Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating neuropsychiatric disorder affecting 1% of the world population and ranks as one of the disorders providing the most severe burden for society. Schizophrenia etiology remains obscure involving multi-risk factors, such as genetic, environmental, nutritional, and developmental factors. Complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia. This review provides an overview of the historical origins, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical symptoms and corresponding treatment of schizophrenia. In addition, as schizophrenia is a polygenic, genetic disorder caused by the combined action of multiple micro-effective genes, we further detail several approaches, such as candidate gene association study (CGAS) and genome-wide association study (GWAS), which are commonly used in schizophrenia genomics studies. A number of GWASs about schizophrenia have been performed with the hope to identify novel, consistent and influential risk genetic factors. Finally, some schizophrenia susceptibility genes have been identified and reported in recent years and their biological functions are also listed. This review may serve as a summary of past research on schizophrenia genomics and susceptibility genes (NRG1, DISC1, RELN, BDNF, MSI2), which may point the way to future schizophrenia genetics research. In addition, depending on the above discovery of susceptibility genes and their exact function, the development and application of antipsychotic drugs will be promoted in the future.
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References
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Funding
This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, China (2022-MS-326 to Z-L. L. and 2021BS-294 to B. W.), and Dengfeng project of Dalian medical discipline priority (2022ZZ258 to B. W.). We are also grateful for the support from Liaoning BaiQianWan Talents Program.
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Y. L. and L. W. retrieved literature and prepared the initial version of the manuscript. W-J. H., C. D., P. G., Y-N. B., B-W. S. and Z-Y. M retrieved literature and prepared the tables. H-W. R. edited the initial version of the manuscript, B. W. provided suggestions to improve the manuscript. Y-Y. L., C-J. L. and Z-X. X. retrieved literature. Z-L. L. conceptualized the manuscript and prepared the final version of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
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Lv, Y., Wen, L., Hu, WJ. et al. Schizophrenia in the genetic era: a review from development history, clinical features and genomic research approaches to insights of susceptibility genes. Metab Brain Dis 39, 147–171 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-023-01271-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-023-01271-x