Abstract
In the previous chapter, the core concepts of strategic management, as well as influencing factors that challenge the assumption that standardized strategic management is universally valid, have been presented. The influence of behavior on strategic management and, thus, ultimately, the impact of culture on strategic management are worth further analysis to receive a better understanding and enable multinational corporations to conduct efficient strategic management. To investigate the influence of cultural values on strategic management and its processes, this chapter is aimed at providing a summary of findings on the influence of culture on strategic management with a focus on long-term planning. It starts with a conceptualization of culture by defining culture and discussing different levels of culture as well as the Hofstede framework. It is then zooming into the cultural sensitivity of strategic management and providing an overview of the contemporary understanding of cultural influences before the section is concluded. The chapter is then narrowing down on the long-term planning area of the strategic management to introduce underlying concepts, methods, and tools before discussing potential causes of cultural sensitivity in the long-term planning process. The tool of scenario planning has been picked as the most suitable long-term planning tool for further analysis.
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Notes
- 1.
Cf. Degravel (2015, pp. 11ff).
- 2.
Cf. Degravel (2015, pp. 11ff).
- 3.
As of 23.10.2020.
- 4.
- 5.
Cf. Adler et al. (1986, p. 304).
- 6.
Cf. Smircich (1983, p. 346).
- 7.
Cf. Pant and Lachman (1998, p. 196).
- 8.
Cf. Brock et al. (2000, pp. 692ff).
- 9.
- 10.
Cf. Tutar et al. (2014, p. 350).
- 11.
Cf. Palich and Gomez-Mejia (1999, pp. 595ff).
- 12.
Cf. Palich and Gomez-Mejia (1999, p. 598).
- 13.
Cf. Singh (2007, p. 424).
- 14.
Please refer to section “Institution-Based View” of Chap. 2.
- 15.
- 16.
- 17.
Singh (2007, p. 426).
- 18.
- 19.
- 20.
- 21.
- 22.
- 23.
Tylor (1871, p. 1).
- 24.
Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952, p. 35).
- 25.
- 26.
- 27.
- 28.
- 29.
- 30.
Cf. Steel and Taras (2010, p. 212).
- 31.
Cf. Acar and Acar (2012, p. 686), Adler et al. (1986, p. 298), Beugelsdijk et al. (2017, pp. 31, 37), Caprar et al. (2015, p. 1014), Hofstede (2002, p. 1356), Hofstede et al. (2010b, pp. 4ff), House et al. (2002, p. 5), Leung et al. (2005, p. 361), López-Duarte et al. (2016, p. 410), Rohlfer and Zhang (2016, p. 42), Taras et al. (2016, p. 456), Venaik and Brewer (2016, p. 578).
- 32.
- 33.
- 34.
Cf. Adler et al. (1986, p. 299), Bachmann et al. (2016, p. 299), Bhaskaran and Sukumaran (2007, p. 54), Degravel (2015, p. 20), Hoffman (2007, p. 31), Li et al. (2001, p. 117), Li et al. (2017, p. 952), Palich and Gomez-Mejia (1999, p. 595), Patel (2017, pp. 87f), Schneider and De Meyer (1991, p. 318), Singh (2007, p. 421).
- 35.
Cf. McSweeney (2016, p. 70).
- 36.
Cf. Chen et al. (2002, pp. 570f).
- 37.
- 38.
Markus and Kitayama (2010, p. 422).
- 39.
- 40.
Cf. Newburry and Yakova (2006, p. 46).
- 41.
Cf. Patel (2017, p. 92).
- 42.
- 43.
- 44.
Cf. House et al. (2002, pp. 3ff).
- 45.
- 46.
Cf. Gerhart (2008, pp. 260ff).
- 47.
Cf. Beugelsdijk et al. (2017, p. 42).
- 48.
Lytle et al. (1995, p. 170).
- 49.
- 50.
- 51.
Cf. Patel (2017, p. 86).
- 52.
- 53.
- 54.
Cf. Beugelsdijk et al. (2017, p. 31).
- 55.
- 56.
Cf. Holt (2011, p. 81).
- 57.
- 58.
Cf. Lenartowicz and Roth (2004, p. 24).
- 59.
- 60.
Cf. Taras et al. (2016, p. 460).
- 61.
- 62.
Cf. Inglehart and Baker (2000, p. 37).
- 63.
Cf. Peterson and Smith (1997, p. 934).
- 64.
- 65.
Cf. Taras et al. (2016, pp. 460f).
- 66.
See McSweeney (2002).
- 67.
- 68.
Cf. Beugelsdijk et al. (2017, pp. 37ff).
- 69.
Cf. Koponen (1993, pp. 131f).
- 70.
- 71.
- 72.
- 73.
- 74.
Cf. Donthu and Yoo (1998, pp. 182f).
- 75.
Cf. Scheuch (1989, p. 158f).
- 76.
- 77.
- 78.
Cf. Minkov and Hofstede (2012, p. 137).
- 79.
- 80.
Cf. Richter et al. (2016, p. 64).
- 81.
Cf. Taras et al. (2016, pp. 479ff).
- 82.
Cf. Gerhart and Fang (2005, pp. 976f, 982f).
- 83.
Cf. Hofstede et al. (2010a, pp. 336ff).
- 84.
Minkov and Hofstede (2012, p. 152).
- 85.
- 86.
- 87.
Scheuch (1989, p. 152).
- 88.
- 89.
- 90.
Cf. Beugelsdijk et al. (2017, pp. 35f).
- 91.
- 92.
The research on the varieties of capitalism is analyzing the differences of capitalism, based on various influencing dimensions and is actor-centered (Soskice and Hall 2001, pp. 5ff).
- 93.
Comparative corporate governance research is analyzing the differences of corporate governance in different regions and the integration of corporate governance in the local context while also analyzing how forces like globalization or deregulation affect the corporate governance (Aguilera and Jackson 2010, pp. 486f).
- 94.
Cf. Taras et al. (2016, pp. 479f).
- 95.
Cf. Gerhart (2009, pp. 249f).
- 96.
Cf. Beugelsdijk et al. (2017, pp. 33f).
- 97.
Cf. Minkov and Hofstede (pp. 139, 152f).
- 98.
Cf. Bachmann et al. (2016, pp. 297ff).
- 99.
Cf. Rohlfer and Zhang (2016, pp. 40ff).
- 100.
Cf. Gerhart (2008, p. 260).
- 101.
See Schühly and Tenzer (2017).
- 102.
See Kogut and Singh (1988).
- 103.
See Harrison et al. (1994).
- 104.
See Vaara et al. (2012).
- 105.
See Schuler and Rogovsky (1998).
- 106.
Cf. Venaik and Brewer (2016, p. 566).
- 107.
Hofstede (1983, p. 77).
- 108.
- 109.
- 110.
Cf. Richter et al. (2016, p. 64).
- 111.
- 112.
- 113.
- 114.
- 115.
Cf. López-Duarte et al. (2016, p. 410).
- 116.
Cf. Rohlfer and Zhang (2016, p. 53).
- 117.
Cf. Ralston (2008, pp. 28f).
- 118.
Cf. Adler et al. (1986, pp. 300f).
- 119.
- 120.
Cf. López-Duarte et al. (2016, p. 409).
- 121.
- 122.
- 123.
Cf. Leung et al. (2005, pp. 361ff).
- 124.
- 125.
Cf. Venaik and Brewer (2016, pp. 563ff).
- 126.
Cf. Beugelsdijk et al. (2015, pp. 237f).
- 127.
- 128.
Inglehart and Baker (2000, p. 49).
- 129.
- 130.
Cf. Leung et al. (2005, p. 359).
- 131.
Cf. Pant and Lachman (1998, pp. 196ff).
- 132.
Cf. Hofstede (1983, p. 75).
- 133.
Cf. Leung et al. (2005, p. 361).
- 134.
- 135.
- 136.
- 137.
Acar and Acar (2012, p. 686).
- 138.
Smircich (1983, p. 344).
- 139.
Cf. Williams and van Triest (2009, p. 157).
- 140.
Cf. Hutzschenreuter and Kleindienst (2006, p. 705).
- 141.
- 142.
Cf. Karahanna et al. (2005, p. 2).
- 143.
- 144.
Cf. Acar and Acar (2012, pp. 686f).
- 145.
Cf. Johns (2006, pp. 387ff).
- 146.
- 147.
Cf. Williams and van Triest (2009, p. 157).
- 148.
Ronen and Shenkar (2013, p. 869).
- 149.
Cf. Hofstede et al. (2010b, p. 18).
- 150.
- 151.
Cf. Chao and Moon (2005, pp. 1129ff).
- 152.
Erez and Gati (2004, p. 589).
- 153.
Hofstede (1980b, p. 43).
- 154.
Hofstede (1980b, p. 43).
- 155.
Hofstede (1980b, p. 43).
- 156.
- 157.
- 158.
Cf. Haslberger et al. (2013, pp. 337f).
- 159.
Cf. Kutschker and Schmid (2004, p. 779).
- 160.
Levy et al. (2007, p. 244).
- 161.
- 162.
- 163.
- 164.
Cf. Chirkov et al. (2003, p. 99).
- 165.
- 166.
Bochner (1994, p. 274).
- 167.
- 168.
- 169.
Cf. Beugelsdijk et al. (2015, p. 225), Beugelsdijk et al. (2017, pp. 30ff), Bird and Mendenhall (2016, p. 118), Gerhart (2009, p. 249), Patel (2017, p. 87), Richter et al. (2016, p. 65), Rohlfer and Zhang (2016, p. 42), Schmid and Oesterle (2009, p. 16), Tung and Verbeke (2010, p. 1260), Venaik and Brewer (2016, p. 564), Williamson (2002, p. 1373).
- 170.
Cf. Flatten et al. (2015, p. 526).
- 171.
Cf. Portugal Ferreira et al. (2014, p. 76). They have shown in a biliometric study of four international business journals that Hofstede was the most frequently cited cultural framework (72%), followed by Project GLOBE (15%), Trompenaars (10%), and Hall (3%).
- 172.
- 173.
Cf. de Waal and de Boer (2017, 153f).
- 174.
Cf. Flatten et al. (2015, p. 526).
- 175.
Cf. de Waal and de Boer (2017, 153f).
- 176.
- 177.
- 178.
See Hofstede (1980a).
- 179.
Cf. Beugelsdijk et al. (2017, p. 30).
- 180.
Cf. Minkov and Hofstede (2011, p. 11).
- 181.
Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1997, p. x).
- 182.
See Hofstede (1980a).
- 183.
- 184.
Cf. Hofstede (1980a, pp. 65ff).
- 185.
- 186.
Cf. Hofstede et al. (2010b, pp. 277ff).
- 187.
The CVS had the aim of enriching cross-cultural research from a Chinese point of view. Therefore, a survey with 40 scale items based on Chinese was developed and administered to university students in 22 countries. As outcome the CVS provided four cultural dimensions: integration, Confucian work dynamism, human-heartedness, and moral discipline (see The Chinese Culture Connection (1987)).
- 188.
The World Values Survey is a global research project based on Euro-Barometer surveys conducted in the European Union between the 1970s and the 1990s. The World Values Survey measures a variety of population values. The dataset covers the period between 1981 and 2015 based on over 400 000 interviews conducted in 120 countries. The survey is conducted in regular waves where the questionnaires is updated (see Inglehart (1997), World Values Survey (2020)).
- 189.
- 190.
- 191.
- 192.
Cf. Richter et al. (2016, p. 66).
- 193.
Hofstede (1980b, p. 45).
- 194.
- 195.
Cf. Beyene et al. (2016, p. 187).
- 196.
- 197.
Cf. Newburry and Yakova (2006, p. 48).
- 198.
- 199.
Cf. Hofstede (1980b, p. 57).
- 200.
Hofstede (1980b, p. 45).
- 201.
- 202.
Hofstede et al. (2010b, p. 197).
- 203.
Cf. Newburry and Yakova (2006, p. 48).
- 204.
Cf. Beyene et al. (2016, p. 188).
- 205.
- 206.
Cf. Ayoun and Moreo (2008, p. 68).
- 207.
- 208.
- 209.
Hofstede (1980b, p. 45).
- 210.
- 211.
Cf. Waarts and van Everdingen (2005, p. 604).
- 212.
Cf. Chen et al. (2002, p. 571).
- 213.
Cf. Newburry and Yakova (2006, p. 48).
- 214.
Cf. Beyene et al. (2016, p. 187).
- 215.
Cf. Waarts and van Everdingen (2005, p. 604).
- 216.
- 217.
Cf. Beyene et al. (2016, p. 187).
- 218.
Cf. Kirkman et al. (2006, pp. 292).
- 219.
Hofstede (1980b, pp. 46f).
- 220.
Cf. Waarts and van Everdingen (2005, p. 604).
- 221.
- 222.
Waarts and van Everdingen (2005, p. 604).
- 223.
- 224.
- 225.
- 226.
Kirkman et al. (2006, p. 286).
- 227.
Cf. Peterson et al. (2002, p. 246).
- 228.
Cf. The Chinese Culture Connection (1987, p. 149).
- 229.
- 230.
Waarts and van Everdingen (2005, p. 605).
- 231.
Cf. Waarts and van Everdingen (2005, p. 605).
- 232.
- 233.
Cf. Waarts and van Everdingen (2005, p. 605).
- 234.
Cf. Peterson et al. (2002, p. 246).
- 235.
Cf. Peterson et al. (2002, p. 253).
- 236.
- 237.
Hofstede et al. (2010b, p. 281).
- 238.
Cf. Beugelsdijk et al. (2015, pp. 224ff).
- 239.
Cf. Hofstede et al. (2010b, pp. 280ff).
- 240.
Cf. Richter et al. (2016, p. 78).
- 241.
- 242.
- 243.
- 244.
Cf. Prasongsukarn (2009, p. 2).
- 245.
- 246.
Cf. House et al. (2002, pp. 3f).
- 247.
Cf. Venaik and Brewer (2016, p. 564).
- 248.
Venaik and Brewer (2016, p. 568).
- 249.
Cf. Minkov and Hofstede (2011, pp. 14ff).
- 250.
Cf. Beugelsdijk et al. (2017, pp. 37f).
- 251.
- 252.
- 253.
See Williamson (2002).
- 254.
- 255.
McSweeney (2002, p. 96)
- 256.
- 257.
Cf. Yoo and Shin (2017, p. 736).
- 258.
Cf. Minkov (2018, p. 250).
- 259.
Cf. Hofstede (2002, p. 1356).
- 260.
Cf. Williamson (2002, p. 1377).
- 261.
Cf. Hofstede (2002, p. 1356).
- 262.
- 263.
Cf. Hofstede (2002, p. 1356).
- 264.
Cf. Williamson (2002, p. 1380).
- 265.
Williamson (2002, p. 1387).
- 266.
Cf. Oyserman et al. (2002, pp. 43ff).
- 267.
- 268.
- 269.
- 270.
- 271.
Cf. Minkov and Hofstede (2011, pp. 14f).
- 272.
Cf. Hofstede (2006, pp. 894f).
- 273.
Cf. Minkov and Hofstede (2011, pp. 14f).
- 274.
Cf. Caprar et al. (2015, p. 1012).
- 275.
- 276.
Cf. Rohlfer and Zhang (2016, p. 56).
- 277.
- 278.
Cf. Schwartz (1999, p. 24).
- 279.
Yoo et al. (2011, p. 194).
- 280.
Cf. Taras et al. (2010a, pp. 409f).
- 281.
Cf. Soares et al. (2007, p. 282).
- 282.
- 283.
- 284.
Cf. Yoo and Shin (2017, pp. 745f).
- 285.
See Furrer et al. (2013).
- 286.
See Rodriguez and Hechanova (2014).
- 287.
Yoo et al. (2011, p. 195).
- 288.
Podsakoff et al. (2003, p. 885).
- 289.
- 290.
Cf. Taras et al. (2010a, p. 430).
- 291.
- 292.
Yoo et al. (2011, p. 194).
- 293.
- 294.
Cf. Holt (2011, pp. 80ff).
- 295.
See Hickson et al. (1974).
- 296.
- 297.
- 298.
- 299.
Cf. Newburry and Yakova (2006, pp. 47f).
- 300.
Hickson et al. (1974, p. 74).
- 301.
Cf. Hamilton and Biggart (1988, pp. 52ff).
- 302.
Cf. Singh (2007, pp. 422f).
- 303.
- 304.
- 305.
- 306.
Dent and Bozeman (2014, p. 146).
- 307.
- 308.
- 309.
Cf. Steers et al. (2012, pp. 480ff).
- 310.
Cf. Luo et al. (2011, p. 191).
- 311.
Singh (2007, p. 426).
- 312.
Cf. Hofstede (1983, p. 75).
- 313.
Cf. Rohlfer and Zhang (2016, p. 53).
- 314.
Bettis (1991, p. 316).
- 315.
Cf. Crook et al. (2006, pp. 414).
- 316.
Cf. Ghoshal (1988, p. 70).
- 317.
- 318.
Cf. Barkema et al. (2015, p. 460).
- 319.
- 320.
Cf. Hofstede (1993, p. 91).
- 321.
- 322.
- 323.
- 324.
- 325.
Cf. Palich and Gomez-Mejia (1999, p. 596).
- 326.
Cf. Jariya (2012, p. 61).
- 327.
- 328.
Cf. Holt (2011, pp. 80ff).
- 329.
Cf. Jiang et al. (2015, p. 336).
- 330.
Rohlfer and Zhang (2016, p. 53).
- 331.
Bonn and Christodoulou (1996, p. 547).
- 332.
Cf. Laurent (1983, p. 95).
- 333.
Cf. Newman and Nollen (1996, p. 753).
- 334.
Hofstede (1993, p. 93).
- 335.
Barkema et al. (2015, p. 466).
- 336.
- 337.
Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs which is an essential element of his theory of motivation. Needs are grouped in five classes, which are hierarchically organized. According to this theory, individuals need to sufficiently satisfy a level, before needs from a higher level emerge. The five need groups are (from bottom to top): physiological, security, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization (Cf. Mathes (1981, p. 69)).
- 338.
Cf. Hofstede (1980b, p. 55).
- 339.
Schwenk (1995, p. 484).
- 340.
Cf. Wang et al. (2012, p. 571).
- 341.
Barkema et al. (2015, p. 461).
- 342.
Cf. Jarzabkowski and Kaplan (2015, p. 552).
- 343.
- 344.
- 345.
Cf. Tutar et al. (2014, pp. 346ff).
- 346.
- 347.
Please refer to Sect. 1.2.3.
- 348.
- 349.
Cf. Sageder and Feldbauer-Durstmüller (2019, pp. 900f).
- 350.
Cf. Lachman et al. (1994, p. 47).
- 351.
Cf. Leung et al. (2005, p. 370).
- 352.
Venaik and Brewer (2016, p. 577).
- 353.
Cf. Albaum et al. (2010, p. 140).
- 354.
- 355.
Cf. Hofstede (1983, p. 88).
- 356.
Beugelsdijk et al. (2015, p. 223).
- 357.
Cf. Adler et al. (1986, 301f).
- 358.
Laurent (1986, p. 96).
- 359.
Cf. Eichhorn and Towers (2018, p. 264).
- 360.
Hofstede (1993, pp. 88f).
- 361.
- 362.
Newman and Nollen (1996, p. 755).
- 363.
Cf. Newman and Nollen (1996, pp. 766ff).
- 364.
Cf. Bachmann et al. (2016, pp. 297f).
- 365.
Cf. Palich and Gomez-Mejia (1999, pp. 595ff).
- 366.
Please refer to section “Factors Influencing Environmental Scanning” of Chap. 2.
- 367.
Cf. Schneider and De Meyer (1991, p. 318).
- 368.
- 369.
Cf. Ireland et al. (1987, p. 470)
- 370.
Moisander and Stenfors (2009, p. 241).
- 371.
Cf. Bachmann et al. (2016, pp. 297ff).
- 372.
Samiee and Athanassiou (1998, p. 89).
- 373.
- 374.
- 375.
Luo et al. (2011, p. 191).
- 376.
Cf. Peterson et al. (2002, p. 247).
- 377.
Cf. Ayoun and Moreo (2008, pp. 67ff).
- 378.
Cf. Degravel (2015, p. 15).
- 379.
Cf. Singh (2007, p. 423).
- 380.
Cf. Singh (2007, p. 426).
- 381.
- 382.
Depending on firm size and structure, different numbers of employees have to be member of the supervisory board. In line with the German Aktiengesetz, the supervisory board cannot take over the duties from the executive board, yet can define certain matters as subject to approval (§ 111 Abs. 4 Satz 2 AktG) (Cf. Hunger and Wheelen (2009, p. 36), Oehmichen et al. (2010, pp. 511f), Aktiengesetz (2017).
- 383.
Cf. Hofstede (1993, pp. 88f).
- 384.
Cf. Bachmann et al. (2016, pp. 299ff).
- 385.
Cf. Holmes et al. (2013, p. 535).
- 386.
Cf. Hoffman (2007, pp. 31f, 39ff).
- 387.
- 388.
- 389.
Cf. Tsui et al. (2007, p. 445).
- 390.
- 391.
Cf. Brock et al. (2000, pp. 695f).
- 392.
- 393.
- 394.
Cf. Earley (1993, pp. 334ff).
- 395.
Cf. Pisani et al. (2009, p. 1132).
- 396.
- 397.
Cf. Chong and Park (2003, p. 34).
- 398.
Cf. Brock et al. (2000, p. 695).
- 399.
- 400.
- 401.
Chong and Park (2003, p. 34).
- 402.
- 403.
- 404.
Cf. Bérard and Delerue (2010, pp. 172, 176ff).
- 405.
Cf. Barr and Glynn (2004, pp. 60ff, 65).
- 406.
Cf. Sallivan and Nonaka (1988, pp. 6ff).
- 407.
Cf. Bachmann et al. (2016, pp. 300f).
- 408.
- 409.
Cf. Bachmann et al. (2016, pp. 301f).
- 410.
Cf. Bachmann et al. (2016, p. 300).
- 411.
Cf. Bérard and Delerue (2010, pp. 176f).
- 412.
- 413.
- 414.
Cf. Bachmann et al. (2016, pp. 301f).
- 415.
Cf. Wang and Bansal (2012, p. 1139).
- 416.
- 417.
Cf. Wang and Bansal (2012, pp. 1139).
- 418.
Cf. Yadav et al. (2007, pp. 86ff, 93).
- 419.
Cf. Schneider (1989, pp. 149ff).
- 420.
- 421.
- 422.
- 423.
Cf. Williams and van Triest (2009, p. 164).
- 424.
Cf. Brock et al. (2000, p. 695).
- 425.
Cf. Newman and Nollen (1996, pp. 758f, 766ff).
- 426.
Cf. Bochner and Hesketh (1994, p. 245).
- 427.
Cf. Rohlfer and Zhang (2016, p. 40).
- 428.
Cf. Palich and Gomez-Mejia (1999, p. 597).
- 429.
Cf. Bachmann et al. (2016, p. 300).
- 430.
Cf. Williams and van Triest (2009, p. 164).
- 431.
Cf. Leung et al. (2005, p. 364).
- 432.
Cf. Flatten et al. (2015, p. 524).
- 433.
Cf. Clugston et al. (2000, pp. 10f, 22).
- 434.
- 435.
Cf. Bachmann et al. (2016, pp. 301).
- 436.
Cf. Brock et al. (2000, p. 695).
- 437.
Cf. Saeed et al. (2014, p. 262).
- 438.
Cf. Lee et al. (2000, pp. 1127ff).
- 439.
Cf. Leung et al. (2005, p. 364).
- 440.
Cf. Palich and Gomez-Mejia (1999, p. 597).
- 441.
Cf. Çakar and Ertürk (2010, pp. 327, 345ff).
- 442.
Cf. Bachmann et al. (2016, pp. 300f).
- 443.
Cf. Saeed et al. (2014, p. 262).
- 444.
Cf. Palich and Gomez-Mejia (1999, p. 597).
- 445.
Cf. Newburry and Yakova (2006, p. 48).
- 446.
Cf. Yadav et al. (2007, pp. 87, 93ff).
- 447.
- 448.
- 449.
Cf. Harrison and McKinnon (1999, pp. 484ff).
- 450.
de Waal and de Boer (2017, pp. 160ff).
- 451.
Cf. Bachmann et al. (2016, pp. 300f).
- 452.
Cf. Bochner and Hesketh (1994, pp. 235ff, 245ff).
- 453.
Cf. Palich and Gomez-Mejia (1999, p. 597).
- 454.
Cf. Erez (2010, pp. 393f).
- 455.
Cf. Pisani et al. (2009, pp. 1130f).
- 456.
Cf. Saeed et al. (2014, p. 261).
- 457.
Cf. Erez (2010, p. 394).
- 458.
Cf. Newman and Nollen (1996, pp. 756f).
- 459.
Cf. Bachmann et al. (2016, p. 300).
- 460.
Cf. Sully de Luque and Sommer (2000, p. 839).
- 461.
Cf. Ayoun and Moreo (2008, pp. 68, 72).
- 462.
Cf. Palich and Gomez-Mejia (1999, p. 598).
- 463.
Chong and Park (2003, pp. 31, 36).
- 464.
Cf. Palich and Gomez-Mejia (1999, p. 597).
- 465.
Cf. Palich and Gomez-Mejia (1999, p. 597).
- 466.
- 467.
Cf. Bachmann et al. (2016, pp. 301f).
- 468.
- 469.
Cf. Ganesan (1994, pp. 3f, 9).
- 470.
- 471.
Cf. Vecchiato (2015, p. 26).
- 472.
Cf. Tilles (1963, pp. 119f).
- 473.
- 474.
Cf. Miller and Cardinal (1994, p. 1663).
- 475.
Cf. Das (2004a, pp. 59ff).
- 476.
Hunger and Wheelen (2009, p. 3).
- 477.
Cf. Wood and LaForge (1979, pp. 516ff.).
- 478.
Cf. Moutinho and Phillips (2002, pp. 106ff).
- 479.
Cf. Flammer and Bansal (2017, pp. 1827ff.).
- 480.
Cf. Ali (2018, pp. 9f).
- 481.
- 482.
Das (1991, p. 49).
- 483.
Mendonça et al. (2012, p. 218).
- 484.
Tsoukas and Shepherd (2004, p. 6).
- 485.
Cf. Ringland (2010, p. 1494).
- 486.
Cf. Vecchiato (2015, p. 30).
- 487.
Extrapolation can be defined as using past data and assumptions to estimate future data (Cf. Geissler and Krys (2013, p. 37).
- 488.
Cf. Das (1991, p. 56).
- 489.
Das (1991, p. 56).
- 490.
Cf. Hungenberg (2014, pp. 4ff).
- 491.
Cf. Schoemaker (1993, p. 193).
- 492.
- 493.
Cf. Mosakowski and Earley (2000, pp. 800ff).
- 494.
Cf. Bea and Haas (2017, pp. 120ff).
- 495.
Cf. Mendonça et al. (2012, p. 219).
- 496.
- 497.
Cf. Veliyath (1992, p. 87).
- 498.
Cf. Das (1991, p. 53).
- 499.
Cf. Gluck et al. (1982, p. 13).
- 500.
Cf. Yusuf and Nyomori (2002, pp. 1f).
- 501.
- 502.
Cf. Souitaris and Marcello Maestro (2010, p. 653).
- 503.
Cf. Tsoukas and Shepherd (2004, pp. 4ff).
- 504.
Cf. Tsoukas and Shepherd (2004, pp. 4ff).
- 505.
- 506.
- 507.
Cf. Tsoukas and Shepherd (2004, p. 1).
- 508.
McLellean (1980, p. 76).
- 509.
- 510.
- 511.
Cf. Mosakowski and Earley (pp. 797ff).
- 512.
Cf. Hay and Usunier (1993, 314ff).
- 513.
- 514.
- 515.
Cf. Das (p. 50).
- 516.
Cf. Hay and Usunier (1993, pp. 315f).
- 517.
- 518.
Cf. Das (2004a, p. 60).
- 519.
Cf. Lakoff and Johnson (1980, pp. 7ff).
- 520.
Cf. Das (1991, p. 53).
- 521.
Taschdjian (1977, p. 41).
- 522.
- 523.
Cf. Das (p. 50).
- 524.
- 525.
- 526.
Cf. Brock and Barry (2003, p. 547).
- 527.
Cf. More et al. (2015, pp. 384, 390).
- 528.
Cf. Ayoun and Moreo (2008, p. 68).
- 529.
Cf. Ali and Shaw (1988, p. 113).
- 530.
Cf. Das (1987, p. 204).
- 531.
- 532.
Cf. Wang et al. (2019, p. 795).
- 533.
- 534.
Das (1991, pp. 49f).
- 535.
Cf. Mosakowski and Earley (p. 804).
- 536.
Judge and Speitzfaden (1995, p. 191).
- 537.
Tilles (1963, p. 120).
- 538.
Cf. Hay and Usunier (1993, p. 328).
- 539.
Cf. Das (1987, pp. 203f).
- 540.
Drucker (2009, p. 127).
- 541.
Cf. Das (1991, pp. 51, 53).
- 542.
- 543.
Cf. Das (1991, p. 56, 2004a, pp. 58ff).
- 544.
Cf. Ancona et al. (2001, p. 645).
- 545.
- 546.
Cf. Ofori-Dankwa and Julian (2001, pp. 422f).
- 547.
Cf. Das (1986, pp. 119ff).
- 548.
Cf. Ofori-Dankwa and Julian (2001, pp. 422f).
- 549.
Cf. Das (1986, pp. 119ff).
- 550.
Cf. Ofori-Dankwa and Julian (2001, pp. 422f).
- 551.
Cf. Das (1986, pp. 77ff).
- 552.
Cf. Haiss (1990, pp. 113ff).
- 553.
Goodman (1973, pp. 215f).
- 554.
Cf. Peterson et al. (2002, pp. 245ff).
- 555.
- 556.
Cf. Hay and Usunier (1993, p. 318).
- 557.
Cf. Parnell et al. (2000, p. 526).
- 558.
- 559.
van der Heijden (2005, p. 97).
- 560.
Cf. Judge and Speitzfaden (1995, pp. 179ff).
- 561.
Cf. Peter and Jarratt (2015, pp. 51f).
- 562.
Cf. Das (1987, pp. 204f).
- 563.
Cf. Schneider and De Meyer (1991, p. 307).
- 564.
Cf. Bourgeois (1985, pp. 548ff).
- 565.
Cf. Milliken (1987, pp. 140f).
- 566.
Cf. Schneider and De Meyer (1991, p. 307).
- 567.
Cf. Parnell et al. (2000, p. 521).
- 568.
Barringer and Bluedorn (1999, pp. 424f).
- 569.
Cf. Lindsay and Rue (1980, pp. 387, 396ff).
- 570.
Cf. Hungenberg (2014, pp. 85ff).
- 571.
Cf. Mendonça et al. (2012, p. 219).
- 572.
- 573.
Cf. Lorange (1980, pp. 7ff).
- 574.
- 575.
Cf. Lehr et al. (2017, p. 214).
- 576.
Cf. Chermack et al. (2001, p. 7).
- 577.
Cf. Goodwin and Wright (2001, p. 1).
- 578.
Cf. Schoemaker et al. (2013, p. 815).
- 579.
Cf. Vecchiato (2015, p. 25).
- 580.
- 581.
Cf. Nordfors (2007, p. 199).
- 582.
Cf. Courtney et al. (1997, pp. 70ff).
- 583.
Cf. Tsoukas and Shepherd (2004, pp. 4ff).
- 584.
Visser and Chermack (2009, p. 581).
- 585.
Schoemaker (1991, p. 561).
- 586.
Cf. Schwenker and Wulf (2013, p. 14).
- 587.
According to the Oxford Dictionary, an dystopia is “an imagined state or society in which there is great suffering or injustice, typically one that is totalitarian or post-apocalyptic” (Oxford University Press, 2019).
- 588.
- 589.
Cf. Bradfield et al. (2005, p. 797).
- 590.
- 591.
- 592.
- 593.
- 594.
- 595.
- 596.
Cf. Jarzabkowski and Kaplan (2015, p. 547).
- 597.
- 598.
Cf. Schwartz (1991, p. 11).
- 599.
Cf. Ramírez and van der Heijden (2007, p. 97).
- 600.
- 601.
Porter (1985, p. 63).
- 602.
Wack (1985a, p. 140).
- 603.
Ringland (1998, p. 2).
- 604.
Cf. Millett (1988, p. 61).
- 605.
Cf. Vuorinen et al. (2018, pp. 592ff).
- 606.
Cf. Moisander and Stenfors (2009, p. 242).
- 607.
Bishop et al. (2007, p. 21).
- 608.
Cf. Phadnis et al. (2014, p. 122).
- 609.
Cf. Varum and Melo (2010, p. 355).
- 610.
- 611.
- 612.
- 613.
- 614.
Cf. Schoemaker (1991, pp. 549ff).
- 615.
Cf. Schwenker and Wulf (2013, pp. 13f).
- 616.
- 617.
Chia (2004, p. 24).
- 618.
Cf. Schwenker and Wulf (2013, p. 14).
- 619.
Cf. Wack (1985b, p. 74).
- 620.
Cf. Schoemaker (1991, pp. 550f).
- 621.
Cf. Önkal et al. (2013, pp. 777ff).
- 622.
- 623.
Cf. Walton et al. (2019, p. 44).
- 624.
Cf. Goodwin and Wright (2001, p. 3).
- 625.
Cf. Phelps et al. (2001, p. 224).
- 626.
Cf. Amer et al. (2013, p. 36).
- 627.
- 628.
Please refer to section “The Concept of Strategy” of Chap. 2.
- 629.
- 630.
Cf. Schoemaker (1991, pp. 550f).
- 631.
Cf. Ringland (1998, p. 34).
- 632.
Cf. Chermack (2018, p. 50).
- 633.
- 634.
Cf. Phelps et al. (2001, pp. 223, 231).
- 635.
Cf. Visser and Chermack (2009, pp. 588ff).
- 636.
Cf. Gordon (2020, p. 8).
- 637.
- 638.
- 639.
Cf. Chermack et al. (2015, pp. 362ff).
- 640.
Chermack et al. (2015, p. 356).
- 641.
Cf. Lehr et al. (2017, p. 215).
- 642.
Meissner and Wulf (2013, p. 802).
- 643.
Cf. Meissner and Wulf (2013, pp. 802ff).
- 644.
Cf. Önkal et al. (2013, pp. 783f).
- 645.
The framing bias happens “when trivial changes to the way a decision problem is presented, emphasizing either the potential gains or potential losses, leads to reversals of preference, with decision-makers being risk averse when gains are highlighted and risk seeking when losses are highlighted” (Hodgkinson et al., 2002, p. 1069).
- 646.
- 647.
According to the anchoring bias, decisions are assimilated toward the anchor, the starting point of the decision-making (Tversky & Kahneman, 1973b, pp. 22ff).
- 648.
Cf. Schoemaker (1993, pp. 199ff).
- 649.
Cf. Schoemaker (1993, pp. 201ff).
- 650.
- 651.
Cf. Meissner and Wulf (2013, pp. 802ff).
- 652.
Cf. Bradfield et al. (2005, pp. 795f).
- 653.
- 654.
Chermack and van der Merwe (2003, p. 447).
- 655.
Cf. Schwartz (1991, pp. 204f, 221ff).
- 656.
Cf. Grant (2003, p. 502).
- 657.
- 658.
Cf. Senge and Sterman (1992, pp. 137ff).
- 659.
Cf. Chermack et al. (2001, pp. 25f).
- 660.
Cf. Bouhalleb and Smida (2018, p. 490).
- 661.
Please refer to section “Resource-Based View” of Chap. 2.
- 662.
Cf. Vecchiato (2015, p. 30).
- 663.
- 664.
Cf. Haeffner et al. (2012, pp. 534).
- 665.
Cf. Chermack et al. (2006, pp. 1425ff).
- 666.
Cf. Bradfield et al. (2005, pp. 799ff).
- 667.
Cf. Bradfield et al. (2005, pp. 800ff).
- 668.
- 669.
- 670.
- 671.
Cf. Franco et al. (2013, p. 723).
- 672.
Schwarz et al. (2019, p. 140).
- 673.
- 674.
Cf. Bradfield et al. (2005, pp. 799ff).
- 675.
Cf. Amer et al. (2013, pp. 23ff).
- 676.
Cf. Schoemaker (1991, p. 550).
- 677.
Cf. Chermack et al. (2001, pp. 8ff).
- 678.
Cf. Durance and Godet (2010, p. 1489).
- 679.
Cf. Amer et al. (2013, pp. 31f).
- 680.
Schühly et al. (2020, p. 59).
- 681.
Cf. Goodwin and Wright (2001, p. 3).
- 682.
Cf. Bishop et al. (2007, pp. 5f).
- 683.
- 684.
Cf. Bradfield et al. (2005, p. 800)
- 685.
Wulf et al. (2013, p. 48).
- 686.
Cf. Bradfield et al. (2005, pp. 802f)
- 687.
- 688.
Cf. Phadnis et al. (2014, p. 123).
- 689.
Cf. Phadnis et al. (2014, p. 123).
- 690.
- 691.
Millett (2003, p. 18).
- 692.
Bishop et al. (2007, p. 5).
- 693.
See Schwartz (1991, pp. 241ff).
- 694.
- 695.
- 696.
- 697.
Cf. Phadnis et al. (2014, p. 127).
- 698.
Cf. Phadnis et al. (2014, p. 125).
- 699.
- 700.
Cf. Schühly et al. (2020, p. 76).
- 701.
Cf. Schwarz et al. (2019, p. 133).
- 702.
- 703.
- 704.
Cf. Schwartz (1991, p. 73).
- 705.
Cf. Phadnis et al. (2014, p. 127).
- 706.
Big Data has been defined by Gartner IT Glossary (n.d.) as “high-volume, high-velocity and/or high-variety information assets that demand cost-effective, innovative forms of information processing that enable enhanced insight, decision-making, and process automation.”
- 707.
- 708.
Cf. van Rijmenam et al. (2019, pp. 4).
- 709.
- 710.
- 711.
DeHaan (2011, p. 1499).
- 712.
Cf. Wright et al. (2013, p. 634).
- 713.
Cf. Ramirez and Wilkinson (2014, p. 259).
- 714.
Cf. Phadnis et al. (2014, p. 124).
- 715.
- 716.
Ramirez and Wilkinson (2014, p. 255).
- 717.
Cf. van der Heijden (2005, p. 227).
- 718.
Cf. Schühly et al. (2020, p. 59).
- 719.
- 720.
- 721.
- 722.
Soin and Scheytt (2006, p. 55).
- 723.
Cf. Manchaiah and Zhao (2012, p. 323).
- 724.
Cf. Nordfors (2007, p. 214).
- 725.
- 726.
Scearce and Fulton (2004, p. 30).
- 727.
Bowman (2016, p. 82).
- 728.
Cf. Jarzabkowski and Kaplan (2015, p. 544).
- 729.
Cf. Schoemaker (1993, pp. 196ff).
- 730.
- 731.
Cf. Phadnis et al. (2014, p. 131).
- 732.
Cf. Cairns and Wright (2019, 11).
- 733.
- 734.
Cf. Schwenker and Wulf (2013, p. 14).
- 735.
Cf. Schoemaker (1991, p. 558).
- 736.
Cf. Siebelink et al. (2016, p. 229).
- 737.
Cf. Goodwin and Wright (2001, p. 3).
- 738.
- 739.
- 740.
- 741.
- 742.
Mason (2003, p. 25).
- 743.
Cf. Mason (2003, pp. 25ff).
- 744.
Cf. Adler et al. (1986, pp. 298ff).
- 745.
Cf. Adler et al. (1986, pp. 295ff).
- 746.
- 747.
- 748.
Cf. Jain (1984, p. 125).
- 749.
- 750.
Cf. Bradfield et al. (2016, p. 60).
- 751.
- 752.
- 753.
- 754.
- 755.
- 756.
- 757.
Cf. Phelps et al. (2001, 223f).
- 758.
Cf. Millett (1988, pp. 61ff).
- 759.
Chermack et al. (2001, p. 7).
- 760.
- 761.
Cf. Amer et al. (2013, p. 24)
- 762.
Cf. Bradfield et al. (2016, p. 61).
- 763.
Cf. Bood and Postma (1997, pp. 637ff).
- 764.
Bodin et al. (2016, p. 35).
- 765.
Cf. Bood and Postma (1997, p. 637f).
- 766.
Cf. Godet (2000, pp. 7ff).
- 767.
Cf. Keough and Shanahan (2008, p. 168).
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Schühly, A.M. (2022). The Influence of Culture on Strategic Management and Its Processes. In: Cultural Influences on the Process of Strategic Management. MIR Series in International Business. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86660-0_3
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