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Link to original content: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0860-z
Evidence for increased hominid diversity in the Early to Middle Pleistocene of Indonesia | Nature Ecology & Evolution
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Evidence for increased hominid diversity in the Early to Middle Pleistocene of Indonesia

Nature Ecology & Evolution volume 3, pages 755–764 (2019)Cite this article

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Abstract

Since the first discovery of Pithecanthropus (Homo) erectus by E. Dubois at Trinil in 1891, over 200 hominid dentognathic remains have been collected from the Early to Middle Pleistocene deposits of Java, Indonesia, forming the largest palaeoanthropological collection in South East Asia. Most of these fossils are currently attributed to H. erectus. However, because of the substantial morphological and metric variation in the Indonesian assemblage, some robust specimens, such as the partial mandibles Sangiran 5 and Sangiran 6a, were formerly variably allocated to other taxa (Meganthropus palaeojavanicus, Pithecanthropus dubius, Pongo sp.). To resolve the taxonomic uncertainty surrounding these and other contentious Indonesian hominid specimens, we used occlusal fingerprint analysis (OFA) to reconstruct their chewing kinematics; we also used various morphometric approaches based on microtomography to examine the internal dental structures. Our results confirm the presence of Meganthropus as a Pleistocene Indonesian hominid distinct from Pongo, Gigantopithecus and Homo, and further reveal that Dubois’s H. erectus paratype molars from 1891 are not hominin (human lineage), but instead are more likely to belong to Meganthropus.

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Fig. 1: Virtual rendering of the Indonesian hominid teeth examined for taxonomic reassessment.
Fig. 2: OFA.
Fig. 3: Enamel thickness cartographies.
Fig. 4: Molar crown-root proportions.
Fig. 5: Geometric morphometric analyses of the EDJ and pulp chamber.
Fig. 6: Geometric morphometric analyses of the EDJ and pulp chamber in non-Homo hominids.

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Data availability

The authors declare that all data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and its Supplementary information files.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi of Jakarta and the Balai Pelestarian Situs Manusia Purba of Sangiran, Java, and the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle. We thank the many curators and colleagues who granted access to fossil and recent hominid materials for scanning. We are grateful to D. Grimaud-Hervé, C. Hertler, F. Sémah and H. Widianto for their support. We thank J. Braga for sharing the microtomographic scans of South African fossil specimens. For scientific discussion, we thank P. Bayle, S. Benazzi, L. Bondioli, J. Braga, M.C. Dean, F. Détroit, Y. Hou, L. Mancini, B. Maureille, A. Mazurier, L. Puymerail, L. Rook, C. Tuniz and B. Wood. We would like to express our gratitude to C. Hemm, L. Hauser, M. Janocha and L. Strzelczyk for their help with the surface scanning and OFA analysis. Scanning of the Vietnamese specimens was funded by the Projet International de Coopération Scientifique-Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) grant to A.M.B (PICS 2011-2013 n°5712). Research was supported by the CNRS.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire PACEA, UMR 5199 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France

    Clément Zanolli

  2. Laboratoire AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France

    Clément Zanolli & Jean Dumoncel

  3. Department of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Ottmar Kullmer & Friedemann Schrenk

  4. Department of Paleobiology and Environment, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany

    Ottmar Kullmer & Friedemann Schrenk

  5. Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, AZ, Tempe, USA

    Jay Kelley

  6. Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA

    Jay Kelley

  7. Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, MA, Cambridge, USA

    Jay Kelley

  8. Laboratoire BABEL, FRE 2029 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de chirurgie dentaire, Montrouge, France

    Anne-Marie Bacon

  9. Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Fabrice Demeter

  10. UMR 7206 CNRS, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Paris, France

    Fabrice Demeter

  11. Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Melbourne, Australia

    Luca Fiorenza

  12. Earth Sciences, University of New England, New South Wales, Armidale, Australia

    Luca Fiorenza

  13. Department of Anthropology and Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY, Stony Brook, USA

    Frederick E. Grine

  14. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

    Jean-Jacques Hublin & Matthew M. Skinner

  15. Anthropological and Palaeoenvironmental Department, The Institute of Archaeology, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Anh Tuan Nguyen & Thi Mai Huong Nguyen

  16. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Lei Pan

  17. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China

    Lei Pan

  18. Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Center (FRM-II), Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany

    Burkhard Schillinger

  19. School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK

    Matthew M. Skinner

  20. Department of Paleoanthropology, Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Kunming, China

    Xueping Ji

  21. School of Resource Environment and Earth Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China

    Xueping Ji

  22. UMR 7194 CNRS, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Paris, France

    Roberto Macchiarelli

  23. Unité de Formation Géosciences, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France

    Roberto Macchiarelli

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  1. Clément Zanolli
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Contributions

The study was initiated by C.Z. during his PhD research project under the supervision of R.M. Microtomography-based data were collected and elaborated by C.Z., A.M.B., F.D., J.K., O.K., L.F., F.S., A.T.N., T.M.H.N., B.S., J.-J.H., M.M.S., X.J. and R.M. Quantitative data were compiled and analysed by C.Z., J.D., O.K., L.F., L.P., M.M.S., F.E.G. and R.M. C.Z, R.M, O.K. and J.K. wrote the manuscript with contributions from all the other authors.

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Correspondence to Clément Zanolli.

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Zanolli, C., Kullmer, O., Kelley, J. et al. Evidence for increased hominid diversity in the Early to Middle Pleistocene of Indonesia. Nat Ecol Evol 3, 755–764 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0860-z

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