dormancy in developing sorghum seeds. Plant Physiology 113, 149–154.Google Scholar
Takhtajan, A.L. (1980) Outline of the classification of flowering plants (Magnoliophyta). The Botanical Review 46, 225–359.Google Scholar
Thompson, K., Ceriani, R.M., Bakker, J.P. and Bekker, R.M. (2003) Are seed dormancy and persistence in soil related? Seed Science Research 13, 97–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorne, R.F. (2000) The classification and geography of flowering plants: Dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae. The Botanical Review 66, 441–647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Threadgill, P.F., Baskin, J.M. and Baskin, C.C. (1981) Dormancy in seeds of Frasera caroliniensis (Gentianaceae). American Journal of Botany 68, 80–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van der Schaar, W., Alonso-Blanco, C., Léon-Kloosterziel, K.M., Jansen, R.C., Van Ooijen, J.W. and Koornneef, M. (1997) QTL analysis of seed dormancy in Arabidopsis using recombinant inbred lines and MQM mapping. Heredity 79, 190–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vegis, A. (1964) Dormancy in higher plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 15, 185–224.Google Scholar
Vleeshouwers, L.M., Bouwmeester, H.J. and Karssen, C.M. (1995) Redefining seed dormancy: An attempt to integrate physiology and ecology. Journal of Ecology 83, 1031–1037.Google Scholar
Walck, J.L., Baskin, C.C. and Baskin, J.M. (1999) Seeds of Thalictrum mirabile (Ranunculaceae) require cold stratification for loss of nondeep simple morphophysiological dormancy. Canadian Journal of Botany 77, 1769–1776.Google Scholar
Wareing, P.F. and Saunders, P.F. (1971) Hormones and dormancy. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 22, 261–288.Google Scholar
Welbaum, G.E., Tissaoui, T. and Bradford, K.J. (1990) Water relations of seed development and germination in muskmelon ( Cucumis melo L.). III. Sensitivity of germination to water potential and abscisic acid during development. Plant Physiology 92, 1029–1037.Google Scholar
Welbaum, G.E., Muthui, W.J., Wilson, J.H., Grayson, R.L. and Fell, R.D. (1995) Weakening of muskmelon perisperm envelope tissue during germination. Journal of Experimental Botany 46, 391–400.Google Scholar
Went, F.W. (1949) Ecology of desert plants. II. The effect of rain and temperature on germination and growth. Ecology 30, 1–13.Google Scholar
White, C.N. and Rivin, C.J. (2000) Gibberellins and seed development in maize. II. Gibberellin synthesis inhibition enhances abscisic acid signaling in cultured embryos. Plant Physiology 122, 1089–1097.Google Scholar
White, C.N., Proebsting, W.M., Hedden, P. and Rivin, C.J. (2000) Gibberellins and seed development in maize. I. Evidence that gibberellin/abscisic acid balance governs germination versus maturation pathways. Plant Physiology 122, 1081–1088.CrossRefGoogle Scholar