Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) is rapidly developed and bringing advancement in various related technologies through the virtual world. It has high potential and plays an important role in education and training fields. Mixed reality (MR) is a type of hybrid system that involves both physical and virtual elements. While VR/MR has proved to be an effective way to improve the learning attitude and effectiveness for secondary students, however, not much work has been conducted on university students to compare the MR experience and traditional teaching approaches in learning design subjects. In this project, we investigated the effectiveness of students in learning design subjects with the support of MR. The effectiveness was measured based on their creativity and systematic approaches in design. Pretests and posttests were conducted to measure the learning effects. We also compared the learning effectiveness of a student’s study with the MR and traditional teaching materials. Nonparametric analyses were conducted to investigate whether the improvements were significant. Experimental results showed that after studying with the support of the MR technology, the students’ abilities in geometric analysis (mean difference = 4.36, p < 0.01) and creativity (mean difference = 1.59, p < 0.05) were significantly improved. The students’ ability in model visualization was also significantly better than the control group (mean difference = 3.08, p < 0.05). It indicated that the results were positive by using the MR to support their study. The MR was also better than using traditional teaching notes in various measured effects.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Abramovici M, Lindner A (2013) Knowledge-based decision support for the improvement of standard products. CIRP Ann 62(1):159–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2013.03.076
Allcoat D, von Mühlenen A (2018) Learning in virtual reality: effects on performance, emotion and engagement. Res Learn Technol. https://doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v26.2140
Azuma RT (1997) A survey of augmented reality, presence: teleoper. Virtual Environ 6:355–385
Barfield W (2016) Fundamentals of wearable computers and augmented reality, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Bates BN (2012) Virtual reality. Nova Science, New York
Berglund AF, Gong L, Li D (2018) Testing and validating extended reality (xR) technologies in manufacturing. Proc Manuf 25:31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.06.054
Bidarra J, Rusman E (2017) Towards a pedagogical model for science education: bridging educational contexts through a blended learning approach. Open Learn J Open Distance e-Learn 32(1):6–20
Bideau B, Kulpa R, Vignais N, Brault S, Multon F, Craig C (2010) Using virtual reality to analyze sports performance. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 30(2):14–21. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCG.2009.134
Caudell TP, Mizell DW (1992) Augmented reality: an application of heads-up display technology to manual manufacturing processes. In: Proceedings of the 25th Hawaii international conference on system sciences, vol 2, pp 659–669
Coyne L, Takemoto JK, Parmentier BL, Merritt T, Sharpton RA (2018) Hide details exploring virtual reality as a platform for distance team-based learning. Curr Pharm Teach Learn 10(10):1384–1390
Dávidekováa M, Mjartana M, Greguša M (2017) Utilization of virtual reality in education of employees in Slovakia. Proc Comput Sci 113:253–260
Drexel University (2018) HoloLens mixed reality learning in education. https://www.virtuallyinspired.org/portfolio/holostudy-project/
Gownder JP, Voce C, Mai M, Lynch D (2016) Breakout vendors: virtual and augmented reality. Retrieved August 17, 2016
Hayes AT, Hardin SE, Hughes CE (2013a) Perceived presence’s role on learning outcomes in a mixed reality classroom of simulated students. In: Shumaker R (ed) Virtual, augmented and mixed reality. Systems and applications. Springer, Berlin, pp 142–151
Hayes AT, Straub CL, Dieker LA, Hughes CE, Hynes MC (2013b) Ludic learning: exploration of TLE TeachLivE™ and effective teacher training. Int J Gaming Comput Mediat Simul (IJGCMS) 5(2):20–33
Hughes CE, Stapleton CB, Hughes DE, Smith EM (2005) Mixed reality in education, entertainment, and training. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 25(6):24–30. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCG.2005.139
IBM SPSS Statistics - Overview. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/products/spss-statistics
Janabi HFA, Aydin A, Palaneer S, Macchione N, Al-Jabir A, Dasgupta KMS, Ahmed PK (2019) Effectiveness of the HoloLens mixed-reality headset in minimally invasive surgery: a simulation-based feasibility study. Surg Endosc. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-019-06862-3
Jayaram S, Connacher HI, Lyons KW (1997) Virtual assembly using virtual reality techniques. Comput Aided Des 29(8):575–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-4485(96)00094-2
Jung T, Dieck TMC, Lee H, Chung N (2016) Effects of virtual reality and augmented reality on visitor experiences in museum. In: Inversini A, Schegg R (eds) Information and communication technologies in tourism 2016. Springer, Berlin
Ke FF, Lee SW, Xu XH (2016) Teaching training in a mixed-reality integrated learning environment. Comput Hum Behav 62:212–220
Khan WA, Raouf A, Cheng K (2011) Augmented reality for manufacturing, virtual manufacturing. Springer, London, pp 1–56
LADIE, The E-learning Framework (2005). https://www.elframework.org/refmodels/ladie/
Laurillard D, Charlton P, Craft B, Dimakopoulos D, Ljubojevic D, Magoulas G, Masterman E, Pujadas R, Whitley EA, Whittlestone K (2013) A constructionist learning environment for teachers to model learning designs. J Comput Assist Learn 29(1):15–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2011.00458.x
Lele A (2013) Virtual reality and its military utility. J Ambient Intell Human Comput 4(1):17–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-011-0052-4
Liarokapis F, Anderson E (2010) Using augmented reality as a medium to assist teaching in higher education. In: Proceedings of the 31st annual conference of the European association for computer graphics (Eurographics 2010), Norrköping, pp 9–16
Lutters E, Houten FJAM, Bernard A, Mermoz E, Schutte CSL (2014) Tools and techniques for product design. CIRP Ann 63(2):607–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2014.05.010
Meyer OA, Omdahl MK, Makransky G (2019) Investigating the effect of pre-training when learning through immersive virtual reality and video: a media and methods experiment. Comput Educ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103603
Microsoft. HoloLens Hardware Details (2018). https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/mixed-reality/hololens-hardware-details. Accessed 21 Mar 2018
Mihaela AP (2013) Effective methods of learning and teaching: a sensory approach. Proc Soc Behav Sci 93:146–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.09.168
Milgram P, Kishino F (1994) A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays. IEICE Trans Inf Syst E77-D(12):1321–1329
Molina KI, Ricci NA, Moraes SA, Perracini MR (2014) Virtual reality using games for improving physical functioning in older adults: a systematic review. J Neuroeng Rehab 11:156. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-11-156
Müller C, Krone M, Huber M (2018) Interactive molecular graphics for augmented reality using HoloLens. J Integr Bioinform 15(2):8
Neumann U, Majoros A (1998) Cognitive, performance, and systems issues for augmented reality applications in manufacturing and maintenance. In: Proceedings. IEEE 1998 virtual reality annual international symposium (Cat. No. 98CB36180), pp 4–11
Nikolakis G, Fergadis G, Tzovaras D, Strintzis MG (2004) A mixed reality learning environment for geometry education. In: Vouros GA, Panayiotopoulos T (eds) Methods and applications of artificial intelligence. SETN 2004. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 3025. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24674-9_11
Nisha B (2019) The pedagogic value of learning design with virtual reality. Educ Psychol 39(10):1233–1254. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2019.1661356
Pan ZG, Cheok AD, Yang HW, Zhu JJ, Shi JY (2006) Virtual reality and mixed reality for virtual learning environments. Comput Graph 30(1):20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2005.10.004
Parveaua M, Addaa M (2018) 3iVClass: a new classification method for virtual, augmented and mixed realities. Proc Comput Sci 141:263–270
Peña-Rios A (2016) Exploring mixed reality in distributed collaborative learning environments. PhD thesis. University of Essex
Radianti J, Majchrzak TA, Fromm J, Wohlgenannt I (2020) A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda. Comput Educ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103778
Regenbrecht H, Baratoff G, Wilke W (2005) Augmented reality projects in the automotive and aerospace industries. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 25:48–56
Riva G (2014) Virtual reality for health care: the status of research. Cyber Psychol Behav. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493102760147213
Sascha F, Christoph MF, Marco W, Frédéric T (2018) Creativity and productivity in product design for additive manufacturing: mechanisms and platform outcomes of remixing. J Oper Manag. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2018.10.004
Syberfeldt A, Danielsson O, Gustavsson P (2017) Augmented reality smart glasses in the smart factory: product evaluation guidelines and review of available products. IEEE Access 5:9130–2017
Tang YM, Au KM, Leung Y (2018) Comprehending products with mixed reality: geometric relationships and creativity. Int J Eng Bus Manag 10:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1847979018809599
Unity. Unite Berlin 2018 (2018). https://unity3d.com/
Vuforia Engine (2017). https://www.vuforia.com/
Wang X, Dunston PS (2009) Comparative effectiveness of mixed reality based virtual environments in collaborative design. In: IEEE international conference on systems, man and cybernetics, San Antonio, pp 3569–3574. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2009.5346691
Whyte J (2003) Innovation and users: virtual reality in the construction sector. Constr Manag Econ 21(6):565–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144619032000113690
Acknowledgements
We also acknowledge the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, for the support in this Project.
Funding
The author(s) received financial support by the Learning and Teaching Development Grant (LTG16-19/SS/ISE1) from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tang, Y.M., Au, K.M., Lau, H.C.W. et al. Evaluating the effectiveness of learning design with mixed reality (MR) in higher education. Virtual Reality 24, 797–807 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-020-00427-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-020-00427-9