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Link to original content: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1490-3_2
Melanins in Vertebrates | SpringerLink
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Melanins in Vertebrates

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Pigments, Pigment Cells and Pigment Patterns

Abstract

It is known that melanin pigments composed of black to dark brown eumelanin (EM) and yellow to reddish-brown pheomelanin (PM) are widely distributed in vertebrates. Melanin pigments in vertebrate are produced in melanocytes which are distributed in the epidermis, hair follicles, choroid, iris, inner ear, and other tissues. The diversity of the color in the internal and external tissues in vertebrates is mainly attributed to the quantity and ratio of EM and PM. Melanin pigments are highly oxidized and complex pigments. It is thus important to analyze these two types of melanin pigments in studies of the biochemical and genetic bases of pigmentation in vertebrates. Two microanalytical methods to perform the simultaneous measurement of eumelanin and pheomelanin were established to characterize melanin and melanogenesis.

In this chapter, we explain microanalytical application with the chemical degradation of melanin and focus on internal and external melanins produced by pigment cells in vertebrates: mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians. By using these methods for the evaluation of the “chemical phenotype,” the mutual triangular relationship among “chemical phenotype,” “visual phenotype,” and “genotype” is reviewed.

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Abbreviations

3-AHP:

3-amino-4-hydroxyphenylalanine

4-AHP:

4-amino-3-hydroxyphenylalanine

5SCD:

5-S-cysteinyldopa

8-oxodG:

8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine

α-MSH:

α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A500:

absorption at 500 nm

Asip:

agouti signaling protein

BT:

benzothiazine

BT-PM:

PM with a BT moiety

BZ:

benzothiazole

BZ-AA:

6-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-4-hydroxybenzothiazole

BZ-PM:

PM with a BZ moiety

cAMP:

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

CD:

cysteinyldopa

CPD:

cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer

CTNS:

cystinosin, lysosomal cystine transporter

CYS:

cysteine

DA:

dopamine

DC:

dopachrome

DCT:

dopachrome tautomerase

DHBTCA:

7-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-5-hydroxy-dihydro-1,4-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid

DHI:

5,6-dihydroxyindole

DHICA:

5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid

DOMA:

3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid

DOPA:

3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine

DOPAC:

3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

DOPET:

3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol

DOPEG:

3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylene glycol

DQ:

dopaquinone

EM:

eumelanin

EPR:

electron paramagnetic resonance

GSH:

glutathione

HPLC:

high-performance liquid chromatography

HPS:

Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome

iNOS:

inducible nitric oxide synthase

isoPTCA:

pyrrole-2,3,4-tricarboxylic acid

LC:

locus coeruleus

MATP:

membrane-associated transporter protein

MCH:

melanin-concentrating hormone

MC1R:

melanocortin-1 receptor gene

MFSD12:

major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 12

MITF:

microphthalmia-associated transcription factor

MRI:

magnetic resonance imaging

NADPH:

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NE:

norepinephrine

NM:

neuromelanin

NOX:

reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase

OCA:

oculocutaneous albinism

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PM:

pheomelanin

PMEL:

premelanosome protein

PDCA:

pyrrole-2,3-dicarboxylic acid

PTCA:

pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid

PTeCA:

pyrrole-2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid

RD:

rhododendrol

RES:

resveratrol

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

sAC:

soluble adenylyl cyclase

SN:

substantia nigra

SPE:

solid-phase extraction

Sox10:

SRY-Box transcription factor 10

TDCA:

thiazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid

TTCA:

thiazole-2,4,5-tricarboxylic acid

Tyrp:

tyrosinase-related protein

UV:

ultraviolet

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank useful discussions with Dr. Tomohisa Hirobe and for his permission for allowing us to use the figure and table. And also thanks Professor Alexandre Roulin, Dr. Sylvain Dubey, and Assistant Professor Sanjay Premi for the permission to use the figure.

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  1. Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan

    Kazumasa Wakamatsu & Shosuke Ito

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  1. Kazumasa Wakamatsu
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Correspondence to Kazumasa Wakamatsu .

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  1. Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan

    Hisashi Hashimoto

  2. Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan

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  3. Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

    Ryo Futahashi

  4. Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK

    Robert Kelsh

  5. Department of Biology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

    Toyoko Akiyama

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Wakamatsu, K., Ito, S. (2021). Melanins in Vertebrates. In: Hashimoto, H., Goda, M., Futahashi, R., Kelsh, R., Akiyama, T. (eds) Pigments, Pigment Cells and Pigment Patterns. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1490-3_2

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