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Communications of the ACM (CACM), Volume 38, 1995

Volume 38, Number 1, January 1995

International Perspectives

• 
  Seymour E. Goodman, Larry Press:
  Computing in Vietnam: An Asian Tiger in Rough. 11-16

Log on Education

• 
  Elliot Soloway:
  Beware, Techies Bearing Gifts. 17-24

Woman in Computing

• 
  Amy Pearl:
  Woman in Computing - Introduction. 26-28
• 
  Maria M. Klawe, Nancy G. Leveson:
  Woman in Computing - Where Are We Now? 29-35
• 
  Pavani Diwanji:
  Corporate Supported Woman's Groups. 36
• 
  Sandra Johnson Baylor:
  Graduate Fellowship Programs. 37-42
• 
  Alison E. Adam:
  Woman and Computing in the UK. 43
• 
  Laura L. Downey:
  Announcing a New Resource: The WCAR List. 43-44
• 
  Elisabeth Freeman, Susanne Hupfer:
  TAP: Tapping Internet Resources for Woman in Computer Science. 44
• 
  Denise W. Gürer:
  Pioneering Woman In Computer Science. 45-54
• 
  Anita Borg, Telle Whitney:
  The Grace Hopper Celebration. Commun. ACM 38(1): 50-51 (1995)
• 
  Kathleen Hemenway:
  Human Nature and the Glass Ceiling in Industry. 55-62
• 
  Ellen Isaacs:
  Gender Discrimination in the Workplace: A Literature Review. 58-59
• 
  Tracy Camp:
  Diversity Recruiting. 61
• 
  Shari Lawrence Pfleeger, Norma Mertz:
  Executive Mentoring - What Makes It Work? 63-73
• 
  Amita Goyal:
  Mentoring Resources and Programs for Woman. Commun. ACM 38(1): 66-67 (1995)
• 
  Veronika Oechtering, Roswita Behnke:
  Situations and Advancement Measures in Germany. 75-82

Articles

• 
  Iris Vessey, Ajay Paul Sravanapudi:
  CASE Tools as Collaborative Support Technologies. 83-95
• 
  Kurt Mehlhorn, Stefan Näher:
  LEDA: A Platform for Combinatorial and Geometric Computing. 96-102
• 
  Jeffrey G. Long, Dorothy E. Denning:
  Ultra-Structure: A Design Theory for Complex Systems and Processes. 103-120

Technical Correspondence

• 
  Charles Herring, Julian I. Palmore:
  Random Number Generators are Chaotic. 121-122
• 
  D. E. Ross:
  Pseudo-Random Number Generators for a Calculator. 122-124

Inside Risks

• 
  Ben Shneiderman:
  The Info Superhighway: For the People. 162

Volume 38, Number 2, February 1995

President's Letter

• 
  Stuart H. Zweben:
  ACM Computing Week'95. 13-14

From Washington

• 
  Fred W. Weingarten:
  Reforming Telecommunications Law. 19-22

Sharing Standards

• 
  Roy Rada, John L. Berg:
  Standards: Free or Sold? 23-26

Issues and Challenges in ATM Networks

• 
  Ronald J. Vetter, David Hung-Chang Du:
  Issues and Challenges in ATM Networks - Introduction. 28-29
• 
  Ronald J. Vetter:
  ATM Concepts, Architectures, and Protocols. 30-38
• 
  B. G. Kim, P. Wang:
  ATM Network: Goals and Challenges. 39-44
• 
  Daniel S. Stevenson, Nathan Hillery, Gregory T. Byrd:
  Secure Communications in ATM Networks. 45-52
• 
  James A. Schnepf, David Hung-Chang Du, E. Russell Ritenour, Aaron J. Fahrmann:
  Building Future Medical Eduction Environments Over ATM Networks. 54-69
• 
  Atsushi Iwata, N. Mori, Chinatsu Ikeda, Hiroshi Suzuki, Maximilian Ott:
  ATM Connection and Traffic Management Schemes for Multimedia Internetworking. 72-89
• 
  Michael Perloff, Kurt Reiss:
  Improvements to TCP Performance iHigh-Speed ATM Networks. 90-100
• 
  Shivi Fotedar, Mario Gerla, Paola Crocetti, Luigi Fratta:
  ATM Virtual Private Networks. 101-109

Technical Correspondence

• 
  Xavier A. Debest:
  Remark About Self-Stabilizing Systems. Commun. ACM 38(2): 115-117 (1995)
• 
  Peter A. Buhr:
  Are Safe Concurrency Libraries Possible? Commun. ACM 38(2): 117-120 (1995)

Inside Risks

• 
  Chris C. Demchak, Seymour E. Goodman:
  Compters as Substitute Soldiers? 154

Volume 38, Number 3, March 1995

Personal Computing

• 
  Larry Press:
  The Internet in Not TV: Web Publishing. 17-23

Real-World Applications of Bayesian Networks

• 
  David Heckerman, E. H. Mamdani, Michael P. Wellman:
  Real-World Applications of Bayesian Networks - Introduction. 24-26
• 
  David Heckerman, Michael P. Wellman:
  Bayesian Networks. 27-30
• 
  Lisa J. Burnell, Eric Horvitz:
  Structure and Chance: Melding Logic and Probability for Software Debugging. 31-41
• 
  Robert M. Fung, Brendan Del Favero:
  Applying Bayesian Networks to Information Retrieval. 42-48
• 
  David Heckerman, John S. Breese, Koos Rommelse:
  Decision-Theoretic Troubleshooting. 49-57

Articles

• 
  Gerald Tesauro:
  Temporal Difference Learning and TD-Gammon. 58-68
• 
  Robert E. Kraut, Lynn A. Streeter:
  Coordination in Software Development. 69-81
• 
  Magid Igbaria, Wayne M. Wormley:
  Race Differences in Job Performance and Career Success. 82-92
• 
  Kent A. Walstrom, Bill C. Hardgrave, Rick L. Wilson:
  Forums for Management Information Systems Scholars. 93-107

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Reassessing the Crypto Debate. 138

Volume 38, Number 4, April 1995

Legally Speaking

• 
  Pamela Samuelson:
  Copyright and Digital Libraries. 15-21

Digital Libraries

• 
  Edward A. Fox, Robert M. Akscyn, Richard Furuta, John J. Leggett:
  Digital Libraries - Introduction to the Secial Section. 22-28
• 
  Ramana Rao, Jan O. Pedersen, Marti A. Hearst, Jock D. Mackinlay, Stuart K. Card, Larry Masinter, Per-Kristian Halvorsen, George G. Robertson:
  Rich Interaction in the Digital Library. 29-39
• 
  Timothy C. Bell, Alistair Moffat, Ian H. Witten, Justin Zobel:
  The MG Retrieval System: Compressing for Space and Speed. 41-42
• 
  W. Bruce Croft:
  NSF Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval. 42-43
• 
  Edward A. Fox:
  World-Wide Web and Computer Science Reports. 43-44
• 
  James C. French, Edward A. Fox, Kurt Maly, Alan L. Selman:
  Wide Area Technical Report Service: Technical Reports Online. 45
• 
  Charles J. Kacmar, Dean Jue:
  The Information Zone System. 46-47
• 
  Carl Lagoze, James R. Davis:
  Dienst: An Architecture for Distributed Document Libraries. 47
• 
  Christoph Hüser, Klaus Reichenberger, Lothar Rostek, Norbert A. Streitz:
  Knowledge-base Editing and Visualization for Hypermedia Encyclopedias. 49-51
• 
  Deane Merrill, Nathan Parker, Fredric C. Gey, Chris Stuber:
  The University of California CD-ROM Information System. 51-52
• 
  Lenwood S. Heath, Deborah Hix, Lucy T. Nowell, William C. Wake, Guillermo A. Averboch, Eric Labow, Scott A. Guyer, Dennis J. Brueni, Robert K. France, Kaushal Dalal, Edward A. Fox:
  Envision: A User-Centered Database of Computer Science Literature. 52-53
• 
  Richard Entlich, Lorrin Garson, Michael Lesk, Lorraine Normore, Jan Olsen, Stuart Weibel:
  Making a Digital Library: The Chemistry Online Retrieval Experiment. 54
• 
  Gary M. Olson:
  An Appreciation of Lawrence Rosenberg. 55
• 
  Michael G. Christel, Takeo Kanade, M. Mauldin, Raj Reddy, Marvin A. Sirbu, Scott M. Stevens, Howard D. Wactlar:
  Informedia Digital Video Library. 57-58
• 
  The Stanford Digital Library Project. 59-60
• 
  Robert Wilensky:
  UC Berkeley's Digital Library Project. 60
• 
  Terence R. Smith, James Frew:
  Alexandria Digital Library. 61-62
• 
  Bruce R. Schatz:
  Building the Interspace: The Illinois Digital Library Project. 62-63
• 
  Laurie Crum:
  Universisty of Michigan Digital Library Project. 63-64
• 
  Jonathan Purday:
  The British Library's Initiatives for Access Projects. 65-66
• 
  Herbert S. Becker:
  Library of Congress Digital Library Effort. 66
• 
  Gary Marchionini, Hermann A. Maurer:
  The Roles of Digital Libraries In Teaching and Learning. 67-75
• 
  David M. Levy, Catherine C. Marshall:
  Going Digital: A Look at Assumptions Underlying Digital Libraries. 77-84
• 
  Gio Wiederhold:
  Digital Libraries, Value, and Productivity. 85-96

Article

• 
  Peter J. Denning, Bernard Rous:
  The ACM Electronic Publishing Plan. 97-109
• 
  Peter J. Denning:
  Information Superhighway 2015. 138

Volume 38, Number 5, May 1995

Electrtonic Frontier

• 
  John Perry Barlow:
  Death From Above. 17-20

International Perspectives

• 
  Jason L. Dedrick, Seymour E. Goodman, Kenneth L. Kraemer:
  Little Engines that Could: Computing in Small Energetic Countries. 21-26

Requirements Gathering: The Human Factor

• 
  Karen Holtzblatt, Hugh R. Beyer:
  Requirements Gathering: The Human Factors - Introduction to the Special Section. Commun. ACM 38(5): 30-32 (1995)
• 
  Mark Keil, Erran Carmel:
  Customer-Development Links in Software Development. 33-44
• 
  Hugh R. Beyer, Karen Holtzblatt:
  Apprenticing with the Customer. 45-52
• 
  Arne Kjær, Kim Halskov Madsen:
  Participatory Analysis of Flexibility. 53-60
• 
  Francoise Brun-Cottan, Patricia Wall:
  Using Video to Re-Present the User. 61-71
• 
  Anthony F. Hutchings, Steve T. Knox:
  Creating Products Customer Demands. 72-80
• 
  C. Dennis Allen:
  Succeeding as a Clandestine Change Agent. 81-86

Article

• 
  Mitchell H. Clifton:
  Self-Assessment Procedure XXIII: Programming Languages. 89-97

Inside Risks

• 
  Robert N. Charette:
  How to Create a Successful Failure. 122

Volume 38, Number 6, June 1995

Enterprising Innovations

• 
  Brian A. Nejmeh:
  Process Cost and Value Analysis. 19-24

Log on Education

• 
  Saul Rockman:
  In School or Out: Technology, Equity, and the Future of Our Kids. 25-29

Cognition and Software Development

• 
  Webb Stacy:
  Cognition and Software Development: Introduction to the Special Section. Commun. ACM 38(6): 30-31 (1995)
• 
  Marian Petre:
  Why Looking Isn't Always Seeing: Readership Skills and Graphical Programming. 33-44
• 
  Joseph S. Dumas, Paige Parsons:
  Discovering the Way Programmers Think About New Programming Environments. 45-56
• 
  Webb Stacy, Jean MacMillan:
  Cognitive Bias in Software Engineering. 57-63
• 
  Terry Winograd:
  From Programming Environments to Environments for Design. 65-74

Articles

• 
  William B. Frakes, Christopher J. Fox:
  Sixteen Questions About Software Reuse. 75-87
• 
  Ross A. Gagliano, Martin D. Fraser, Mark E. Schaefer:
  Auction Allocating of Computing Resources. 88-102
• 
  Young-Gul Kim, Salvatore T. March:
  Comparing Data Modeling Formalisms. 103-115

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Computer Vulnerabilities: Exploitation or Avoidance. 138

Volume 38, Number 7, July 1995

Personal Computing

• 
  Larry Press:
  McLuhan Meets the Net. 15-20

From Washington

• 
  Fred W. Weingarten:
  The HPCC: Still a Percheron Horse. 21-32

End-User Training and Learning

• 
  Deborah Compeau, Lorne Olfman, Maung K. Sein, Jane Webster:
  End-User Training and Learning - Introduction to the Special Section. 24-26
• 
  R. Ryan Nelson, Ellen M. Whitener, Henry H. Philcox:
  The Assessment of End-User Training Needs. 27-39
• 
  John M. Carroll, Mary Beth Rosson:
  Managing Evaluation Goals for Training. 40-48
• 
  Edmond P. Fitzgerald, Aileen Cater-Steel:
  Champagne Training on a Beer Budget. 49-60
• 
  Judy Kay, Richard C. Thomas:
  Studying Long-Term System Use. 61-69
• 
  Dennis F. Galletta, Manju Ahuja, Amir Hartman, Thompson S. H. Teo, A. Graham Peace:
  Social Influence and End-User Training. 70-79

Articles

• 
  Joline Morrison, Joey F. George:
  Exploring the Software Engineering Component in MIS Research. 80-91
• 
  Gary Newman:
  Organizing Arrays for Paged Memory Systems. 93-103

Inside Risks

• 
  Philip E. Agre:
  My Top 10 Email Hassles. 122

Volume 38, Number 8, August 1995

Legally Speaking

• 
  Pamela Samuelson:
  Software Compatibility and the Law. 15-22

Electronic Frontier

• 
  Brock N. Meeks:
  Target: Internet. 23-25

Designing Hypermedia Applications:

Hypertext Edition

• 
  Michael Bieber, Tomás Isakowitz:
  Introduction to the Special Issue on Designing Hypermedia Applications. 26-29
• 
  Douglas C. Engelbart:
  Toward Augmenting the Human Intellect and Boosting our Collective IQ. 30-33
• 
  Theodor Holm Nelson:
  The Heart of Connection: Hypermedia Unified by Transclusion. 31-33
• 
  Tomás Isakowitz, Edward A. Stohr, P. Balasubramanian:
  RMM: A Methodology for Structured Hypermedia Design. 34-44
• 
  Daniel Schwabe, Gustavo Rossi:
  The Object-Oriented Hypermedia Design Model. 45-46
• 
  Venkatraman Balasubramanian, Bang Min Ma, Joonhee Yoo:
  A Systematic Approach to Designing a WWW Application. 47-48
• 
  Jocelyne Nanard, Marc Nanard:
  Hypertext Design Environments and the Hypertext Design Process. 49-56
• 
  Manfred Thüring, Jörg Hannemann, Jörg M. Haake:
  Hypermedia and Cognition: Designing for Comprehension. 57-66
• 
  Paul Kahn:
  Visual Cues for Local and Global Coherence in the WWW. 67-69
• 
  Norbert A. Streitz:
  Designing Hypermedia: A Collaborative Activity. 70-71
• 
  John L. Schnase, Edward L. Cunnius, S. Bruce Dowton:
  The StudySpace Project: Collaborative Hypermedia in Nomadic Computing Environments. 72-73
• 
  Franca Garzotto, Luca Mainetti, Paolo Paolini:
  Hypermedia Design, Analysis, and Evaluation Issues. 74-86
• 
  Scott Johnson:
  Quality Control for Hypertext Construction. 87
• 
  Catherine C. Marshall, Frank M. Shipman III:
  Spatial Hypertext: Designing for Change. 88-97
• 
  Andreas Dieberger, Jay D. Bolter:
  On the Design of Hyper Spaces. 98
• 
  Michael Bieber, Charles J. Kacmar:
  Designing Hypertext Support for Computational Applications. 99-107
• 
  Hugh C. Davis:
  To Embed or Not to Embed... 108-109
• 
  Uffe Kock Wiil:
  Hyperform: Rapid Prototyping of Hypermedia Services. 109-111
• 
  Richard Furuta, P. David Stotts:
  Dynamic Hyperdocuments: Authoring Replaces Programming. 111-112

Inside Risks

• 
  Joel M. Snyder:
  Research on the Internet. 130

Volume 38, Number 9, September 1995

• 
  Maurice V. Wilkes:
  A Tribute to Presper Eckert. 20-22

International Perspectives

• 
  Ricardo A. Baeza-Yates, David A. Fuller, José A. Pino, Seymour E. Goodman:
  Computing in Chile: The Jaguar of the Pacific Rim? 23-28

From Washington

• 
  Fred W. Weingarten:
  Obituary for an Agency. 29-32

Representations of Work

• 
  Lucy A. Suchman:
  Representations of Work - Preface to the Special Section. 33-35
• 
  Patricia Sachs:
  Transforming Work: Collaboration, Learning, and Design. 36-44
• 
  Susan Leigh Star, Geoffrey C. Bowker:
  Work and Infrastructure. 41
• 
  Brigitte Jordan, Ron Goldman, Patricia Sachs:
  Tools for the Workplace. Commun. ACM 38(9): 42 (1995)
• 
  Helga Wild, Chris Darrouzet, Ted Kahn, Susan U. Stucky:
  Rhythms of Collaboration. 45
• 
  Morten Kyng:
  Making Representations Work. 46-55
• 
  Lucy A. Suchman:
  Making Work Visible. 56-64
• 
  Rogers Hall:
  Exploring Design-Oriented Mathematical Practices in School and Work Settings. 62
• 
  Michael J. Muller:
  Ethnocritical Questions for Working with Translations, Interpretations, and their Stakeholders. 64-65
• 
  Liam J. Bannon:
  The Politics of Design: Representing Work. 66-68

Articles

• 
  Robert Klepper, Douglas B. Bock:
  Third and Fourth Generation Language Productivity Differences. 69-79
• 
  Mike P. Papazoglou:
  Unraveling the Semantics of Conceptual Schemas. 80-94
• 
  Sudha Ram:
  Deriving Functional Dependencies from the Entity-Relationship Model. 95-107

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Risks of Easy Answers. Commun. ACM 38(9): 130 (1995)

Volume 38, Number 10, October 1995

Sharing Standards

• 
  Roy Rada:
  Consensus Versus Speed. 21-23

Personal Computing

• 
  Larry Press:
  Net.Speech: Audio Comes to the Net. 25-31

Object Roundtable

• 
  Cherri M. Pancake:
  The Promise and the Cost of Object Technology: A Five-Year Forecast. 32-49

Object-Oriented Experiences

• 
  Mohamed E. Fayad, Wei-Tek Tsai:
  Object-Oriented Experiences: Introduction to the Special Section. 50-53
• 
  William Berg, Marshall Cline, Mike Girou:
  Lessons Learned from the OS/400 OO Project. 54-64
• 
  Douglas C. Schmidt:
  Using Design Patterns to Develop Reusable Object-Oriented Communication Software. 65-74
• 
  David Chenho Kung, Jerry Gao, Pei Hsia, Yasufumi Toyoshima, Chris Chen, Young-Si Kim, Young-Kee Song:
  Developing an Object-Oriented Software Testing and Maintenance Environment. 75-87
• 
  Charles D. Norton, Boleslaw K. Szymanski, Viktor K. Decyk:
  Object-Oriented Parallel Computation for Plasma Simulation. 88-100

Smalltalk on the Rise

• 
  Yen-Ping Shan:
  Smalltalk on the Rise: Introduction to the Special Section. 102-104
• 
  Adele Goldberg:
  Why Smalltalk? 105-107
• 
  Jim Adamczyk:
  Smalltalk Reaches Crossroads in the Insurance Industry. 107-109
• 
  Jerrold M. Grochow:
  Smalltalk in the Telecommunications Industry. 110-111
• 
  Dave A. Thomas:
  Ubiquitous Applications: Embedded Systems to Mainframe. 112-114
• 
  Ken Auer:
  Smalltalk Training: As Innovative as the Environment. 115-117

Inside Risks

• 
  Simson L. Garfinkel:
  Risks of Social Security Numbers. 146

Volume 38, Number 11, November 1995

Log on Education

• 
  Ben Shneiderman, Maryam Alavi, Kent L. Norman, Ellen Yu Borkowski:
  Windows of Opportunity in Electronic Classrooms. 19-24

Digital Village

• 
  Hal Berghel:
  Maiden Voyage. 25-27

New Horizons in Commercial and Industrial AI

• 
  Toshinori Munakata:
  New Horizons in Commercial and Industrial AI - Introduction to the Special Issue. 28-31

Large-Scale AI and the Commensense Problem

• 
  Douglas B. Lenat:
  CYC: A Large-Scale Investment in Knowledge Infrastructure. 32-38
• 
  George A. Miller:
  WordNet: A Lexical Database for English. 39-41
• 
  Toshio Yokoi:
  The EDR Electronic Dictionary. 42-44
• 
  Douglas B. Lenat, George A. Miller, Toshio Yokoi:
  CYC, WordNet, and EDR: Critiques and Responses. 45-48
• 
  Brahim Chaib-draa:
  Industrial Applications of Distributed AI. 49-53

Advances in Traditional AI

• 
  Pat Langley, Herbert A. Simon:
  Applications of Machine Learning and Rule Induction. 54-64
• 
  Ivan Bratko, Stephen H. Muggleton:
  Applications of Inductive Logic Programming. 65-70
• 
  Kenneth Ward Church, Lisa F. Rau:
  Commercial Applications of Natural Language Processing. 71-79
• 
  Paul Harmon:
  Object-Oriented AI: A Commercial Perspective. 80-86

Emerging Technologies

• 
  Zdzislaw Pawlak, Jerzy W. Grzymala-Busse, Roman Slowinski, Wojciech Ziarko:
  Rough Sets. 88-95
• 
  William L. Ditto, Toshinori Munakata:
  Principles and Applications of Chaotic Systems. 96-102
• 
  Kazuyuki Aihara, Ryu Katayama:
  Chaos Engineering in Japan. 103-107
• 
  Pattie Maes:
  Artificial Life Meets Entertainment: Lifelike Autonomous Agents. 108-114

Inside Risks

• 
  Nancy G. Leveson:
  Safety as a System Property. 146

Volume 38, Number 12, December 1995

Electronic Frontier

• 
  John Perry Barlow:
  Property and Speech: Who Owns What You Say in Cyberspace? 19-22

International Perspectives

• 
  Ann K. Danowitz, Y. Nassef, Seymour E. Goodman:
  Cyberspace Across the Sahara: Computing in North Africa. 23-28

Editorial

• 
  Peter J. Denning:
  Plagiarism in the Web. 29

Ethics and Computer Use

• 
  Sue A. Conger, Karen D. Loch:
  Ethics and Computer Use - Introduction to the Special Section. 30-32
• 
  Kenneth C. Laudon:
  Ethical Concepts and Information Technology. 33-39
• 
  Suzanne P. Weisband, Bruce A. Reinig:
  Managing User Perceptions of Email Privacy. 40-47
• 
  Janice C. Sipior, Burke T. Ward:
  The Ethical and Legal Quandary of Email Privacy. 48-54
• 
  Richard O. Mason:
  Applying Ethics to Information Technology Issues. 55-57
• 
  Deborah G. Johnson, John M. Mulvey:
  Accountability and Computer Decision Systems. 58-64
• 
  Sandra J. Milberg, Sandra J. Burke, H. Jeff Smith, Ernest A. Kallman:
  Values, Personal Information Privacy, and Regulatory Approaches. 65-74

Report

• 
  Chuck Huff, C. Dianne Martin:
  Computing Consequences: A Framework for Teaching Ethical Computing. 75-84

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Reviewing the Risks Archives. 138