iBet uBet
web content aggregator. Adding the entire web to your favor.
Link to original content:
https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818
2024-11-25T06:04:26.533-08:00
Borneo History
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
Blogger
443
1
25
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-7014273500230987962
2020-02-21T23:03:00.000-08:00
2020-02-21T23:03:20.962-08:00
The Landings at Borneo
<br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>The Landings at Borneo<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Borneo campaign of 1945 was one of the most complex operations involving Australian land, air and sea forces in the war. It was also the last Australian campaign to be planned and undertaken.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Borneo had been captured by the Japanese in early 1942. Most of the island was part of the Netherlands East Indies (modern Indonesia) but the north and north-west was British territory. During 1942 and 1943, many prisoners of war, including Australians, were sent to various locations on the island. In 1944, Australian special forces troops of the Services Reconnaissance Department – commonly known as 'Z' Force – were sent to the island to encourage Dyak villagers to engage the Japanese in guerrilla warfare. This was highly successful, with about 2000 Japanese killed.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The decision by the Allies to invade Borneo in 1945 was for the most part political. It had only marginal strategic value. General Douglas MacArthur, Commander-in-Chief of Allied forces in the South-West Pacific Area, planned the operation partly to alleviate concerns of the Australian government that its forces were being relegated to operational backwaters, as New Guinea had become. MacArthur had largely left Australian forces out of the most significant operation of this stage of the war – the liberation of the Philippines – with only some warships and a few air force units taking part. The invasion of Borneo was intended to make Australian forces more visible again in pressing home the war against Japan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">General MacArthur selected Borneo partly on the basis that bases on the island could be used to support an invasion of Java. The recapture of Java from the Japanese would formally restore control of the Netherlands East Indies to the Dutch. The Allies would also be able to capture the many oilfields in Borneo; however, this would have little effect on the war because American air and naval blockades of Japan had virtually cut off Borneo from Japan. No oil was reaching Japan from Borneo.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Senior Australian officers had misgivings about the operation but they ensured it was well planned. The high levels of training in the Australian forces meant the campaign would be skilfully conducted. The Army committed two veteran infantry divisions, the 7th and 9th Divisions, to the operation. Each had seen significant action in the Middle East and New Guinea. The Royal Australian Air Force's 1st Tactical Air Force was committed to supporting the operation, while the Royal Australian Navy committed warships and other units.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Three distinct operations were conducted. The first was on the island of Tarakan off north-east Borneo. It was to be captured and airfields established there. The operation was code-named OBOE 1. The 26th Infantry Brigade (part of the 9th Division) was allocated the task of taking the island. Its troops practised amphibious operations ahead of the actual landing from American landing ships and landing craft on 1 May 1945. Engineers went in first and cleared gaps through the beach defences with explosives before the main assault. Naval and air bombardments also destroyed or damaged many enemy positions. Over the next seven weeks, there was fierce fighting as the Australians pushed inland to take the whole island. More than 200 Australians were killed before the last Japanese positions fell on 20 June 1945. The dead included one of the most famous Australian soldiers of the war, Lieutenant Tom 'Diver' Derrick VC DCM, 2/48th Battalion, and also the sole recipient of the Victoria Cross for actions on Tarakan Island, Corporal John Mackey, 2/3rd Pioneer Battalion.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">One of the primary objectives of landing on Tarakan Island was the construction of airfields to cover subsequent operations. However, airfield construction proved a much more difficult task than had been anticipated. 1 and 8 Airfield Construction Squadrons RAAF landed to repair and build airfields but found that the existing airfields were badly damaged and that excessively boggy ground in the area selected for new airfields impeded construction. Although opened to fighter aircraft in late June 1945, the airfields on Tarakan Island were not used to the extent that had been envisaged.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The second operation, code-named OBOE 6, was a landing on Labuan Island in Brunei Bay, north-west Borneo. The rest of the 9th Division landed with orders to secure the Brunei Bay area so it could be used as an advanced naval base. The secondary objective was to capture oilfields and rubber plantations and production plants. The landing had to be delayed by a few days because of shipping difficulties but on 10 June 1945 Australian troops stormed ashore. Smaller landings were made on nearby Muara Island and the Brunei Peninsula. Naval bombardments and air attacks helped clear the way for the troops as they advanced on each front. On Labuan Island, a force of several hundred Japanese made a determined stand in a swampy, jungle-clad area known as 'the pocket' – they were blasted out by naval and air attacks and infantry sent in to finish the job. Fighting continued on this front until the war's end, by which time more than 100 Australians had been killed.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The final operation, code-named OBOE 2, was at Balikpapan, south-east Borneo. It was the largest operation with more 33,000 army, air force and navy personnel landed from 1 July 1945 in the largest ever amphibious assault by Australian forces. As with the other operations, Australian troops were well supported with naval and air attacks which the Japanese could not match. The Australians also employed tanks to assist in attacking Japanese pill-boxes. This extra firepower cut down the numbers of casualties suffered by the Australians. Engineers were also employed to clear enemy minefields and destroy booby traps. Although the Japanese were able to mount some raids on Australian positions, there was never any doubt the Australian operation would succeed.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By the war's end on 15 August 1945, all major objectives had been achieved. But there was a sad footnote to the campaign with the loss of many prisoners of war who had been held at Sandakan in north Borneo. During 1942 and 1943, more than 2000 Australian and British prisoners of war had been sent there from Singapore and Java. They suffered dreadfully and by the start of 1945 many had died of starvation, overwork and disease. The Japanese ordered more than 1000 supposedly 'fit' men to march into the mountains to a more isolated base at Ranau. Nearly 300 men too sick to attempt the march either died or were killed at Sandakan. Of those who undertook the march, only six men – all Australians – survived. They had escaped and were rescued by Allied forces.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Source : anzacportal.dva.gov.au</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div>
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-7734909506867869893
2020-02-21T22:43:00.002-08:00
2020-02-21T22:43:46.075-08:00
Sandakan 1942-1945 by Dr Richard Reid
<br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Sandakan 1942-1945</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: large;">by Dr Richard Reid<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: large;">Remembering Sandakan</span><o:p></o:p></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><br /></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b>Private E H 'Ted' Ings, Binalong, New South Wales<o:p></o:p></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Whenever the parishioners of the Anglican Church, Binalong, New South Wales, attend a service, they are reminded of the tragedy and loss of war. The memorial gateway to the church is dedicated to the memory of Private E H Ings, 2/19th Battalion, 2nd Australian Imperial Force (AIF), who died in 1945 on active service.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Ted Ings was born in 1903 at Binalong and in the 1930s, with his brother Les, he ran a dairy farm near the town. The Ings brothers were well-known for their skill in building the large old-fashioned haystacks. At local dances, Ted's skillful playing of the squeezebox was much in demand and he is remembered in the district as gentle-natured and well-liked. On 17 July 1940, at Goulburn, New South Wales, he enlisted in the 2nd AIF and was assigned to the 2/19th Battalion. In early 1941, Private Ings and the 2/19th Battalion, 8th Australian Division, sailed from Sydney on the Queen Mary, bound for Singapore and the defence of Malaya.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> As letters in the possession of the family show, throughout that year Ted regularly wrote home from Malaya. But other events were soon to have a telling effect on Ted and the soldiers of the 8th Division. On 15 February 1942, the British defenders of Singapore, which included the 2/19th Battalion, surrendered to the Japanese. Months later, on 19 July 1942, the Sydney Sunday Telegraph published the name of Private E H Ings in a list of 430 New South Wales soldiers classed as 'missing in action' in Malaya, Singapore and Java.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> After this alarming news, the Ings family in Binalong would have been relieved to hear that Ted was not 'missing' but a prisoner of war. Over a year later, in September 1943, a card from Ted, which said he was a POW in Malaya, reached his sister-in-law May, in Binalong. It had been sent through the International Red Cross. Today the family still has the telegram May sent to the other members of the family, telling them the good news. A later letter from the Red Cross Bureau for Wounded, Missing and Prisoners of War, Sydney, sent on 6 November 1944 to Binalong gave the following brief information from the International Red Cross, Geneva:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Tokyo Cables NX 60355, Pte. E.H. Ings Transferred From Malaya to Borneo Camp Since 1/4/44.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Ted Ings never returned from Borneo.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The inscription on the memorial gates at the Binalong Anglican Church records that Private E H Ings died on 24 February 1945, aged 41, at somewhere called 'Sandakan-Ranau'.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: large;">'Found over sixty paybooks and various other articles'</span></b><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b>Searching for the Sandakan POWs Borneo—September–October 1945<o:p></o:p></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Sandakan is today a large city on the north-east coast of the island of Borneo. In 1945 Borneo was still occupied by the Japanese, and at the end of the Pacific war in August, Australian units arrived in the Sandakan area to accept the surrender of the Japanese garrison. Just 16 kilometres out of Sandakan, in a north-westerly direction, was the Sandakan POW Camp. Here, between 1942 and 1945, the Japanese had at different times held over 2700 Australian and British prisoners. The POWs were brought from Singapore to Borneo to construct a military airfield close to the camp. By 15 August 1945, however, there were no POWs left at Sandakan Camp.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> During October and November 1945, the camp site and some of the jungle area to the west was searched by Australian War Graves units and 3 POW Contact and Enquiry Unit. Similar searches were also conducted in the area of a small settlement called Ranau, 260 kilometres west of Sandakan, in the mountains close to north Borneo’s largest mountain, Mount Kinabalu. Eventually, searches were also made all along a jungle track, or rentis, which ran from near Sandakan, through low-lying river swamps and up into the mountains to Ranau. In these areas at various times between 1945 and 1947 were found the personal relics and bodily remains of over 2163 Australian and British POWs. The remains of a further 265 known to have been at Sandakan in early January 1945 were never found.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Sandakan camp itself was a burnt-out ruin. Careful excavation and searching uncovered hundreds of bodies at different burial locations. One Australian War Graves officer wrote of this work in the unit war diary:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>25 September 1945—Was informed that a native who had worked in the PW compound for the Japs was willing to give information … his information was of the greatest importance. He said that in a certain part of the compound there was a place where there were mass burials, on receipt of this information I immediately went to the place and found that what the native said was true. At the daily conference I asked for and obtained 20 Japs [Japanese prisoners held at Sandakan awaiting repatriation to Japan] as a working party for the following day.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>26 September 1945—Took out Jap working party to compound. On digging found ample evidence that it was a mass burial place. It is difficult to calculate the number but would say at a guess that it would be somewhere in the neighbourhood of 100-150 bodies. Went to No 2 cemetery where 24 graves appear to be too big for single burials. Several graves which were opened were found to contain as many as 5-8 bodies.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Some scattered personal items belonging to the POWs were also found at the camp. The war diarist of 23 Australian War Graves unit recorded:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>22 September 1945—Spent all day at the PW compound searching for records and other articles that may have a bearing on identifying bodies. Found over sixty paybooks and various other articles bearing numbers and name.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The main items located at different places in the camp were service paybooks, identity disks and army-issue webbing such as haversacks and kit bags. The military badges showed the international origin of the Sandakan POWs—Australian Army hat and collar badges, along with badges from British and Imperial units such as the Gordon Highlanders, the Singapore Volunteer Force, Royal Army Medical Corps, the 17th Dogras (a British India Army unit), the Suffolk Regiment and many others. Other personal relics found included jackets, hairbrushes, mugs and eating utensils.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Perhaps the most poignant area to be searched was that which appeared to have been used by the POWs as a medical aid station. The final report of 3 POW Contact and Enquiry Unit described what was found there:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>On 22 October Lieutenant Robertson located what would appear to have been the RAP [Regimental Aid Post], after the remainder of the camp had been destroyed. A large number of improvised stretchers were found under banana palms … The wreckage of a small atap hut was cleared, and items of medical stores found … No drugs of any kind were found. Used filthy bandages and dressings were scattered over the whole area. It is thought that this area is where the sick were concentrated when the compound was destroyed by fire, after the fit personnel left for Ranau.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> More bodies and similar personal items were found along the track to Ranau and at Ranau itself. Reports from the unit listed all items found and stated:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>The items themselves have been parcelled and will be sent to Records, Melbourne, for further checking. All Paybooks and most of the other items have been damaged by weather and/or fire, and require very careful handling. Paybooks, and personal effects of PW, in a number of cases, found concentrated in small heaps, and in some cases covered over by blankets or sacking either for concealment or protection from the weather.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Typical of the few recovered remnants of the POWs' presence at Sandakan are some items in the collection of the Australian War Memorial. These include six fire-damaged cigarette cases, two improvised smoking pipes, a shaving brush, a dixie lid used as a cooking utensil, a rosary and crucifix, and false teeth. All of these were found at the camp by 9 Military History Field Team.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Research has indicated that some 2428 Allied servicemen—1787 Australians and 641 British—held in the Sandakan Camp in January 1945 died between January and August 1945 in Japanese captivity. Private Ted Ings of Binalong was one of them. They perished at the Sandakan POW Camp, along the track to Ranau, and at Ranau itself. What brought about the deaths of so many prisoners so close to the Allied victory over Japan in August 1945?<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: large;">'We are well. We are happy. We are well fed'<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><br /></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b>Sandakan POW Camp—1942–1944<o:p></o:p></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> After the fall of Singapore in February 1942, numbers of Allied POWs—Australian and British—were brought progressively to Sandakan. The first large group of Australians—about 1500 men—to arrive from Singapore was 'B' Force. They steamed along the east coast of Borneo on the Ubi Maru and arrived at Sandakan on 17 July 1942. Lieutenant Rod Wells thought the scenery beautiful:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>From the sea it’s lovely. With the red chalk hills on the side of Berhala Island it really is very impressive. I suppose for a split moment we thought, with a sigh of relief, that here’s some beautiful, peaceful land where there may not be any Japanese.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Once ashore, the Japanese marched them to Sandakan POW Camp, which was under the command of Captain Hoshijima Susumi. In April 1943, 'B' Force was joined by 776 British POWs and, between April and June, by another group of 500 Australian prisoners—'E' Force.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The POWs were brought to Sandakan to build two military airstrips and their service roads and dispersal pens. Each day at 7.30am, work details left the camp for the airfield where they cleared and burnt off scrub, filled in swamps, dug gravel, and pushed trucks along a light railway to where the gravel was dumped for levelling. At 5.30pm they marched back to camp. In the early days this life was almost bearable. Private Keith Botterill, 2/19th Battalion, remembers:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>We had it easy the first twelve months. I reckon only half a dozen died at the top...Sure we had to work on the drome, we used to get flogged, but we had plenty of food and cigarettes...We actually had a canteen in the prison camp. We were getting ten cents a day...I think a coconut was about one cent, and a turtle egg one cent...And a fair sized banana went for a cent...It was a good camp.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Concerts were held and one of the best entertainers was Private Nelson Short, 2/18th Battalion, who composed songs. Short adopted the popular Irish-Australian song Ireland Over Here to their situation at Singapore and at Sandakan:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>If the Harbour Bridge was spanned across the causeway<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>And old Fremantle came to Singapore<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>If Adelaide bells rang out in Bukit Timah<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>And Bondi Beach was lined around these shores<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>If the River Yarra flowed into the harbour<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>And old Rockhampton on this island did appear<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Then we wouldn’t want to roam<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>We would always feel at home<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>If we only had Australia over here.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Although prisoners, their position might at that time have been summed up in the words, chosen by the Japanese, on a postcard that Bombardier Dick Braithwaite, 2/15th Australian Field Regiment, recalled they were allowed to send home:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>We are well. We are happy. We are well fed. We are working for pay.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> This tolerable situation did not last long. One significant change came with the arrival in April 1943 of new Formosan guards. With the advent of the Formosans, who lived in the camp, and the earlier establishment in late 1942 of a system of punishment known as the 'cage', the POWs began a journey into a world of systematic deprivation and violence. Mass beatings during work details began, as recalled by Warrant Officer William Hector 'Bill' Sticpewich, Australian Army Service Corps:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>My gang would be working all right and then would be suddenly told to stop … The men would then be stood with their arms outstretched horizontally, shoulder high, facing the sun without hats. The guards would be formed into two sections, one standing back with rifles and the others doing the actual beating. They would walk along the back of us and … smack us underneath the arms, across the ribs and on the back. They would give each man a couple of bashes … if they whimpered or flinched they would get a bit more.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The cage, which was placed near what was known as ‘the big tree’ facing the guardhouse, was a more prolonged and agonising form of punishment. It was a wooden structure, 130cm by 170cm, with bars on all sides and high enough only to sit in. Prisoners crawled into the cage through a narrow opening. A POW undergoing punishment would have to sit at attention through the heat of the day. At night he had no bedding or mosquito netting. During the first week no food was permitted and the guards twice daily administered beatings. Sentences to the cage for trivial misdemeanours varied from a few days to over a month. Keith Botterill spent some time in the cage:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>The time I was in for forty days there were seventeen of us in there. No water for the first three days. On the third night they'd force you to drink till you were sick. For the first seven days you got no food. On the seventh day they started feeding you half camp rations. I was just in a 'G' string, never had a wash. We were not allowed to talk, but we used to whisper … Every evening we would get a bashing, which they used to call physical exercise … The [cooks] knew we got out at five so they’d come down then to feed the dogs with swill, the kitchen rubbish. They'd pour it into this trough. We'd all hit together, the dogs and all of us, and we'd fight the dogs for the scraps.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>If you've ever tried to pull a bone out of a starving dog's mouth you'll know what it was like. The dog would fasten onto your wrist to take the bone off you, and you’d still be putting the bone into your mouth. And you'd finish up the better.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> In July 1943 an elaborate local intelligence network, built up at the camp and connecting it with the local civilian internees and guerrilla units even further afield, was betrayed to the Japanese. Captain Lionel Matthews, 8th Division Signals, was the organiser of this network. Matthews was arrested, tortured and eventually shot, along with eight local people who had been part of the organisation.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Following the breaking of the intelligence ring, the Japanese, hoping to take out the source of such resistance from the camp, removed all but eight officers to Kuching, hundreds of kilometres away on the far side of Borneo. Discipline and security at the camp were tightened.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The rest of 1943 and 1944 were characterised by an increased number of beatings—'almost daily occurrences' is the phrase used in the official history—prolonged work, diminishing rations and sickness. In September 1944 Allied planes began raiding Sandakan and the airfield. December saw a reduction in the daily rice ration to between about 140 and 200 grams per man, despite there being adequate supplies in the camp. By the end of the month further air raids had rendered the airfield inoperable and any real usefulness the POWs had for their captors was at an end. The health of the POWs deteriorated rapidly and the death rate crept up. In January 1945 the Japanese issue of rice ceased altogether and men were given just 85 grams per day from accumulated stores built up by the POWs themselves.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> January 1945 saw the Japanese on the defensive throughout that vast Pacific and Asian territory they had conquered so swiftly in late 1941 and early 1942. To the Japanese, it must have seemed only a matter of time before the Allies struck at Borneo. Fearing that this invasion might occur in the Sandakan area, they made provision to move the POWs over 260 kilometres westward to Ranau where they might prove useful as supply carriers in the mountains. A track, or rentis, was cut by local labour through the low-lying swamps and jungle to the south of the Labuk River and its tributaries—the Dusan, the Kolapsis, the Muanad, the Pandan Pandan, and the Mandorin—up into the dense rainforest of the Maitland Range, past Paginatan village into the Crocker Range (which formed the foothills of Mount Kinabalu) and on to a highland plateau at Ranau. In the swamp lowlands this track was made of logs and proved dangerous to walk on. It was often easier to wade through the swamp itself. Through the mountains the track became narrow, slippery and, in many places, steep.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> On 26 January 1945 the POWs were informed that a party consisting of approximately 455 Australians and British were to leave Sandakan for another part of Borneo where there was plenty of food. The prisoners were divided into nine groups which left the camp progressively between 28 January and 6 February. Bill Sticpewich remembers them leaving:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>None of them were fit. They were all suffering from beriberi and malnutrition. They were all issued by the Japs with crude rubber boots but nobody could wear them. Some of them had their own boots but more than sixty per cent of them were bootless.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> In this state the marchers set off westward into the swamp and the jungle.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: large;">'Once you stopped, you stopped for good'</span><o:p></o:p></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><br /></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b>First death march to Ranau—January–March 1945</b><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Approximately 455 POWs left Sandakan on the first march to Ranau. They were issued with enough rations—rice, some dried fish and salt—for just four days, and the men found that they were also to be burdened with extra sacks of rice, ammunition and other pieces of Japanese equipment. Additional supplies supposedly were to be made available at various Japanese food dumps along the way but the marchers were often reduced to scrounging whatever the jungle could provide or by trading their few possessions with the local people. Most were forced to march in bare feet and the track west soon became a barely passable pathway of mud, tree roots and stones. Virtually every night it rained. Over sections of low-lying swamp a bamboo walkway had been erected. With the mud and rain, this proved impossible to walk on, so the POWs were forced to wade through the swamp itself.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Keith Botterill was with the third group to leave Sandakan on 31 January. For their first three days in the swamp country they had a small amount of rice and six cucumbers among 40 POWs. This was, in Botterill’s words, just enough to keep them alive. Group 3 took 17 days to make the trip through swamp, jungle and mountain forest. Of the 50 who had started out, only 37 reached Ranau. Some had simply died of exhaustion and disease: others, unable to go on, were shot or sometimes beaten to death. As Botterill later recalled:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>I’ve seen men shot and bayoneted to death because they could not keep up with the party. We climbed this mountain about 30 miles out from Ranau, and we lost five men on that mountain in half a day. They shot five of them because they couldn’t continue. But I just kept plodding along. It was dense jungle, I was heartbroken; but I thought there was safety in numbers. I just kept going.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> As Botterill went on towards Ranau he realised that others in the earlier parties had suffered a similar fate:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Although I did not see the bodies of any men who had been shot in the parties that had gone before, often I could smell them.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> This ruthless disposal of incapacitated POWs seems to have been official, if unwritten, policy on all the POW marches which left Sandakan between January and June. Behind the final group on the first march came Lieutenant Abe Kazuo’s killing squad which had been given the task of making sure that no POW survived if he became unable to go on. If they came across POWs who had fallen out from earlier groups, but were clinging to life when Abe’s squad came through, they were to dispose of them. A Japanese soldier who was with Abe later testified to war crimes investigators:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Two soldiers … were the ones who had been detailed to come at the rear and they may have received the orders you refer to directly from Abe … About two or three hours after leaving Boto one PW became very ill indeed and Sato [Sergeant Sato Shinichi] without telling me anything about it took him into the jungle and bayoneted him to death. Endo [Private Endo Hirkaki] and Sato told me that 16 had died on the way from Sandakan to Boto but they did not give any details of the deaths.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Groups 1 to 5 all marched through to Ranau, losing 70 out of 265 POWs along the way. Groups 6 to 9 were held at the village of Paginatan, ostensibly because there was no accommodation for them at Ranau. Private William Dick Moxham, 2/15th Australian Field Regiment, was with Group 7 and he recalled their progress over the 200-odd kilometres between Sandakan and Paginatan:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Men from my own party could not go on. Boto was the first place where we actually had to leave anyone. They remained there, at this Jap dump. At the next place, at the bottom of a big hill, we left two more men. Later, we heard shots, and we thought the two men must have been shot… In all of my dealings with the Japanese, I have never seen anyone of our chaps after they had been left with the Japs. Once you stopped—you stopped for good.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Groups 6 to 9 remained at Paginatan for about a month. There, many simply wasted away and died. Some, including the sick, suffered the same routine of brutality that they had encountered from the guards at Sandakan. Of the 138 POWs from groups 6 to 9 who had reached Paginatan, there were but 68 left one month later. At the end of March approximately 50 to 60 Paginatan survivors set off for Ranau. Dick Moxham remembers the nightmare journey:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>One man was puffed up with beriberi in the legs and face, and was getting along all right on his own and could have made it; but the Japs would not let him alone, but tried to force him along, and eventually he collapsed. They kicked him on the ground. The Jap turned and saw the man had gone down, and he struck him over the head with his rifle butt. The soldier was left there. The party marched on.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Just 46 of them reached Ranau alive to join the remnants of groups 1 to 5.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Of the approximately 195 POWs who had made it through to Ranau from these first groups, by 1 April another 89 had died at the camp and 21 on rice carrying parties between Ranau and Paginatan. The purpose of the carrying parties was to take supplies back to Paginatan for subsequent POW and Japanese groups making the trek from Sandakan. Most of those who died on these nine-day trips were either shot or bayoneted to death for their inability to walk any further. As Keith Botterill, who went on all six journeys, recalled:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>No effort whatsoever was made to bury the men. They would just pull them five to fifteen yards off the track and bayonet them or shoot them, depending on the condition of the men. If they were conscious, and it was what we thought was a good, kind guard, they’d shoot them. There was nothing we could do.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> At Ranau the POWs were herded into unsanitary and crowded huts. Dysentery became endemic and eventually three-quarters of the available living space was occupied by the sick and the dying. Dirt and flies covered everything and the weak, but still relatively healthy POWs, could only watch helplessly as their comrades wasted away with dysentery or their bodies became distended with the accumulated fluids of beriberi. Each night, Keith Botterill recalls, was a night of death followed by a morning of burial:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>You’d wake up of a morning and you’d look to your right to see if the chap next to you was still alive. If he was dead you’d just roll him over a little bit and see if he had any belongings that would suit you; if not, you’d just leave him there. You’d turn to the other side and check your neighbour; see if he was dead or alive.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>There’d be a burial party every morning ... which consisted of two men to each body. We used to wrap their wrists and ankles together and put a bamboo pole through them and carry them like a dead tiger. We had no padre. And no clothes on the bodies, just straight into six inch deep graves. The soil was too hard to dig any deeper. We’d lay the body in and the only mark of respect they got, we’d spit on the body, then cover them up. That was the soldier’s way.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> By 26 June, just under five months from when the 450-odd Australian and British POWs had set out from Sandakan, there were only six of them left alive at Ranau--five Australians and one British soldier.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Over those months those who had stayed behind at the Sandakan camp fared little better than their comrades at Ranau and Paginatan. Malnutrition caused by the reduction in the rice ration to virtually starvation levels, disease and the failure of the Japanese to issue needed medicines brought inevitable results. From the beginning of February to the end of May, 885 Australian and British POWs died at the camp. One Australian who died in February was Private Ted Ings, 2/19th Battalion, of Binalong, New South Wales. The official cause of his death was given as malaria but certainly he was also suffering at that time from malnutrition and possibly also from one of the other diseases which by that time were endemic at Sandakan.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Ted Ings’ death was typical of those hundreds of Australian and British POWs who between January and August 1945 expired at Sandakan camp from ill-treatment in a situation where their captors possessed locally enough medical and food supplies to adequately care for them.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> By mid-April the Japanese had decided to move the rest of the POWs away from Sandakan, an area where they expected an Allied landing. However, a final evacuation of the camp came about only after a large sea-air bombardment of Sandakan on 27 May. This attack severely damaged most of the town and convinced the Japanese that the foreshadowed invasion was imminent. They withdrew their defences inland beyond the POW camp that now stood between them and any Allied troops who might be landed at Sandakan. In these circumstances, the camp, which contained approximately 800 malnourished, ill and, in many cases, dying POWs was evacuated and burnt. Dick Braithwaite watched his home of three years go up in flames:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>It was a strange, sad sort of feeling to see those huts going up. Knowing also, of course, that any records of our friends that had died, things that we’d made and cherished, the little pieces of wood that had become more or less like the family jewels, they were going up in smoke. It was a great loss. It must have been in the back of our minds all the time that this was it for us.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Some 530 prisoners were gathered together in eleven groups for another march westwards to Ranau. The remainder, all too incapacitated to move, were left behind in the smouldering ruins.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: large;">'It was a one way trip'<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><br /></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b>Second death march to Ranau—May–June 1945</b><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The Australian and British POWs on the second march to Ranau left Sandakan camp on 29 May 1945. Of about 530 marchers, only 100 were in any condition to embark on such an ordeal. Many knew themselves they would not get far. Within a day, one of the groups—group 2—which had left with 50 POWs had already lost 12. As with the first march, a Japanese detachment had been assigned to deal with those who fell out. As a Japanese soldier with this death squad later testified:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>On the way from Sandakan to Ranau I took my turn in S/M Tsuji’s [Sergeant-Major Tsuji] party twice. The first time three were killed I think and on the second four were killed. On the first occasion I killed one, but not on the latter occasion. Captain Takakua [Captain Takakuwa Takuo] ordered me to do it and S/M Tsuji was present when I killed the man. There may have been a few Formosans … who did not get a turn in the killing parties.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Nelson Short was on the second march and he recalled the bravery with which many POWs faced their end:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>And if blokes just couldn’t go on, we shook hands with them, and said, you know, hope everything’s all right. But they knew what was going to happen. There was nothing you could do. You just had to keep yourself going. More or less survival of the fittest.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Dick Braithwaite became quickly aware of the purpose of this forced march:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>It was a one-way trip when we started to hear shots, and you felt there was no hope for anyone who fell out.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> In short, this second march was simply, if this were possible, a more brutal version of the earlier march. Rations were always totally inadequate and proper medical attention non-existent. They ate whatever they could find in the jungle. Nelson Short recalled eating snails and tree ferns. To urge them on, they were beaten with rifle butts. Men died daily of their illnesses-- some with their mates close by, others after wandering away alone into the jungle. Men who could not walk any further were shot, bayoneted or, in some instances, beheaded. One or two were killed so that a guard could take from them some treasured personal possession. About 113 died within the first eight days and a group of about 35 were massacred near Tangkul.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The survivors of the second march reached Ranau on 27 June, 26 days out from Sandakan. By that time there were only 183 of them left—142 Australian and 41 British POWs. This second march had indeed been a death march.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: large;">'They had not any food for a week'</span><o:p></o:p></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><br /></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b>Last days at Sandakan Camp—29 May–15 August 1945<o:p></o:p></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> As the POWs for the second march to Ranau were being mustered at Sandakan on 29 May, the Japanese burnt the POW camp. Approximately 288 prisoners, too sick and weak to go, were left in the open air to fend virtually for themselves. In mid-June the Japanese officer in charge received instructions to take these POWs to Ranau. Those who could not walk would be disposed of in some manner. Consequently, 75 of these emaciated men set off on what was to be a third march westward into the jungles and swamps. Little is known of the fate of these 75 but what is certain is that they did not go far. Most were dead before the party was much more than 60 kilometres away from the camp.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> By the end of June there were still some 80 to 90 POWs alive in what remained of the camp. Food now consisted of a small amount of rice, some tapioca, coconut oil and scraps smuggled in to them by some Chinese camp workers. Living quarters were nothing more than lean-tos made from sticks, blankets and whatever else came to hand. Most of the surviving evidence of life and events at Sandakan in July and August 1945 comes from camp guards interrogated after the war and Chinese workers. One of the latter, Ali Asa, a water boy, described the camp at this time:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>After the truckload of men [the 75 taken away on the last march towards Ranau] had gone all the PW remaining were left in the open in No 2 Camp site, there were no houses left. These men were sick. About 10 to 12 PW died every day. In August I was ordered by the Japs to take some ubi kayu [yams] to the PWs, at this time there were only five alive. They asked me when I was going to bring some food as they had not had any food for a week.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> It was clear that the Japanese now in charge at Sandakan had no intention of allowing any of the POWs to survive the war. On 13 July, 23 men still capable of walking were taken out of the camp towards the now defunct airstrip. A little later, Wong Hiong, a young Chinese camp worker, heard shots and when the guards returned he asked what had happened:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>I asked them what they had been shooting and they said ‘ducks’. I asked how many they shot and they said 23. One of the Japs told me that the 23 PW were shot because there were not enough trucks left to take them away for the march.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Yashitoro Goto, a Japanese guard, later testified to war crimes investigators about this ‘duck’ shooting:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>It was Takakua’s [Captain Takakuwa Takuo] order so we could not disobey. It would be a disgrace to my parents so we carried out the orders. Taking the PWs to the airport near the old house on the drome, all those who could walk. There were 23 PWs and under Morozumi’s [Sergeant Major Hisao Murozumi] order we lined them up and shot them. The firing party kept firing till there were no more signs of life. Then we dragged the bodies into a near-by air-raid shelter and fille</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> After the massacre of the 23 most of the remaining 28 prisoners died from disease, starvation and exposure during the three weeks leading up to the Japanese surrender on 15 August. Guard Goto Yashitoro described the condition of the camp in its final days:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>All the PWs left were too sick to fend for themselves. We did not cook for the PWs at this stage. Those who were able to crawl about were caring for the others. These PWs either died from lack of care and starvation, being too weak to eat. The last died about 15 August.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Goto failed to describe how the last prisoner, an Australian, actually died. Chinese worker, Wong Hiong, witnessed the final horror of Sandakan:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>His [the last POW’s] legs were covered with ulcers. He was a tall, thin, dark man with a long face and was naked apart from a loin cloth. One morning at 7 am I saw him taken to a place where there was a trench like a drain. I climbed up a rubber tree and saw what happened. Fifteen Japs with spades were already at the spot. Morjumi [Sergeant Major Hisao Murozumi] made the man kneel down and tied a black cloth over his eyes. He did not say anything or make any protest. He was so weak that his hands were not tied. Morojumi cut his head off with one sword stroke. Morojumi pushed the body into the drain with his feet. The head had dropped into the drain. The other Japs threw in some dirt, covered the remains and returned to the camp.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> So died the last POW at Sandakan Camp on the day the Emperor of Japan broadcast to his people that the war was over and that Japan was surrendering.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: large;">'They killed the lot of them'</span><o:p></o:p></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><br /></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b>Last days at Ranau—26 June–27 August 1945</b><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The 183 survivors of the second march—142 Australians and 41 British—began arriving at Ranau on 26 June 1945. They found only six men from the first march still alive. Over the next few weeks, despite their exhaustion, sickness and malnutrition, they were subjected to a harsh and brutal work regime. Parties cut bamboo, collected wood for burning, atap for hut construction, and carried 20-kilogram bags of food to Ranau from a dump three kilometres away. This was light work compared to that of those unfortunates who were assigned to haul an average of 130 buckets of water a day up a steep slope for the Japanese officers’ quarters. As Private Keith Botterill later testified, rations for the POWs at this time were barely sufficient for survival, let alone for sick men:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>They were given a small cup of rice water a day with about an inch of rice in the bottom. Plenty of rice was available and the Japanese used to get 800 grams a day themselves; they also used to get tapioca, meat, eggs and sweet potatoes and showed no signs of malnutrition.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> No accommodation was available for those from the second group and initially they were herded together in an area 50 metres square. There was no place for cooking or basic sanitation, and living quarters were simply the protection of the scrub. Between 30 June and 18 July, as well as working for the Japanese, the POWs built themselves a hut. A measure of their physical condition by this time was the fact that when the hut was finished only 38 were fit enough to occupy its elevated floor space. The remainder were so sick and debilitated by dysentery and other illness that they could only crawl under the hut for shelter.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Keith Botterill estimated that in early July men died at the rate of about seven every day. Moreover, the beatings and the bashings continued. One POW who perished as a result of a severe bashing was Sapper Arthur 'Dickie' Bird, a survivor of the first death march. By 7 July Bird was sick and emaciated with beriberi, malaria and leg ulcers but, despite his condition, a Japanese guard dragged him out for work. When he tried to explain his incapacity Bird was knocked to the ground and continually kicked for over ten minutes. Later that evening he was observed lying virtually where he had fallen and an effort was made to get him back to the hut. Bird was in great agony and he lapsed into a coma. Nothing could be done for him and he died two days later. An Australian doctor, Captain J B Oakeshott, was so appalled by the manner of Sapper Bird’s death that he purportedly declared:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>If anybody is fortunate enough to escape this camp or live it out, this incident with others should be brought to the notice of the authorities and see that justice is brought about.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> From this place of degradation and misery four Australians did manage to escape and their stories are told below. After the last escape—that of Bill Sticpewich and Private Herman 'Algy' Reither on 28 July—there were approximately 40 POWs still alive at the camp. The daily rice ration had been even further reduced and none of them was capable of any prolonged physical work. From the Japanese camp administration’s point of view, the time had come for their elimination.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> In August 1945, within sight of Japan’s surrender, their captors put these sick and helpless men to death. Although there were no POWs left alive to bear witness to these acts, Japanese and Formosan guards later described the final massacres to war crimes investigators. One guard described how the sick were either carried or forced to crawl up a hill to the graveyard where they were each shot through the head. Another guard described the killing of a fitter group of about 10 POWs who were marched a little way from the camp. They were made to sit down after which a Japanese Sergeant-Major told them:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>There is no rice so I'm killing the lot of you today. Is there anything you want to say?<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Allegedly, the prisoners were also offered tobacco and water. Then they were shot one by one and buried. Sadly, strong evidence suggests that the last POW survivors at Ranau were not killed until 27 August, 12 days after the official Japanese surrender.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> At this time, out in the nearby jungle, friendly villagers were taking Private Nelson Short, who had escaped in early July, to an Australian rescue party:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>We heard this tat, tat, tat, tat … I said 'Wonder what it is?' … We found out that was the killing of the last of the men in the prison camp at Ranau. They killed the lot of them.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: large;">'If you escape the same thing will happen to you'</span><o:p></o:p></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><br /></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b>The death of Gunner Albert Cleary—20 March 1945</b><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The tragedy of Sandakan is the tragedy of hundreds of individual Australian and British POWs. So much violence of one kind or another—starvation rations, withholding of medical supplies, bashings and other forms of physical abuse—were visited upon the Sandakan POWs that it seems inappropriate to single out the story of one man. However, what happened to Gunner Albert Cleary, 2/15th Australian Field Regiment, 2nd AIF, of East Geelong, Victoria, at Ranau in March 1945 was of a special horror. Cleary’s story can stand as emblematic of the general brutality and complete lack of compassion experienced by each and every prisoner.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Albert Cleary survived the first march to Ranau. In March, Cleary, along with Gunner Wally Crease, escaped from Ranau. After four days on the run Cleary was recaptured and thrown into what was known as the 'Guard House'. This was simply an empty area at the end of one of the huts used by the POWs. Cleary, who had clearly been beaten-up before his return to the camp, had his arms tied high up behind his back, and he was then made to kneel with a log tied behind his knees. In this position he was systematically kicked and punched all over his body by two guards. At times his head was held while his throat was punched and the guards also terrorised him by charging at him with fixed bayonets stopping only inches from his face. By jumping on the end of the log tied between Cleary's legs, the guards were able to cause further suffering. To add to his pain, Cleary was made to stand on his feet every half-hour, causing the blood to rush back into his lower legs and inducing great pain. Beatings also occurred with rifle butts, sticks and anything else to hand. This treatment went on for three and a half hours and was witnessed by a number of POWs, including Keith Botterill who would eventually survive to tell of what he had seen of the depths of human cruelty in a jungle hut at Ranau.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Next morning Cleary's sufferings began afresh. Botterill, who had been away from the camp on a work party, returned at midday to find that the guards were still beating Cleary.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> At that point, Crease, who had also been recaptured, was returned to camp. All that afternoon both men were given the same treatment and, although they continually begged the guards to stop, no mercy was shown to them. This time Botterill heard the bashings continuing throughout the night and they were most severe after the guard was changed. Next morning Crease managed to escape again into the jungle but he was subsequently shot.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Botterill was now sent away from Ranau for four days on a work detail but when he returned he found that Cleary was still alive. He had been tied by the neck to a tree, dressed only in a fundoshi (a small piece of cloth given to the POWs to cover their private parts). Cleary was filthy and covered in blood blisters and caked blood. Suffering from dysentery, he had also been left to lie in his own excreta. Days were hot at Ranau but, because of the altitude, nights were cold. Cleary’s terrible condition seemed to arouse no compassion in his captors who continued to hit him with fists and rifles. He remained for eleven or twelve days in this condition.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> When the guards could see that Cleary was dying, he was thrown into the gutter beside the road. Eventually he was allowed to be taken away by his comrades. They carried him to a stream, washed him, and brought him back to be among them in one of the huts. On 20 March 1945, Gunner Albert Cleary, aged 22, died. Repeatedly, throughout the days of Cleary’s torture, one of the guards told the other POWs:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>If you escape the same thing will happen to you.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Unfortunately, it ultimately made no difference whether a POW tried to escape or not. One way or another, apart from six Australians, they all died.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: large;">'Sydney was a long way from there'<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><br /></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b>Six who survived<i><o:p></o:p></i></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Nelson Short went on the second death march in June 1945. He recalled the camp at Ranau:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>To think that a man was going to survive. You saw these men every day when you were getting treated for ulcers. The dead were lying there, naked skeletons. They were all ready to be buried. You thought to yourself, well, how could I possibly get out of a place like this? We’re in the middle of Borneo, we’re in the jungle. How possibly could we ever survive? Sydney was a long way from there.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Nelson Short did make it back to Sydney, one of six POWs—all Australians—who went through Sandakan, the death marches, and Ranau and lived. Four of them escaped towards the end at Ranau. As well as Short from the 2/18th Battalion, the others were:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Warrant Officer 'Bill' Sticpewich, Australian Army Service Corps;<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Private Keith Botterill, 2/19th Battalion; and<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Lance Bombardier William Moxham, 2/15th Australian Field Regiment.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Two others escaped earlier from the second death march:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Gunner Owen Campbell, 2/10th Australian Field Regiment; and<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Bombardier Richard 'Dick' Braithwaite, 2/15th Australian Field Regiment.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i><br /></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: large;">Escapes from the second death march—June 1945<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><br /></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b>Gunner Owen Campbell, 2/10th Field Regiment</b><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> It was accepted by many of those who left Sandakan on the second march at the end of May 1945 that they would die.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The only chance at life was escape, and Owen Campbell and four others—Private Edward Skinner, 2/10th Field Ambulance; Private Keith Costin, Australian Army Medical Corps; Corporal Ted Emmett, 2/10th Field Ambulance; and Private Sidney Webber, Australian Army Service Corps—opted for life. They decided to break from the column at the first opportunity. Out of sight of guards during an air attack, they slid down a 61-metre bank, hid in some bracken and rubbish, and lay quietly until the column had moved on. For four days they fought their way, sometimes on hands and knees, through the jungle in what they assumed was the general direction of the coast.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> When Ted Skinner got sick, Campbell elected to stay with him while the others pressed on. For three days Campbell, despite suffering himself from beriberi and malaria, tended the sick man. One morning, on his return from food gathering, he found Ted with his throat cut. Skinner, described as a 'brave and gentle man' who always carried his Bible with him, had taken his own life so as not to hold Campbell back any further. Campbell caught up with the others, only to find Costin incapacitated with dysentery and malaria. Webber, Emmett and Campbell decided that the only way out of their predicament was to hail a passing native canoe and hope for the best. As they were attempting this, a Japanese soldier appeared from the floor of the canoe and shot Emmett and Webber dead. Three days later Costin also died and Campbell went on alone.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> For a number of days Campbell was delirious. He lurched wildly about in the jungle and eventually followed a wild pig, which had tried to attack him, towards a river. Seeing a canoe, he called out 'Abang'—Malay for older brother—and the canoe turned and headed for him. The canoeists—Lap and Galunting—took Campbell to Kampong Muanad where Kulang, a local anti-Japanese guerrilla leader, was headman. The people of Muanad hid and cared for the sick POW. Eventually, Kulang took Campbell down river to where an Australian SRD (Service Reconnaissance Department) unit was camped.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> From here, Campbell was taken out to sea to be picked up by a seaplane and taken to an aircraft carrier, USS Pocomoke, lying off Borneo. Campbell’s privations as a POW had seen his weight go from 76 to 44 kilos when examined by the Pocomoke’s doctor. Moreover, four of those kilos were fluid being in his system as a result of the beriberi from which he was suffering.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> During the early stages of the second march Dick Braithwaite was so ill with malaria that his mates had to hold him up at roll call. For him it was a question of escape or die. Taking advantage of a gap in the column, he slipped behind a fallen tree until everyone had gone by. At nightfall he made his way back to a river they had recently crossed, hoping to follow its course to the coast. On his way he encountered a sick Japanese guard, whom he killed. Initially, Braithwaite finished up in the middle of a jungle swamp feeling he was a beaten man:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>I had nowhere to go because of the gloom, and the surrounding vegetation was all heavy jungle, thorny. I just sat down on a log there and watched those reptiles, insects, crawling past, thinking, well, this is where it happens, mate, you’re finished. After about half an hour just sitting, all of a sudden I thought, no, you’re not finished. You’re not going to die in a place like this. And I became really angry. I just put my head down like a bull and charged that jungle, and, I don’t know, it just seemed to part. Maybe someone was looking after me.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Eventually he reached the Lubok River where an elderly local man called Abing helped him. Abing took Braithwaite in his canoe down river to his village, where he was looked after and hidden. The locals wanted to help him as they thought he might be able to get Allied planes to stop strafing their villages and canoes on the hunt for Japanese! Hidden under banana leaves, Braithwaite was paddled for 20 hours down stream to Liberan Island where it was hoped he could be handed over to Allied forces operating in the area. On 15 June 1945—his twenty-eighth birthday—Dick Braithwaite was rescued from north Borneo by an American PT boat and taken to nearby Tawi Tawi Island. A week later, after he had told his story, an Australian colonel came to see him in his hospital bed to tell him they were going in to rescue his friends:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>I can remember this so vividly. I just rolled on my side in the bunk, faced the wall, and cried like a baby. And said 'You'll be too late'.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b>Escapes from Ranau—July 1945<o:p></o:p></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> By July 1945 those POWs still alive at Ranau could see that it was only a matter of time before they, too, would die of sickness, malnutrition or following the sort of beatings handed out to Cleary, Crease and Bird. Keith Botterill recalled the moment that he, Nelson Short, William Moxham and Andy Anderson decided to make a run for it:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>We picked the moment when we knew that death was a sure thing. There was no option left: die in the camp or die in the jungle.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The four escaped on 7 July and for some days hid in a cave on the slopes of the great mountain—Mount Kinabalu. But they had not gone far from the camp and the ever-present danger of recapture. As they were escaping from an enemy soldier who had found them in a hut, they ran into local man Bariga. They had little option but to trust him with their story. Bariga hid them and although he promised to return the following day with rice and tobacco, the prisoners knew that the Japanese offered rewards for bringing in escapees. Throughout the remainder of July Bariga hid them and brought food. Anderson died of chronic dysentery and they buried him in the jungle.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Despite Bariga’s care, the three men remained in dreadful physical shape. Botterill had beriberi, Moxham was virtually incapable of walking and Short thought that for him it was 'bye-bye, blackbird'. At this point, Bariga learnt that there was an Australian unit operating behind the lines in the area, and after the Japanese surrender on 15 August the three POWs were told to head out of the area and meet up with this unit. The danger was still not over, however, as the local Japanese had yet to acknowledge the surrender and there were still local people who might turn them in for a reward. Eventually, in late August, they began their last trek, helped by Bariga and others, through the jungle. Still very sick, they could only move slowly and on one afternoon they collapsed for a rest. As they lay there they heard men coming through the jungle towards them. Nelson Short recalled:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>We said, 'Hello, what's this? Is this Japs coming to get us? They’ve taken us to the Japs or what?' But sure enough it was our blokes. We look up and there are these big six footers. Z Force. Boy oh boy. All in greens.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>They had these stretchers, and they shot them down. 'Have a cup of tea. Some biscuits.' You could see the state we were in. This is it. Boy oh boy. This is really it. I cried, they all cried. It was wonderful. I'll never forget it. We all sat down and had a cup of tea together.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The final escape from Ranau was that of Sticpewich and Reither. Towards the end of July a friendly Japanese guard warned Sticpewich that all remaining POWs at Ranau would be killed. On the 28th he and Reither managed to slip out of the camp and, moving a short way up the road, they decided to hide in the jungle until the hunt for them died down. They moved on and were eventually taken in by a local Christian, Dihil bin Ambilid. Dihil refused to betray them, and cared for the two POWs despite the presence of Japanese in the area.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Hearing of the presence of Allied soldiers, Dihil took a message to them from Sticpewich. Back came medicines and food but unfortunately Reither had already died from dysentery and malnutrition.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> These six Australians—Braithwaite, Campbell, Short, Moxham, Botterill and Sticpewich—were the only survivors of those Allied POWs who had been alive at Sandakan Camp in January 1945. But this small band was enough to bear witness to what had happened to their Australian and British comrades. They were alive to testify in court against their tormentors and to ensure that the world received eyewitness accounts of the crimes and atrocities committed at Sandakan, on the death marches and at Ranau.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b>Remembering Sandakan 1945—1999<o:p></o:p></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The first information of the fate of individual Sandakan POWs reached Australia between October and December 1945. On 12 December at Grenfell Road, Cowra, New South Wales, the family of Sidney Core received the following telegram from the Minister for the Army:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>It is with deep regret that I have to inform you NX48471 Pte Sidney Russell Core previously reported missing believed deceased cause and date not stated is now reported deceased cause not stated on 10 June 1945 whilst a prisoner of war in Borneo.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> That phrase—cause not stated—was to bring much anxiety and heartache over the years to the next of kin. How precisely had their son, husband or brother died? Hundreds of similar telegrams reached families throughout Australia and the United Kingdom. Soon the general public witnessed that first sad act of remembrance carried out by the Sandakan families—the insertion in a newspaper of a Roll of Honour 'In Memoriam' notice. In the Sydney Morning Herald of Saturday, 3 November 1945, the Cole family of Parkes, New South Wales, publicly mourned the death of Tom Cole:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>COLE—June 7, 1945, died whilst a p.o.w. in Sandakan, Borneo. NX72771, Pte T.W.T. (Tom). 'A' Coy., 2/18th Battalion, 8th Division, dearly beloved son of Mr and Mrs Wently Cole, of 4 Metcalfe Street, Parkes, and brother of Colin, Marie, Valerie, and Ethel, and brother in law of Merle. Always remembered.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Many similar notices appeared on that day.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> In the immediate post-war years, as the scope of the Sandakan disaster became known, a number of official actions were taken. Japanese officers and camp guards stood trial for war crimes committed against the Sandakan POWs. Much of the eyewitness evidence given at these trials came from the six Australian survivors. Typical of the charges laid was this against eleven Japanese who had been in charge of the first death march:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Murder—in that they between Sandakan and Ranau, British North Borneo, between 29 January and 28 February murdered numerous unknown prisoners in their charge.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> As a result of these trials, eight Japanese, including the Sandakan camp commandant, Captain Hoshijima Susumi, were hanged as war criminals. A further 55 were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment. Little was reported in Australia of the trials, and the families of the Sandakan dead learnt nothing from newspaper reports about the circumstances of how individual POWs had died. For many next of kin in the immediate aftermath of World War II, the fact of a war death in the family was accepted fairly stoically. It was only much later, sometimes in another generation, that the desire to know more arose.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Public honour and remembrance was, however, accorded to those who had perished at Sandakan. During 1946 and early 1947 at Sandakan itself a war cemetery was built. The remains of the POWs from the old camp cemeteries, from along the track to Ranau, and from the Ranau area were interred in the Sandakan War Cemetery, which was dedicated on Anzac Day 1947. Unfortunately, the area where the cemetery stood was low-lying and prone to flooding. The bodies of the Australian and British POWs were removed eventually to Labuan War Cemetery where they still lie in the care of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Most remain totally unidentified and on the plaque that marks many a POW's grave are these words:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>An Australian Soldier of the 1939-1945 War<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Known Unto God</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Or, more sadly, one encounters the following inscription:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>A Soldier of the 1939-1945 War<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Known Unto God</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Situated in the Labuan War Cemetery is the Labuan Memorial to the Missing and the names of those Australian POWs whose graves remain unidentified or were never found are recorded there. The names of the unidentified British POW dead from Sandakan are recorded on the Kranji Memorial to the Missing at Singapore.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> At the time it was not forgotten, either, that the only real help the Sandakan men had received had come from the local people. Some of the POWs had given hand-written notes to those who had helped them, telling them to hand these notes over to Allied representatives once the war was over. Mostly the notes told of how the villagers along the track to Ranau and at Ranau had hidden and fed escapees or given food to starving men and asking that they be compensated for these acts of mercy. Eventually these notes led in November 1946 to the Australian and British governments dispatching Major Harry Jackson to investigate these claims. Jackson, with Major R Dyce, representing the British government, travelled extensively in the area between Ranau and Sandakan, interviewing all with claims and rewarding many with money, medical attention and goods.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Also with Jackson were Colin Simpson and Bill MacFarlane from the Australian Broadcasting Commission. Simpson was very moved as he discovered the story of the POWs. Walking the jungle track the prisoners would have taken between Paginatan and Ranau, he wrote a poem in which he attempted to recapture something of their suffering on the death marches. The second verse of Simpson’s poem reads:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>From walking in the footsteps of the dead,<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Feeling their presence in a rotten boot,<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>A blaze upon a tree that marks a grave,<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>A bullet scar still unhealed in the bark,<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>A scrap of webbing and an earth-stained badge,<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>A falling bamboo hut, a giant tree<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>They rested at; this creek,<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>This climb that runs the sweat into your eyes—<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Though you aren’t laden, fevered, starved …<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>You tell yourself you know how they went by.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> [Colin Simpson, from script of Six from Borneo, reproduced by kind permission of the ABC.]<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Together, Simpson and MacFarlane interviewed and recorded many local people who had helped the POWs. Later they interviewed the six survivors and put together a radio program about the Sandakan POWs—Six From Borneo—which was broadcast throughout Australia on 31 May 1947.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Typical of those rewarded by the Jackson mission was the Widow Burih of Paginatan village. Survivor Hector Sticpewich told Jackson that Burih had been well known to the POWs passing through this village. Jackson took a statement from her that reads in part:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>When the war was in progress the Japanese came here with PW. The PW came around the kampong [village] looking for food. I gave them food on different occasions, mainly sweet potatoes, Ubi Kayu [yams] fowls and eggs. As the many parties came through Paginatan I gave them food. They were very thin and a lot had fever. The Japanese did not see me give food, if they had they would have struck me or shot me.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Burih's assistance to the POWs is all the more remarkable when it is realised that her husband in August 1945 had died of malnutrition and beriberi from lack of food during the Japanese occupation.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Eventually the war crimes trials came to an end, the recovery of bodies was finished, Labuan War Cemetery built, and local people rewarded for their help to the POWs. After that, for nearly 40 years, by comparison with what had happened to the Australian POWs on the Burma-Thailand railway, little was done to remind the Australian or British public about the terrible fate of the Sandakan prisoners. Partly, this can be put down to the fact that there were only six survivors who would have been unable to do much on their own to make the story known.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> One of the first major efforts to commemorate what had happened at Ranau took place in 1985. In July of that year a memorial was dedicated at a Ranau church in the presence of Datuk Joseph Pairin Kitingan, Chief Minister of State of Sabah, Malaysia. The memorial was the initiative of the Victorian Branch of the Returned and Services League and, in particular, of its President, Mr Bruce Ruxton. In 1981, Bruce Ruxton had been at Ranau with Sandakan survivor Keith Botterill. Botterill had pointed out to him various locations within the old Ranau POW Camp and especially the place where Gunner Albert Cleary had been tied to a tree, beaten, and left to die. This spot became the site of the Ranau memorial, popularly known as the Gunner Clea<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> In 1988 there appeared Sandakan—The Last March, a book by Don Wall, himself an ex-POW of the Burma-Thailand railway. The Last March used the testimony of the six survivors, Japanese guards and local people to reveal the horrific circumstances in which the Sandakan prisoners had died. Wall also produced a list of all those Australians who had died at Sandakan, supplemented in 1997 by a list of the British POWs which appeared in his subsequent work—Kill the Prisoners.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Also in 1988, historian Hank Nelson and the ABC’s Tim Bowden brought Sandakan to an Australia-wide public with a radio documentary series entitled Prisoners of War. Their sections on Sandakan were based on the testimony of the six survivors and others who had escaped in earlier years from among those Australians brought to the area. Subsequently Nelson produced a book of the series—Prisoners of War: Australians under Nippon. By the end of that Australian bicentennial year the events of Sandakan were no longer buried from the Australian public.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Wall and Nelson’s work was added to in 1989 with the publication of Athol Moffitt’s Project Kingfisher. Moffitt, who had been the Australian prosecutor at the trial in 1946 of Sandakan camp commander, Captain Hoshijima Susumi, was able to reveal from his knowledge of the war crimes interrogation documents that the last POWs had been killed at Ranau on 27 August 1945, well after the Japanese surrender. They had undoubtedly died, in Moffitt’s view, to stop them being able to testify to the atrocities committed by the guards. Moffitt also revealed, for the first time since the 1940s, that there had been a plan—Project Kingfisher—to rescue the prisoners. The reasons why the plan was never put into operation remain contentious. For whatever reasons it was never implemented, it is still sad to think that it might have been possible to rescue some of the POWs and so to have prevented the final catastrophe of Sandakan.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The most recent attempt to come to grips with what happened at Sandakan is Lynette Ramsay Silver’s Sandakan—A Conspiracy of Silence, published in 1998. Silver draws on an immense amount of hitherto little-used archival material to tell the story of the POWs. Most significantly, using original burial and exhumation documentation, her work gives hope that some of the unidentified graves at Labuan War Cemetery may be able to be marked with the name of the soldier whose remains lie buried there.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the development of a movement to commemorate the Sandakan dead in the communities from which they had gone to war. On 2 September 1989, in the presence of three of the Sandakan survivors—Owen Campbell, Nelson Short and Keith Botterill—the Mayor of Ku-ring-gai, Sydney, unveiled the Sandakan Memorial in the Sandakan Memorial Park, Turramurra. This was a local council initiative and it was clearly deeply appreciated by relatives of deceased Sandakan POWs who attended the ceremony. One lady wrote:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>For the first time I felt my boys hadn’t been forgotten, dying in that hell before they’d had a chance to become men, that someone cared enough to call them heroes.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> In 1991, Ted McLaughlin, an ex-POW of the Japanese and a resident of Boyup Brook, Western Australia, erected a memorial there to three of his friends who had died at Sandakan and to all those who had perished in that place. To Ted’s surprise, over 200 people turned up, many from hundreds of kilometres away, for the dedication of the memorial. In September 1993, over 300 came to Boyup Brook for a Sandakan memorial service, a situation which led to the erection and dedication of an even larger memorial on 14 September 1994. This memorial contained the names of all those Western Australian soldiers who had died at Sandakan.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> This pressure for local remembrance of Sandakan was reflected in the eastern states by the establishment in 1993 of the Sandakan Memorial Foundation. The Foundation flowed out of a special Sandakan Memorial Service held at the Kirribilli Ex-Services Club on 1 August 1992, organised by the Sandakan Memorial Committee. The importance to the Sandakan families of such occasions was evident:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Whilst it was an extremely sad and moving ceremony, bringing tears, you came away with a feeling that at long last your loved ones had received a form of funeral service. At last, after so many, many years, families and friends had been granted the opportunity to pay their respects.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Between 1993 and 1995 the Sandakan Memorial Foundation was instrumental in the erection of several Sandakan memorials at various locations in the eastern states—Burwood, Sydney; Tamworth, NSW; Wagga Wagga, NSW; Maitland, NSW; Bendigo, Victoria; and New Farm, Queensland. These memorials provided a place of remembrance for the Sandakan families living in the surrounding districts, as on each memorial were the names of the local men who had died at Sandakan. The ceremonies of dedication at these memorials would all have been moving events but perhaps one of the high points of the Foundation’s work would have been the dedication ceremony for the New Farm memorial in September 1995. On that occasion, death march survivor Owen Campbell read two passages, the first of which, from the Wisdom of Solomon, Chapter 3, contains these words:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>But the souls of the righteous are in the hands of God, and no torment will ever touch them.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>In the eyes of the foolish they seemed to have died, and their departure was thought to be an affliction, and their going from us to be their destruction; but they are at peace.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Of recent years the Sandakan story has also received national recognition. In 1995, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the end of World War II, the Australian Government conducted a number of official veterans' pilgrimages to former battlefield sites. One of these pilgrimages commemorated the 1945 Australian landings in Borneo as well as the events at Sandakan, on the death marches and at Ranau. Owen Campbell and others associated with Sandakan were able to take part in ceremonies there to dedicate the Sandakan Memorial Park.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> In 1995 the Australian War Memorial also produced its own tribute to the memory of Sandakan. Throughout the 1980s, the long-running POW exhibition at the Memorial had made little detailed reference to the Borneo prisoners. By 1995 it seemed appropriate, even overdue, that the Sandakan story be brought to the Memorial's millions of visitors. In a Sandakan section of the new 1945 exhibition, visitors saw the few pitiful relics from the camp in the Memorial’s collection. These included false teeth, a rosary-crucifix and a battered drinking mug. Around the walls were placed the small paybook photographs of every Australian who had perished at Sandakan—an attempt to help us visualise the individual tragedy hidden in the grim statistic of over 2400 dead POWs.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Through its Their Service-Our Heritage program, in March 1999 the Australian Government and people further honoured those lost at Sandakan. During a special mission, the Sandakan Memorial Park was re-dedicated. Originally developed by the Returned & Services League of Australia on what is now a Sabah State Forestry Department reserve, the Memorial Park has been substantially upgraded by the Office of Australian War Graves to provide an interpretative facility and commemorative site. Here, visitors can follow on text panels in a commemorative pavilion the story of the Sandakan camp and the death marches. Nearby, a polished stone memorial—the Sandakan Memorial--stands in the centre of a ceremonial space. On it is the simple inscription:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>IN REMEMBRANCE OF ALL THOSE<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>WHO SUFFERED AND DIED HERE,<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>ON THE DEATH MARCHES<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>AND AT RANAU</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> A walk around the park pathway reveals pieces of old heavy machinery used here between 1942 and 1945—a trenching machine from the airfield, part of the generator used to supply power to the camp and a boiler. Owen Campbell senses there are presences in this place that no memorial, relic or exhibition can reveal. In 1995, fifty years after the Sandakan death marches, Campbell returned to the camp site and to that track where so many of his mates perished. He described the emotions he felt that day:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>I did have feelings at Sandakan when I walked up to where the old camp was. You never forget because when you are in the services you create a bond with your fellow man that you don’t create in civilian life. You discuss things with him that you won’t discuss with anybody else and you create that great bond of friendship and no matter what happens it will endure for ever and you will never forget it--I can’t anyway. There are still some buried there somewhere I’m sure because I had that feeling when I was there...that there were spirits waiting to be released from where they were. You get those feelings after a while.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> How should we now remember what happened to the Australian and British POWs at Sandakan in 1945? Those who suffered captivity at the hands of the Japanese in World War II carry that memory in their bones. Understandably, many ex-POWs found it—still find it—hard to forgive those who inflicted so much upon them. Those who were not there probably can never fully comprehend the depths of pain and, at times, despair to which the Sandakan POWs were forced to descend by their enemies. Then there is the grief of their families who until recent years knew little of what had happened to their loved ones beyond the fact that they had disappeared in the jungles of Borneo. Owen Campbell was well aware of their agony:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>War is painful not only for the soldiers fighting on the front line but for the ones who are left behind. Consider the worry they must go through and the anxiety they must suffer. You take our wives when they heard we were prisoners of war, what they must have gone through, it’s unbelievable. They suffered just as much in their own way as we suffered in our way … the wives and mothers are wondering are we ever going to meet again.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The brothers and sisters of Ted Ings never saw their brother again. They came together as a family and built the memorial gateway at Binalong’s Anglican Church to make sure that future generations would know that Ted had died on 24 February 1945 at a place called Sandakan-Ranau. Perhaps what the prisoners of Sandakan deserve of the future is that each generation asks itself the question—what happened at Sandakan? In asking how we should remember Sandakan, we could heed Owen Campbell, who said at the camp site in 1995:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>The Sandakan story has got to be brought out into the light. That’s what I reckon. Bring it to their [young people's] notice and then they'll start to talk and that will bring it further into the minds of the younger generation that is coming up. That’s the only way I can do it. When you realise it’s got to be told then you don't mind the personal anguish, as long as it does some good somewhere along the line and opens people’s eyes.</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The Australian servicemen who died at Sandakan were a long way from home.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The British POWs who died there were a lot further from their kith and kin. Even now, the fate of that particular group of prisoners is little known in the United Kingdom, except by their families. In 1945, Christopher Elliot visited Borneo in search of information about his missing brother, Corporal Donald Elliot, Royal Air Force, of Beccles, Suffolk, England. Donald, who was on the first death march and whose will was found near Ranau, died on 17 March 1945 in the vicinity of Paginatan. In 1996, Christopher Elliot returned to Sandakan and Ranau with the next generation—his daughter and Donald's niece, Anne Elliot. Anne wrote the following tribute to her uncle's memory. It may be allowed to speak for all the Sandakan POWs—Australian and British—and how they might like to be remembered by those who loved them and missed them down the years:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b>To the Spirit of Donald Elliot<o:p></o:p></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>You don’t know me.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>But I know you<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Through my father, he has not forgotten you<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>And never will.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>His life has been greatly affected<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>By your death.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>He always looked up to you, you were his hero.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>I will never forget.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Hope that you are at peace here.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>And that you didn’t suffer too much pain.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>And that you can forgive your enemies<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>For what they did to you.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>I thought of you at the VJ Day March<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>In Pall Mall, London.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>I stood and watched the veterans walk<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>By--the lucky ones.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>I was quite choked but proud.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>You did it for me and the likes of me.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Thank you.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>I think things would have been<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Different if you were still around.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i>But life isn’t always fair, is it?</i><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Bibliography<o:p></o:p></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><br /></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Books</b><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <ol> <li>Athol Moffitt, Project Kingfisher, Sydney, 1989.</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>Hank Nelson, Prisoners of War—Australians Under Nippon, Sydney, 1988.</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>Lynette Ramsay Silver, Sandakan—A Conspiracy of Silence, Sydney, 1998.</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>A J Sweeting, ‘Camps in Borneo, Japan and Elsewhere’, in Lionel Wigmore, The Japanese Thrust, Australia in the War of 1939-1945, Series One, Army, Vol IV, Canberra, 1957, Chapter 25, pp.593-604.</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>Don Wall, Sandakan—The Last March, Sydney, 1988.</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>Don Wall, Kill the Prisoners, Sydney, 1997</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>Archives</li> <li>War Diary, 23 War Graves Unit, 21/2/24, Australian War Memorial (hereafter AWM) 52.</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>Report on investigations, concerning the fate of Allied prisoners of war, and internees, in British Borneo--North Borneo, Labuan, Brunei, and Sarawak--by Capt L C Darling, POW Liaison Officer, HQ, 9th Aust Division, 1945, 422/7/8, AWM 54.</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>Australian War Crimes, Board of Inquiry, James Richard Braithwaite, 1010/4/19, AWM 54.</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>Account of Sandakan and the Sandakan-Ranau marches, QX9538 WO1 William Hector Sticpewich, 8 Div AASC, 1010/4/134, AWM 54.</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>Statement of NX42191 Private Keith Botterill, 2/19th Battalion, Sydney, 14 November 1945, 1010/4/17, AWM 54.</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>Statement of NX19750 Lance Bombardier William Dick Moxham, 2/15th Australian Field Regiment, Sydney, 19 November 1945, 1010/4/107, AWM 54.</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>Statement of NX58617 Private Nelson Short, 2/18th Battalion, 1010/4/129, AWM 54.</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>Statement by Yokota Kinza W C 662 Suga Butai, Labuan, 12 December 1945, 1010/4/174, AWM 554.</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>Statement of Ali Asa, Sandakan, 1946, papers of Lieutenant Colonel H W S Jackson, item 9, part 2, PR 84/231, AWM.</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>Statement of Wong Hiong, Sandakan, 1946, papers of Lieutenant Colonel H W S Jackson, item 9, part 1, PR 84/231, AWM.</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>Statement of Goto Yoshitaro, no date, 1010/4/174, AWM 54.</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>Statement of Toyooka Eijiro, Labuan, December 1945, in 'Affidavits by Japanese personnel in connection with charges arising from Sandakan-Ranau death march', 417/1/7, AWM 54.</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>Statement of Widow Burih, Compensation: Natives: British North Borneo, 29 December 1946, papers of Lieutenant Colonel H W S Jackson, item 9, part 2, PR 84/231, AWM.</li> <li><o:p> </o:p>Untitled poem by Colin Simpson, typescript account by Major H W S Jackson of his mission to Borneo, 1946/1947, papers of Lieutenant Colonel H W S Jackson, item 21, PR 84/231, AWM.</li> </ol> <o:p></o:p><br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Others</b><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Papers of Private E H Ings, Ings family.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Labuan War Cemetery, The War Dead of the British Commonwealth and Empire, The Register of those who fell in the 1939-1945 War and are buried in Cemeteries in Borneo and the Philippine Islands—Labuan War Cemetery, Commonwealth War Graves Commission, London, 1960.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Owen Campbell, interview, official pilgrimage to Borneo, 1995, transcript from Ryebuck Media, Melbourne.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Sound recording, Six from Borneo, Australian Broadcasting Commission, 30 May 1947, S01899, AWM.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Special thanks for their help in the compilation of this booklet are due to the Ings family of Binalong, NSW; Mr Hugh Waring, Canberra; Mrs Enid Maskey, Sandakan Memorial Foundation; Mr Bruce Ruxton, President of the Victorian Branch of the Returned and Services League of Australia; officers of the Office of Australian War Graves; and the staff of the Australian War Memorial.</div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Sandakan 1942-1945<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Department of Veterans' Affairs Publisher<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Dr Richard Reid Author<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> January 2008<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Australia<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> ISBN 978 1 877007 30 9<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Edition Expanded edition, originally published as Laden, Fevered, Starved<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Source : anzacportal.dva.gov.au</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div>
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-1463222402608356844
2020-02-21T22:00:00.000-08:00
2020-02-21T22:00:20.058-08:00
The Indonesian Confrontation 1963-1966 : Causes and General Description
<br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>The Indonesian Confrontation 1963-1966<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Causes and General Description<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Confrontation or Konfrontasi was a conflict between Indonesia and Malaysia that took place mainly on the island of Borneo. British and Commonwealth forces including Australians supported Malaysia. At stake was the future of the former British possessions, Sabah and Sarawak, which bordered Indonesia's provinces on Borneo.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Malaya gained official independence from the British in 1957. The Malayan Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman and the British wanted North Borneo to join Malaya in a New Federation of Malaysia, which was to come into being in 1963. Indonesian President Sukarno, however, not only opposed the idea of a greater Malaysia, but also aimed to incorporate North Borneo into Indonesia – as had recently occurred in the case of the former Dutch colonies in western New Guinea.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Confrontation was set in motion in December 1962 by an attempted coup d'état in the tiny pro-British Sultanate of Brunei in North Borneo. The Indonesians backed the coup leader Sheikh A.M. Azahari, and gave military training to his supporters. Although the coup itself was quickly suppressed by British and Ghurkha soldiers, armed incursions from the Indonesian side of the border into Northern Borneo continued, and Indonesian soldiers began to join Azahari's supporters in these incursions.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In January 1963 the Indonesian Foreign Minister Dr Subandrio announced that his country's attitude to Malaysia would be one of Confrontation or Konfrontasi. This terminology suggested that the Indonesians were sanctioning – and indeed promoting – violence, without going so far as to declare war. Later in the same year President Sukarno declared that he would <i>'gobble Malaysia raw.'</i> Indonesian-sponsored incursions into northern Borneo increased in strength and frequency throughout 1963. Most of the incursions led to raids on police and army facilities, and there were substantial clashes with British Army Ghurkha soldiers.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In January 1964 the United States attempted to end the fighting in Borneo by threatening to withdraw aid-money to Indonesia. President Sukarno replied that they could 'go to hell.' Sukarno then raised the intensity of the Confrontation by committing regular Indonesian Army units to the conflict. And in September 1964 the Indonesians stunned the British and Malaysians by beginning a series of paratroop and seaborne raids into southern Malaya leading to fears that the Malayan Emergency would be renewed.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Commonwealth troops in Malaya, including Australians, were called into action to deal with the raiders, and the Australian Government agreed to the deployment of an Australian Army battalion in Borneo as part of a build-up of Commonwealth forces on the island. The Commonwealth reinforcements began by setting up strong points along known infiltration routes. The British Government also gave its approval for Commonwealth forces to conduct clandestine patrols across the border into Indonesian territory. These secret operations, which were codenamed 'Claret', forced the Indonesians onto the defensive and prevented Indonesian incursions into northern Borneo.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Although the situation in northern Borneo had stabilised by the end of 1965, events within Indonesia led to an official end to the conflict in the following year. Amid social and economic turmoil, President Sukarno lost power in the aftermath of a coup d'état. The new Indonesian leader, General Suharto, did not persist with Confrontation, and a treaty between Indonesia and Malaysia was signed in Bangkok in August 1966. The treaty recognised that the North Borneo states of Sabah and Sarawak would continue to be part of the Malaysian Federation. The policy of Confrontation, which had been intended to prevent this outcome, had cost the lives of 590 Indonesians and 114 Commonwealth soldiers.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Source : anzacportal.dva.gov.au</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div>
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-8166240227816616852
2020-02-19T11:20:00.004-08:00
2020-02-19T11:20:57.902-08:00
IN WW2, 176 SABAHANS WERE BRUTALLY MASSACRED IN THIS PARK. HERE’S WHAT HAPPENED by BADD
<br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>IN WW2, 176 SABAHANS WERE BRUTALLY MASSACRED IN THIS PARK. </b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>HERE’S WHAT HAPPENED </b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>by</b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b> BADD </b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Malaysia’s history had seen four different countries come in and boss its people around, but perhaps none of them had been as memorable as the Japanese during the three years they’ve been here. While younger generations today might remember them as bicycle bois or typical school ghost #5, the Japanese occupation had been a very bloody affair.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In Sabah, at least, there are three memorial parks established because of their atrocities: one in Sandakan, one in Kundasang, and one in Petagas, just across the road from the Kota Kinabalu Airport. While the first two are to remember the victims of the Sandakan Death Marches (which we wrote about before here), the one in Petagas is for the fallen from the Jesselton Uprising/Revolt, an event which eventually led to another event called the Jesselton Massacre.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Besides being a particularly nasty piece of history, this event is quite interesting as it is famously portrayed as one of the few anti-Japanese movements in Southeast Asia that is participated by various races, and led entirely by civilians. According to Danny Wong Tze Ken, an expert of the subject,</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>“The multi-ethnic nature of the resistance is probably the most important legacy and for this reason, the Kinabalu Guerillas and the rebellion were remembered and commemorated first by the returning British colonial administration, and sustained after independence,</i>” – Danny Wong, as reported by New Sabah Times.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Given that most of the people who participated in the uprising were civilians, you might find it impressive that…<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>They initially won against the Japanese, and retook Jesselton for three days<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The year was 1943. By then, Sabahans have experienced Japanese rule for over a year, but due to the ongoing war between China and Japan, it was particularly hard for the Chinese people. They were forced to pay huge sums of money to the Japanese as penalty for supporting the Chinese government, and the introduction of a Japanese colony currency (the infamous banana money) severely affected the Chinese merchants.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>“The Chinese merchants were the main victims. Goods were purchased with the worthless Japanese military currency. While the currency was initially accepted as it was forced upon the people, it was not long before it was despised and discredited as a mode of exchange,”</i> – Danny Wong, as quoted by the Star.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Of course, the Japanese occupation weren’t exactly fun to most of the other races as well, but they seem to be persecuted less. Anyway, at around that time a young Chinese man by the name of Albert Kwok became the leader of a group of people called the Kinabalu Guerrillas, and with the goal of overthrowing the Japanese and eliminating their collaborators, the guerrillas were joined by people from all walks of life, including <i>‘farmers, fishermen, traders, clerks and ordinary men who wanted to defend their community’.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Based on academic papers written about the matter, it would seem that the fighting force was predominantly made of Chinese people, but it was participated by other races in Sabah at that time as well, like the Bajaus, Binadans, Suluks and Dusuns, making it a multiracial affair.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Anyway, on the eve of 10th October 1943, the Kinabalu Guerrillas launched their attack, and despite mostly being only equipped with weapons like parangs and spears, they managed to kill 47 Japanese soldiers and civilians between Tuaran and Jesselton.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">They even managed to take control of Kota Belud for two days, and for a moment it was the guerrillas’ complete victory. However, based on the writings of Ismail Abbas and K Bali, during the short victory there were a bit of unease among the natives as the Chinese members of the guerrilla force allegedly became tyrants, so many of them dropped out and returned to their homes. Regardless of that, the victory didn’t last very long…<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The Japanese retaliated, and they retaliated hard<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On the 14th October, four days after the revolt started, Japanese reinforcements came first in the form of an aircraft which laid waste to all the villages north of Jesselton. Every building in Kota Belud was razed to the ground, and there was much destruction and casualties at Tuaran, Menggatal, Inanam and surrounding areas. The Japanese also brought in their military police, the Kempeitai, from Kuching, and although the guerrillas fought back in skirmishes here and there, on the whole they were severely outmatched.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The remaining Kinabalu Guerrillas were forced to break up into small groups and retreat into the interior, after which they became easy targets for the Japanese. Not used to life in the jungle, many were arrested trying to find food near villages, and those at the point of exhaustion and starvation surrendered themselves. The Japanese were intent on completely quashing the resistance, however, so a lot of people, whether or not they were part of the revolt, were caught and tortured by the Kempeitai to extract information as part of the Japanese’s punitive expeditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In all, about 400 people associated with the uprising were arrested, along with hundreds more suspected of helping the guerrillas or simply sympathizing with them. Those arrested were interrogated at the Kempeitai offices, and while some were eventually released, many were detained and sent to a police barracks and gaol/jail at Batu Tiga, where many died from tortures.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">One can only imagine what kind of tortures the arrested Sabahans endured, but an account by a survivor showed how creative the Japanese can get. Besides having a piece of wood hammered into his ear, rupturing his eardrum, he also recounted being force fed some three or four cups of uncooked rice, then had a hose forced into his throat which filled him with water.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>“You can imagine the rest. About three or four hours later the pain became excruciating as the rice swelled within the stomach… the pain for about a day and a half was intense. Part of the bowel came out but there was no medical attention. It bled for a while; it was very painful gradually it got better. I managed to push it back by hand. Then the interrogation continued.”</i> – a survivor’s account, from a paper by Arujunan Narayanan, JEBAT 29 (2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It was from these tortures that some betrayed the guerrillas’ information to the Japanese, which led to further arrests and killings. Albert Kwok and his men, who were holing up in the Shantung area in Penampang waiting for help from the Allied Forces, probably got their location revealed to the Japanese in this way. The Japanese promptly surrounded the area and issued an ultimatum to Albert Kwok: surrender or the Japanese will kill everyone in the Shantung area.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Not wanting to have the blood of the Shantung area’s population on his hands, as well as not having the resources to fight back, Albert Kwok and his men surrendered to the Japanese on 19th December 1944. They were arrested and taken to the Batu Tiga prison by train.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The Kinabalu Guerrillas were massacred, but it wasn’t the end of suffering for Sabahans<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">About a month later, the Japanese decided that they needed to make an example of the guerrillas to stop future uprisings by the people, and the Jesselton Massacre came from that. According to a survivor, some of the prisoners in Batu Tiga were forced to sign a document they weren’t allowed to read, which turned out to be confessions of guilt. On the 20th January 1944, Albert Kwok and his men were taken out to the prison compound, and 175 people including him were decided to be leaders of the guerrillas and separated from the rest.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Early next morning, three days before 1944’s Chinese New Year’s eve, they were loaded on to a train and shipped off to Petagas, where they were to be executed. Upon arrival, they discovered that two large holes had been dug in the ground, and they were half filled with water from rain the night before.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Despite the cold and the obvious fate awaiting them, to the men’s credit none of them cried or begged for mercy according to eyewitness accounts. However, their stoicness could have been resignation to their fate, or they were simply numbed and hardened from the Kempeitai’s tortures.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Five men including Albert Kwok were first selected for beheading. They were stripped off their shirts, bound together with a rope and made to kneel in a row in front of the pit. A Japanese officer behind each one then lopped their heads off with a heavy samurai sword, and according to eyewitnesses, it was a gruesome sight: one of the men’s neck was only half-severed. After the main event, the others were ordered to kneel in front of the two large holes, and they were shot at by two machine guns and about ten other small arms.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The guerrillas, some still alive, were then dumped into the holes and left there. For about three days, it was said that the groans of the ones who didn’t die can be heard in the nearby village, but no one dared to go near the spot. But not everyone was shot at or beheaded. According to a son of one of the victims, a family friend who was a photographer for the Japanese informed him of his father’s death, and it was an atrocious one.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>“My father, before he was executed, was seen in a picture holding his name written in Chinese … the other men were lined up before being shot to death. It would have been different if he had been shot, as he would have died instantly. However, my father was bayonetted in the chest before the gun was forcibly brought downwards to disembowel him,” </i>– Son of a victim, as reported by Daily Express.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After news of the execution got out, an Allied Intelligence report found that the massacre definitely discouraged Sabahans from mounting further attacks on the Japanese. But the Japanese continued their witch-hunt for remaining guerrillas, and the arrests and torturous interrogations continued. Summary executions were also said to happen, and on one occasion, it was said that 189 suspects were executed by firing squad without trial. Others were sent to the Batu Tiga prison to join the remaining prisoners there.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Sometime in February 1944, the Suluks, who lived on islands off the coast of North Borneo, got caught in the Japanese crosshairs. After failing to find a Chinese guerrilla on the island of Mantanani, they arrested 58 Suluk men and took them back to Jesselton, probably for interrogation. They returned to Mantanani two days after that and massacred the women and children left behind.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The women and children were stripped of their valuables and money, and were strung together in a line between the island’s mosque pillars, which the Japanese made their headquarters. They were then subjected to machine gun fire. Those who survived that were finished off by revolvers. As for the Suluk men taken away, all of them died within the next few weeks from tortures and starvation.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Because of this, the population of Mantanani fell from 430 Suluks to only 125, and only 20 adult males survived. The island of Dinawan, whose Suluks did not take part in the uprising, got their population of 120 reduced to 54, with no adult males left. This also happened on three other Suluk islands: Mangolum, Sulug and Udar.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">As for the remaining prisoners in Batu Tiga, 131 of them, all Chinese, were sent to Labuan for long-term imprisonment. On arrival, they were paraded and humiliated before the Labuan population as a warning, after which they were put to hard labor in public works, with their food and welfare hardly cared for.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Many succumbed to fatigue, malnutrition and illnesses, and most of them succumbed to severe diarrhea from eating coconuts to supplement their diet. Eventually, they can’t work anymore and were left to die slow, painful deaths. Only seven survived when the war finally ended.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The atrocities suffered by the Kinabalu Guerrillas are now remembered every year<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After the war ended, a source quoted that out of the 2,400 involved in the revolt, 1,300 died, with the Japanese death toll numbering 1,900. People realized there was a need to care for the war dead and their families then, so Jesselton’s Chinese community got together and established the War Victims Caring Committee. This committee was responsible for the first ever memorial service for the victims of the Jesselton massacre in Petagas, on the 20th January 1946.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">During the memorial service, the community pledged to care for the children of those killed in the massacre, and funeral rites were held at the execution site in Petagas. It was then marked with flowers and an arch made of coconut leaves, bearing the words “British North Borneo Api (Jesselton), Massed Funeral Sites of the Chinese Resistance Fighters of October 1943” in Chinese. Based on the committee’s request, the Colonial Government at that time agreed to observe a Memorial Service Day on the 21st January of every year, and a plaque was later erected on the Petagas site to commemorate the event.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Three years later, the committee decided to bring the remains of those who died in Labuan to Petagas to be interred with their comrades. They managed to recover the remains of more than 90 men, and these were cleaned and interred together in six large burial jars, which later came to rest in Petagas as well. Since then, the colonial government had maintained the Petagas War Memorial, a tradition picked up by the Sabah Government after 1963.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Today, the memorial is said to symbolize heroes whose struggles would be emulated by the people and inspire them to stand up for their rights and beliefs. It is also said to promote national unity among the races, as evident by the text on the epitaph.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“In perpetual memory of those gallant men of all races who, loyal to the cause of freedom were murdered and buried at this place on 21 January 1944 and also those who met their death in the same cause at Labuan and were later buried here.”<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">If you would like a more in-depth reading, here are some of the main references for this article:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <ol> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“The Petagas War Memorial and the Creation of a Heroic Past in Sabah“. Danny Wong Tze Ken, 2007.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">“Japanese War Crimes and Allied Crimes Trials in Borneo during World War II“. Arjunan Narayanan, 2002.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">“The Knights of Bushido: A History of Japanese War Crimes During World War II“. E. Frederick, L. Russel, 2016.</span></li> </ol> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div>
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-1830404337501563733
2020-02-19T10:47:00.001-08:00
2020-02-19T10:47:49.065-08:00
Borneo 1945 - An Amphibious Success Story by Dr Nial Wheate and Dr Gregory P Gilbert
<br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Borneo 1945 - An Amphibious Success Story<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>by <o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Dr Nial Wheate and Dr Gregory P Gilbert</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Sixty years ago Australian forces successfully led the Allied liberation of Borneo, the world's third largest island, from Japanese occupation in the OBOE series of operations. These operations culminated in OBOE TWO, the amphibious assault on Balikpapan which was not only the last large scale Allied operation of World War II but remains Australia's largest ever amphibious assault. As the culmination of the RAN's participation in over 20 South West Pacific amphibious landings during World War II, the Balikpapan invasion demonstrated the high level of expertise in amphibious operations that had been achieved, as well as the degree to which joint and combined operations had developed during almost six years of war.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">With rich oil resources and functional aerodromes, the strategic worth of Borneo was debated at the highest levels. Borneo's position at the base of the South China Sea meant that it shared coastal waters with Indo-China, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Celebes and the Philippines. The US Joint Chiefs of Staff proposed an invasion of Borneo in order to secure oil and rubber supplies, and to interdict Japanese communications with South East Asia. Borneo was also seen as a step towards an advance on Java.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Controversy surrounds the Borneo campaign. For example, the British Chiefs of Staff did not agree with the need for an advanced fleet base in Brunei Bay, and General Thomas A. Blamey, the Australian Commander in Chief, saw no justification for attacking Balikpapan.[1] At the time it was argued that capture of the island from the occupying Japanese forces would provide a venue through which the Allies could control the South East Asia region.[2] It has also been suggested that the capture of Borneo would meet postwar strategic objectives. A close reading of the literature suggests that the Australian government desired to make a significant contribution to defeating Japan during 1945, in order to confirm its place at the table during later peace talks. Separately, there was pressure on the government to reinstate the prestige of the British empire by liberating British and Dutch colonies. Both these factors may have contributed to the decision to invade Borneo.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Initial plans called for six OBOE operations, however, as the Allied offensives progressed closer to Japan, OBOE THREE, FOUR and FIVE were cancelled. The remaining three amphibious landings were code-named: OBOE ONE, the invasion of Tarakan island; OBOE SIX, the invasion of north Borneo at Labuan and Brunei; and OBOE TWO, the invasion of Balikpapan.[3] The sites were selected for the strategic assets and advantages their capture would offer the Allies. Tarakan had an airfield, docking facilities, protected all weather harbourage and relatively good roads. Even without the fleet base option, the liberation of Labuan and Brunei would secure the area's oil and rubber resources. Balikpapan was selected for its oil reserves, two suitable airfields, and deep sheltered harbour.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">In many ways the landings in Borneo were different from those in Europe and the rest of the Pacific. By early 1945 Japanese naval forces were confined to waters east and north of Singapore-Cam Ranh Bay and Japanese air power was greatly reduced, with less than 70 Japanese aircraft operating in the whole Netherlands East Indies.[4] The Allies had effectively achieved sea and air control over much of the South West Pacific and therefore needed to plan only for opposition from smaller independent Japanese air and naval elements. In fact, no effective air or seaborne resistance was offered.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The amphibious assault on Tarakan (OBOE ONE) commenced, as planned, on 1 May 1945, and despite difficult coastal approaches, extensive minefields and strongly fortified defences, the landing was accomplished with marked success. A heavy concentration of naval and air bombardment prior to the landing, as well as effective naval gunfire support (NGS) to ground forces once ashore effectively neutralised most of the Japanese resistance: 'had the Japanese elected to remain in these positions and fight, our casualties would have been extremely heavy'.[5] Hard fighting by 9th Australian Division troops secured the area. Capture of Tarakan ensured that fighter control was achieved past Balikpapan, which would prevent Japanese shipping from entering the area. For the first time, all land and sea areas within the South West Pacific command came under Allied air superiority.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The landings at Labuan and Brunei (OBOE SIX) proceeded to plan on 10 June 1945. After preliminary naval bombardment, hydrographic and mine clearance operations, Australian troops met little Japanese opposition and moved rapidly to their first objectives. NGS helped reduce pockets of resistance on Labuan, while the 9th Australian Division secured much of Brunei and British Borneo. The Australian forces were able to release some Allied prisoners of war as well as provide humanitarian assistance to the Chinese, Malay and indigenous populations of north Borneo.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By July 1945, Balikpapan was defended by some 2000 regular Japanese troops and approximately 3000 locally conscripted residents, with a few Japanese air units capable of launching sporadic raids, but no effective naval support. The OBOE TWO plan required the landing of over 33,000 personnel, their supplies and heavy equipment in the assault, including over 21,000 men of the 7th Australian Division, 2000 Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) personnel, as well as 2000 men from United States and Netherlands East Indies units.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The naval forces allocated to OBOE TWO, under Vice Admiral Daniel E. Barbey, USN, Commander Balikpapan Attack Force, included an Amphibious Task Group, a Cruiser Covering Group, and an Escort Carrier Group. The Amphibious Task Group consisted of over 120 ships, including the RAN Infantry Landing Ships (LSIs), Manoora (Flagship of the Transport Unit), Westralia and Kanimbla. Overall there were some 98 landing craft and miscellaneous vessels, with a screen of 10 destroyers, 5 destroyer escorts and the Australian frigate Gascoyne. Another frigate, Warrego, operated in a specialised hydrographic unit within this Amphibious Task Group. The Cruiser Covering Group consisted of 10 cruisers and 14 destroyers organised into three separate commands, including HMA Ships Shropshire (heavy cruiser), Hobart, (light cruiser), Arunta (destroyer) and 2 USN destroyers under Commodore Harold B. Farncomb, RAN. The Escort Carrier Group included 3 carriers with approximately 90 aircraft in total, and a screen of 1 destroyer and 5 destroyer escorts.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Air support for OBOE TWO was supplied by the RAAF, US 13th and 5th Air Forces, and naval air units from the US 3rd and 7th Fleets. The RAAF, under Air Vice-Marshal William D. Bostock, acted as coordinating agency for all pre-invasion strikes and close support. The Balikpapan air operations began on 11 June 1945. Altogether, Bostock had 40 squadrons at his disposal for the period just before and during the landing, and of these, 25 were of heavy bombers, totalling 300 aircraft.[6]<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The naval bombardment of Balikpapan commenced on 27 June 1945, with Shropshire and Hobart firing at Japanese targets along the coast. NGS from all three commands within the Cruiser Covering Group was made available throughout the OBOE TWO operations. Over 46,800 rounds of 4.7-inch to 8-inch munitions were fired by the naval forces in support of the Balikpapan operations, beating all records for ammunition delivered in support of a division size landing - 'and how those Aussies loved it!'[7]<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Warrego and the hydrographic unit carried out surveys and placed marker buoys off the landing beaches and also surveyed the inner harbour. The mine clearance activities at Balikpapan were some of the most difficult of the war. Sweeping began on 15 June 1945, with 16 minesweepers and a covering force operating in shallow water and uncleared minefields, often under Japanese gunfire. The work took its toll; 3 minesweepers were sunk, 4 were damaged by mines and gunfire, 15 sets of magnetic gear were lost, 7 personnel were killed and 43 were wounded. In total, 50 mines were swept. Underwater demolition teams of US Army engineers cleared two gaps through the beach obstacles while under fire. The hydrographic, mine clearance and underwater demolition activities were most successful.[8]<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On 1 July 1945, the first two amphibious waves hit the beaches in 91 amphibious vehicles and despite a choppy sea the ship to shore transfer had the troops landing 5 minutes early at 8:55am. The Australian LSIs provided parts of the 3rd and subsequent waves. The last of the organised waves, the 17th, landed at 10:55am. The beaches of Balikpapan were taken with little opposition, and by noon that day 10,500 troops, 700 vehicles and 1950 tons of stores had been landed.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Gascoyne escorted a convoy that arrived at Balikpapan on 5 July 1945 with supplies essential for the maintenance of land and air forces ashore. The Australian LSIs, having departed as soon as they had unloaded the assault troops, returned with reinforcements from Morotai on 7 July 1945. As the Australian 7th Division advanced inland they encountered strong pockets of Japanese resistance. A total of 229 Australians died and 634 were wounded in the Balikpapan operations.[9]<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">The RAN currently operates six Heavy Landing Craft (LCH). Although they were commissioned during 1973-74, the LCH still contribute to the Australian Defence Force's amphibious capability and four of the six - Balikpapan, Brunei, Labuan, and Tarakan - commemorate the amphibious campaign in Borneo during 1945.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The amphibious landings in Borneo were professionally planned and executed operations that achieved their strategic objectives. They demonstrated Australia's ability to successfully project power ashore in our region, through efficient use of joint and combined forces. Today we should look back at Borneo 1945 with pride, as it remains a classic example of how Australian strategic interests have been successfully pursued through maritime power projection.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">References :</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <ol> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">G Long, 'The Final Campaigns', Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1963, pp. 388-9 and 502.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">SW Roskill, 'The War at Sea 1939-1945', Vol. 3, Part 2, HMSO, London, 1961, pp. 358-9; and 'D-Day, The Politics of War', Harper Collins, Sydney, 2003, p. 672.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">D Stevens, (ed), 'The Royal Australian Navy', Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 2003, pp. 127-54.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">G Odgers, 'Air War Against Japan 1943-1945', Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1957, p. 452.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">GH Gill, 'Royal Australian Navy 1942-1945', Australian War Memorial, Melbourne, 1985, pp. 616-24.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Odgers, 'Air War Against Japan 1943-1945', p. 482.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">SE Morison, 'The Liberation of the Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayas 1944-1945', Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1989, p. 276.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Gill, 'Royal Australian Navy 1942-1945', pp. 646-58.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Long, 'The Final Campaigns', p. 545.</span></li> </ol> <div> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Source : navy.gov.au</span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div>
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-1506134465613577412
2020-02-19T10:20:00.000-08:00
2020-02-19T10:20:04.082-08:00
Prelude to invasion: Covert operations before the re-occupation of Northwest Borneo, 1944-45 Author: Dr Ooi Keat Gin
<br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Journal of the Australian War Memorial - Issue 37<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Prelude to invasion: covert operations before the re-occupation of Northwest Borneo, 1944-45<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Author: Dr Ooi Keat Gin</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{1} In 1945 the task of retaking from the Japanese the former British Borneo territories of Sarawak, Brunei, and North Borneo (Sabah) was entrusted to the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). The 20th and 24th Brigades of the 9th Division launched an amphibious offensive, codenamed OBOE 6, with landings in the Brunei Bay area and Labuan Island in June. The groundwork for OBOE 6 began several months prior to its execution. In March 1945, members of the Australian Services Reconnaissance Department (SRD) were dropped behind enemy lines in the Upper Baram and Trusan valleys in Sarawak, and at Labuk Bay in North Borneo. The objective of the SRD was to gather intelligence, survey the terrain, and organize local resistance - in anticipation of the imminent AIF invasion. This paper examines the activities of the SRD in preparing the stage for the launch of OBOE 6, and evaluates the contribution of SRD covert operations to the effective implementation of the invasion plans.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The war against Japan and the Borneo campaigns<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{2} The island of Borneo, with its oilfields and strategic location for the offensive against British Malaya and Dutch Java, was one of the prime targets of Japan's military offensive of 1941-42. The Japanese systematically and swiftly secured their objectives in Borneo during the early months of their <i>'push' </i>into the resource-rich Southern Area (South-East Asia) following Pearl Harbor. The Miri and Seria oil fields in Sarawak and Brunei respectively were captured without much fuss in less than a fortnight of their initial landings off the north-west coast of Borneo in mid-December 1941. Before the close of January 1942, the Dutch oilfields at Tarakan and Balikpapan were under Japanese control. By 1943 Bornean oil was contributing to the Japanese war machine.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{3} The later part of 1944, however, witnessed the increasing effectiveness of the American navy in cutting off Japanese shipping lines between the home islands and the Southern Area. Moreover, Allied bombing raids were continuously carried out on oilfields and other strategic areas of Borneo from Australia. As the American offensive gained ground in the Philippines, the Japanese home islands increasingly lost their links with sources of oil supply in Borneo.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{4} The island of Borneo came within the scope of operations of the South-West Pacific Area (SWPA) under the command of the American general, Douglas MacArthur.1 Despite its oilfields, Borneo did not feature high on MacArthur's list of priorities. He was obsessively determined to retake the Philippines at all costs, arguing that an American occupation would hastened the defeat of Japan through cutting off the Japanese supply line from its Southern Area. More importantly, MacArthur saw his return to the Philippines – which he left hurriedly in early 1942 for Australia – as a means of restoring American prestige and honour. It was an apparent case of political expediency overriding military strategy.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{5} In order to facilitate his reconquest of the Philippines, MacArthur struck a deal with the Dutch that he be given <i>"complete authority in the East Indies during any military operations"</i>. In return, he promised to restore Dutch authority in their colonies as rapidly as possible.2 Therefore, the recapture of the Netherlands East Indies, particularly Java, became part of MacArthur's plans. The seizure of Borneo was to offer bases to launch his offensive against Java. Furthermore MacArthur argued that the Bornean oilfields would be denied the enemy and instead deployed to Allied advantage.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{6} Nonetheless MacArthur had no intention of committing American land forces in the Borneo campaign. Instead, Australian troops would spearhead the offensive there, with landings planned at Tarakan, Brunei Bay and Labuan Island, and Balikpapan – in that order. The Australian Army had ample American naval and air support, and also from the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), for amphibious operations. The 1st Australian Corps, consisting of the 7th and 9th AIF Divisions under the command of Lieutenant General Sir Leslie Morshead, was entrusted with the Borneo operations.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{7} The reconquest of Borneo was the second phase of the MONTCLAIR operation which aimed at reoccupying the southern Philippines, British North Borneo, and large areas of the Netherlands East Indies.3 Out of the planned six OBOE operations,4 three only were approved by the CCS and subsequently implemented in mid-1945: OBOE 1 (Tarakan) was launched on 1 May; OBOE 6 (British North Borneo) on 10 June; and OBOE 2 (Balikpapan) on 1 July. Overall, all three operations achieved their objectives.5<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{8} The Australian 9th Division (less the 26th Brigade) under Major General G. F. Wootten executed OBOE 6 with landings at the Brunei Bay area and Labuan Island. The prime objective was to secure the vicinity around Brunei Bay to provide for the establishment of a naval base, as well as accessibility to oil and rubber resources of Brunei, northeastern Sarawak, and North Borneo. Brigadier S. H. W. C. Porter and his 24th Brigade were entrusted with the re-occupation of Labuan. The task of securing the Brunei-Muara area was the responsibility of the 20th Brigade under Brigadier W. J. V. Windeyer. A supporting naval force under Vice-Admiral Dan Barbey, and the RAAF's 1st Tactical Air Force, offered ample bombardment and cover for the amphibious landings.6<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{9} Within four days of the landings on 10 June 1945, all the initial targets of OBOE 6 were attained. By mid-July the AIF were greatly involved in civic action while their military role was increasingly becoming redundant.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Laying the groundwork: the "Borneo Project"<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{10} The idea of sending a handful of European officers deep into the interior of Borneo and behind Japanese lines, with the objective of organizing the indigenous inhabitants to conduct a guerrilla war against vital enemy targets, namely the oil installations, was discussed early within Allied intelligence circles. These proposals, collectively referred to as <i>"The Borneo Project"</i>, sowed the seeds of what became the covert operations undertaken by the Australian Services Reconnaissance Department (SRD) in North Borneo and northeastern Sarawak during the months leading to the launching of OBOE 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{11} As early as December 1941, there was a proposal for a scheme utilizing guerilla tactics in Sarawak <i>"to make periodic raids on the oilfields [namely at Miri] from the interior and prevent the Japanese from making effective use of them"</i>.7 Second Lieutenant P. M. Synge of the British Intelligence Corps based in Oxford, England, proposed that <i>"a force of 500 men or more if necessary, skilled in forest-craft, could be raised from the Longhouses of the Baram, Tinfar [Tinjar] and Niah rivers and organised into an effective guerilla force'</i>. Benefiting from his participation in the Oxford Sarawak Expedition of 1932, Synge had knowledge of the terrain and of the inhabitants of northeastern Sarawak. He admitted, however, that such a force was <i>"unlikely to be able to effect recapture of or to hold the oilfields"</i>; nonetheless the continuous commando-style raids would "do much destructive work".<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{12} Following an interview with Intelligence officers from the War Office, Synge, as requested, submitted a memorandum outlining in detail his scheme of guerilla activity aimed at denying the enemy the full utilization of the Miri oil installations.8 By mid-February the following year, Synge's Sarawak scheme was apparently considered <i>"impracticable"</i> for the time being.9<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{13} Meanwhile, attempts were made to contact other members of the Oxford Expedition, particularly the expedition leader, Tom Harrisson.10 By early July 1942, Harrison submitted proposals that, in essence and general outline, did not differ from Synge's, with the notable exception that the former placed more emphasis on the Seria rather than the Miri oilfields. Furthermore Harrison drew attention to the importance of and the need to win "face" for the Allies.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The value on morale and confidence in the victory of Allied Nations would be immensely increased both throughout the Pacific and in China by the news that we were doing something even if slight in this area, that we were on the offensive as well as the defensive. The value of this question of "face" cannot be overemphasised.11 [italics added]<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{14} Another proposal from Captain D. L. Leach envisaged the landing in central Borneo of several ex-Brooke officers of the Sarawak civil service and medical and wireless personnel <i>"to establish W/T [wireless/radio transmission] communication and to contact free Europeans and local natives likely to be still loyal"</i>.12 Their tasks would be to organize the natives and Chinese in preparation for assisting an Allied invasion, to undertake raids against Japanese outposts, and, if necessary, to construct temporary landing grounds. Leach also identified three main areas where anti-Japanese uprisings could be launched: the Baram and Tinjar rivers, inhabited by the Kayans and Kenyahs; the Rejang basin above Kapit, peopled mostly by Ibans; and the Iban heartland of the Second Division13 (the Rejang River eastwards to the Sadong River).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{15} It was unclear how seriously the above-mentioned three proposals were viewed by Allied military planners at the initial stage. At least Harrisson's proposal drew this rather encouraging response:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>The scheme sounds "wild-cat" but is the sort of thing that must be tried and might come off … The enterprising individual should be given a run. The British Empire is foundering in the shoals of caution, rather than breaking on the rocks of disaster.14</i><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{16} It is evident from correspondence between London and Melbourne that the various schemes proposed for Sarawak were not wholly shelved but apparently put on hold during 1942 and 1943.15 Meanwhile the search for personnel "with experience and real knowledge [of] British North Borneo and Sarawak" continued to be of high priority.16 It was not until March 1945, with the launching of SEMUT operations by the SRD, that the ideas and suggestions put forth by Synge, Harrisson and Leach were translated into action.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Covert operations in Northwest Borneo: AGAS and SEMUT<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{17} The Services Reconnaissance Department (SRD) was an Australian outfit directly responsible to General Sir Thomas Blamey, Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Military Forces (AMF), based at Allied Land Headquarters in Melbourne. SRD was a cover name for Special Operations Australia (SOA) that had moved out of the Allied Intelligence Bureau (AIB),17 and was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel P. J. F. Chapman-Walker.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{18} The SRD implemented the Borneo Project in a series of long-term operations codenamed AGAS and SEMUT in North Borneo and Sarawak respectively.18 These SRD operations laid the groundwork to a certain extent, thereby paving the way for the eventual invasion in mid-1945 at the Brunei Bay-Labuan Island area. Basically, SRD operations focussed on two main objectives: the gathering of intelligence, and organizing (including training and arming) the local inhabitants into resistance groups to wage guerrilla warfare.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{19} The precursors to AGAS and SEMUT were PYTHON 1 and 2 carried out in North Borneo in the vicinity of Labian Point. PYTHON 1, led by Major F. G. L. Chester with landings in early October 1943, undertook the task of reporting on Japanese sea-traffic in the Sibutu Passage and the Balabac Strait of the Sulu Sea. Chester also provided support for a band of Filipino guerrillas under the command of an American officer, Captain J. A. Hamner. In the later part of January 1944, Bill Jinkins headed PYTHON 2 with the objective of organizing the native population for guerrilla warfare. These early efforts did not bear any significant results.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{20} More than a year passed before the first of several AGAS missions were launched in North Borneo. AGAS 1 and 2 were carried out prior to OBOE 6.19 In early March 1945, Chester commanded AGAS 1 in a landing near Labuk Bay, and in less than a week radio contact had been made with the Dutch station at Batchelor and the SRD personnel at Leanyer. A field headquarters was established at Sungei Sungei. Furthermore, drop zones (DZs) for stores were located at Jambongan Island in late April and early May. A central signal station was established at Lokopas, and a hospital for the native inhabitants on Jambongan Island. Two months later, AGAS 2 led by Major R. G. P. N. Combe, the pre-war district officer of Kudat, landed at Paitan Bay. Combe organized guerrilla activity in the Pitas area and at the same time established an intelligence network. AGAS 3, under Chester, focussed on the Jesselton-Keningau-Beaufort sector. This project incorporated STALLION Phase IV (explained below) with proposed long-term objectives.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{21} Meanwhile, in Sarawak, plans were in motion for SRD groups to be parachuted into the mountainous hinterland of Brunei Bay. The initial designated target areas were the headwaters of the Baram, Limbang, and Trusan; later, the areas of operation expanded into the Padas valley of North Borneo, southwards into territories of former Dutch Borneo, and southeastwards to cover the Upper Rejang. These reconnaissance missions were codenamed SEMUT under the overall command of Major G. S. ("Toby") Carter. However, as the situation developed, the SEMUT operations were divided into three distinct parties under individual commanders: SEMUT 1 under Major Tom Harrisson; SEMUT 2 led by Carter; and SEMUT 3 headed by Captain W. L. P. ("Bill") Sochon. The areas of operation were: SEMUT 1 – the Trusan valley and its hinterland; SEMUT 2 – the Baram valley and its hinterland; SEMUT 3 – the entire Rejang valley.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{22} Harrisson and members of SEMUT 1 parachuted into Bario in the Kelabit Highlands during the later part of March 1945. Initially Harrisson established his base at Bario; then, in late May, shifted to Belawit in the Bawang valley (inside the former Dutch Borneo) upon the completion of an airstrip for light aircraft built entirely with native labour. In mid-April, Carter and his team (SEMUT 2) parachuted into Bario, by then securely an SRD base with full support of the Kelabit people. Shortly after their arrival, members of SEMUT 2 moved to the Baram valley and established themselves at Long Akah, the heartland of the Kenyahs. Carter also received assistance from the Kayans. Moving out from Carter's party in late May, Sochon led SEMUT 3 to Belaga in the Upper Rejang where he set up his base of operation. Kayans and Ibans supported and participated in SEMUT 3 operations. The nomadic Punans also extended a helping hand to Sochon and his comrades.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">SEMUT 2 party at Long Akah, May 1945. From left: Cpl Abu Kassan, Sgt Jeh Soen Ken, Capt Bill Sochon, Sgt T. Barrie, Major Toby Carter, Sgt C.W. Pare, Sgt K.D. Hallam, an unnamed POW rescued by the team, and WO D.L. Horsnell.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">SEMUT 2 party at Long Akah, May 1945. From left: Cpl Abu Kassan, Sgt Jeh Soen Ken, Capt Bill Sochon, Sgt T. Barrie, Major Toby Carter, Sgt C.W. Pare, Sgt K.D. Hallam, an unnamed POW rescued by the team, and WO D.L. Horsnell.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C70079<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{23} Prior to 10 June, D-Day of OBOE 6, SRD operatives in North Borneo (AGAS) and northern Sarawak (SEMUT) were relaying intelligence to Blamey's Advanced Land Headquarters at Morotai in the Halmaheras. Furthermore, SRD parties – particularly SEMUT – in their respective areas of operations were organizing, training, and arming native guerrilla bands. Four days before the launch of OBOE 6, SEMUT 2 captured the Japanese wireless station at Long Lama in the Baram; on the eve of D-Day, SEMUT 1 attacked small Japanese garrisons in the vicinity of the Brunei Bay area.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>STALLION and OBOE 6<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{24} In addition to the gathering of intelligence from AGAS and SEMUT field parties, preparations were underway for mounting reconnaissance missions aimed at extracting specific information on the topography and enemy dispositions in the immediate hinterland areas of Brunei Bay.20 An outline plan codenamed STALLION was drawn up on 29 April and involved several phases employing a variety of methods to achieve their objective. The various phases and their respective tasks are summarized as follows:21<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Phase I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Collection of required information from parties already in the field, that is, by AGAS and SEMUT.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Phase II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Extraction of natives from the Brunei Bay-Kimanis Bay area for interrogation.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Phase III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Creating deception by focussing enemy attention on the Kota Belud-Langkon area through the extraction of natives from the Usukan Bay area.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Phase IV<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Close reconnaissance of the Kimanis Bay area from Tanjong Nosong to Tanjong Papar.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Phases V-VIII<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Provision of Special Force (SF) Detachment and Special Task (ST) Detachment as follows: 1 SF Detachment and 1 ST Detachment with 9th Australian Division; 1 SF Sub-Detachment with 20th Brigade; and 1 SF Sub-Detachment with 24th Brigade. These detachments were to receive intelligence supplied from the field by wireless transmission (WT). A WT network between field parties (AGAS, SEMUT, STALLION), 9th Division Headquarters, 20th Brigade, 24th Brigade, and Advanced Land Headquarters at Morotai (also the base for Advanced SRD Headquarters).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{25} The flow of intelligence from AGAS and SEMUT parties reached Morotai via WT providing up-to-date information of enemy dispositions, identification of the Japanese Sago Butai Infantry Battalion that garrisoned Kuching, enemy defences, and troop movements. The field parties also relayed information about Japanese evacuation/escape routes from the east to the west coasts, including staging points as well as the progress of such movements. The location and movement of prisoners-of-war (POWs) in Sarawak, particularly of the Kuching and Sandakan areas, were obtained. The identification of airstrips and aircraft (hidden or camouflaged), previously unreported, and ammunition and/or food dumps were notified to Morotai. This intelligence effort fulfilled to a large extent the objectives of Phase I.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{26} Meanwhile Phase II was implemented from 30 April to 19 May to extract natives likely to have reliable knowledge of navigation in the waters of Brunei Bay as well as information about landing beaches in the bay itself.22 Phase II was subdivided into Parts 'A', 'B' and 'C'.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{27} Phase IIA was undertaken on 1 May.23 Using Catalina aircraft, runs were made over Brunei Bay and Labuan Island. Following two failed attempts, two prahu (native craft) were intercepted north of Kampong Kuala Lawas. After interviewing eight Brunei Malays, two brothers – Latif bin Jalil and Gapar bin Jalil – were extracted. Aerial reconnaissance was made of Tanjong Nosong and Pulau Tiga for topographical data. In neither location, no enemy activities were detected nor were radar units identified. The Catalina also did not face any anti-aircraft fire. Over Kimanis Bay, the party noted the absence of rolling stock on the railway. Although the two airstrips at Keningau appeared to be serviceable, there were no aircraft. The Keningau-Tambunan road seemed to be in good condition and quite likely to be metalled, but no traffic was observed.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{28} Through questioning of Latif bin Jalil (aged 25 years) and his brother, Gapar bin Jalil (aged 27 years), SRD Headquarters acquired invaluable intelligence of the Brunei Bay area. Some tactical information of Japanese forces (disposition and strength, communications and transport), geographical data (of offshore conditions of Kuala Mengalong, Kuala Lawas, rivers and coastline), the socio-economic and political situation in and around the Brunei Bay area were provided by the brothers.24 Nonetheless, neither individual was able to provide "advice regarding the most suitable spots for sorties to land". However, they highly recommended three sea captains (serang) from Kampong Mengalong named Serang Daman, Serang Usop and Serang Saleh, the last being a second cousin of the brothers.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{29} Acting on the suggestion of extracting the above-mentioned natives from Kampong Mengalong, namely Serang Usop and Serang Saleh,25 Phase IIB was launched on 19 May. Also on the agenda was the extraction of natives from the Kimanis Bay area, as well as intercepting sea-going prahu en route from Brunei to Labuan Island. Altogether, four natives were extracted: one from the Kimanis Bay area and three others from Kampong Mengalong, including the village headman who was a known Japanese sympathizer. Only one of the named individuals was extracted, the others being unavailable.26 The party succeeded in persuading two fellow villagers of Kampong Mengalong. After a failed attempt to reach Kimanis village itself, a resident of the Kimanis Bay area was chosen and brought back to Morotai. The mission failed to intercept any prahu between Brunei and Labuan. On the return journey, the Catalina managed to photograph the town of Tawau on the southeast coast of North Borneo.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{30} Four days earlier, on 15 May, Phase IIC commenced with a dusk landing in Brunei Bay of a party of five, including two Malays Latif bin Ahmad27 and Gapar bin Jalil. The party made for a point some two miles north of Kampong Mengalong. Their European colleagues returned to the Catalina that left for Morotai. Latif and Gapar obtained a prahu and headed for Labuan Island with the objective of obtaining intelligence, as well as to arrange to extract a native of the island for interrogation. At a pre-arranged location (a point north of Kampong Mengalong) at dawn on 19 May, Latif and Gapar together with a Labuan native were picked up by Catalina.28 An aerial reconnaissance revealed that there were good roads from Mempakul to Menumbok,29 neither telephone lines nor rolling stock or activity were evident in the Mempakul area, and the area between Mempakul and Tanjong Sakat was firm and level ground.30<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{31} Phase III was designed as a diversionary tactic in an attempt to deceive the enemy into focussing his attention to the area between Kota Belud and Langkong. The mission aimed at the extraction of natives from the Usukan Bay to Kranga Point area. Five natives and a child were extracted from the village of Kuala Tambal at the mouth of the Tuaran River on 27 May and interrogated two days later.31 Later, another six more were extracted and their interrogation took place on 30 May.32 Another thirteen followed, mainly from the area north of Jesselton, and were interrogated on 1 June.33 The extraction of natives and landings by Catalinas in the area had created "quite an appreciable amount of attention" to the targeted vicinity.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{32} As part of efforts to deceive the enemy, AGAS parties in the field spread rumours of an impending invasion and that natives should evacuate the coastal area. AGAS operatives also carried out sabotage of communication lines and other appropriate diversionary activity north of Jesselton. These tactics commenced five days prior to D-Day (10 June). In support of AGAS activities, leaflets from the Far Eastern Liaison Office (FELO) were rained on the Jesselton-Kota Belud-Langkong sector, adding credence to the rumours. Bombings of key targets in the area further enhanced SRD and FELO actions.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{33} Phase IV focussed on the reconnaissance of the Kimanis Bay area. Specifically this mission aimed at gathering tactical data of enemy dispositions in the Tanjong Nosong-Tanjong Papar area. Information about the volume of traffic and the importance of the Beaufort-Papar Railway sector was also required. The field party was entrusted with evaluating the effects of aerial bombardment on the railways. Train derailment and destruction of the Papar Bridge were on the agenda, as well as the severing of telephone lines (to be executed on the eve of D-Day). All enemy movements from Brunei northwards and from Jesselton southwards were to be relayed to Morotai.34 Following the successful implementation of AGAS 1 and 2, Major Chester was available to undertake this assignment, as he had intimate knowledge of the area of operation and had agents and known safe contacts. In addition to the above-mentioned objectives, the party was instructed to obtain intelligence of enemy movements along the Jesselton-Beaufort Railway, the Ranau-Tambunan-Keningau Road, and the hinterland of Kimanis Bay.35<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{34} Furthermore, during the post-OBOE 6 period, Chester and his unit were to organize a native-protected intelligence network covering the area between Ranau-Keningau Road and Jesselton-Beaufort Railway, and to harass enemy activities on these lines of communications. During this post-invasion phase also, they would be responsible for providing early warning of any major enemy movement south from Ranau or Jesselton, as well as to create a buffer zone for the protection of the Brunei perimeter.36 The revised plan that incorporated the long-term objectives of Phase IV was approved by 1st Australian Corps and implemented under the codename AGAS 3.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{35} AGAS 3 (STALLION Phase IV) was launched on 29 May. Accompanying Major Chester were Sergeant S. H. Wong Sue (Jack Sue), Corporal Heywood, and Mandor Ali (an ethnic Malay). They were transported by Catalina and inserted in the late afternoon at a point south of the Bongawan River. Two days later, the party made contact with one Ah Lee, a Chinese friend of Chester. Ah Lee was a long-serving worker with the North Borneo Railway. At the time, he was appointed by the Japanese as stationmaster of Bongawan Railway Station. Ah Lee promised to arrange a meeting between Chester and a Chinese man named Chin Sang. Chin Sang was "Captain China" (Kapitan China),37 an influential Chinese leader of the area.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>AGAS 1 party at Lokopas<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AGAS 1 party at Lokopas (in sarongs made from parachute silk). From left: Ma'aruff bin Said, Sgt Jack Wong Sue, Maj Gort Chester, Skeet Hywood, Mahammed Sariff.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{36} After much difficulty, Chester eventually had a meeting with Chin Sang on 2 June. On the issue of cooperation – as guerillas or long-term intelligence agents – both Chin Sang and Ah Lee refused outright. They were, however, willing to provide, on the spot, information of Japanese troop movements, concentrations, and other related matters. Another Chinese man "of suitable guerilla age" who was contacted also displayed little enthusiasm for cooperation.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{37} Meanwhile the party took cognizance of activities in and around the railway track, such as train schedule, cargo to and from Beaufort (stores and troops respectively), and the collection of timber by railway contractors. Owing to the presence of many Japanese in the area, an attempt to make contact with Ng Wai Wong, former Chief Clerk of Kimanis Estate, was in vain. Similarly the effort of Mandor Ali to enter the Papar area failed for the same reason. The party's base had to be moved four times for safety. Finally on 5 June, radio contact was made with base; this had not been possible earlier, due to the proximity of the enemy "within generator hearing distance".38 The party returned to base on 7 June.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{38} The plan for OBOE 6 envisaged the seizure, at the earliest practicable time, of Mempakul and Weston, to facilitate the usage of Kimanis Harbour and Beaufort respectively. This strategy was essential as a guard "against enemy movement SOUTH from JESSELTON area to BRUNEI BAY with a view of opposing [the Australian] occupation".39 For this purpose, a divisional reserve was constituted to carry out the seizure of Mempakul or Weston "taking advantage of surprise, before the enemy can organise sufficient resistance at these places ... [and if successful] a considerable advantage will be gained". Therefore it was imperative that intelligence of enemy strengths at both places be obtained.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{39} In this connection, two more phases of STALLION were launched. Phases V and VI, with codename GELDING and MARE respectively, were to fulfill the special request made by 9th Division for specific information in the Mempakul-Menumbok and Weston-Sipitang areas, namely the north side and the central part of Brunei Bay respectively.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{40} Lieutenant F. J. Leckie was party leader of GELDING. On 8 June the party landed by Catalina on an uninhabited island at the mouth of the Lakatan River. They intercepted a woman and child along the Padas Damit River. Through her assistance, her husband was contacted, who in turn brought men from the village of Melatup six miles upstream. The headman of Melatup and a fellow villager agreed to escort Dalip bin Achmed, a member of the party, to Weston. As the situation developed, Dalip did not need to enter Weston; instead, two natives were brought out on 10 June. Both were brothers and appeared to be "very reliable" and "quite eager to help". They satisfactorily answered all questions fielded to them about the Japanese, the local inhabitants and situation, landing beaches, and other relevant information. The party returned to base on 11 June.40<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{41} MARE was launched simultaneously with GELDING at the same insertion point. Two natives were extracted from Mempakul for interrogation. Another two, each from Mempakul and Menumbok, confirmed the information procured from the initial two informants. Having accomplished all objectives, the party returned on 12 June.41<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{42} STALLION Phase VII covered the activities carried out by SF Detachment and ST Detachment for the 9th Division, Sub-Detachment 'X' for the 20th Brigade, and Sub-Detachment 'Y' for the 24th Brigade. The detachment and sub-detachments accompanied the 9th Division during the OBOE 6 landings in Brunei Bay. Following the landings, Detachment Headquarters was established on Labuan Island.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{43} STALLION Phase VIII was divided into three parts codenamed FILLY, COLT and FAOL. All three missions were undertaken post-invasion by ST Detachment. Briefly, FILLY (13-14 June) was aimed at ascertaining the extent of enemy control and troop disposition in the Brunei Bay area and on Pulau Daat (Daat Island), situated midway between Labuan and Mempakul. COLT (16-18 June) involved the extraction of Kamu Mutu, a Japanese administrator at Sipitang. The objective of FOAL (23-25 June) was to contact an Indian, Kalia (Caleo) Khan of Membakut Estate, and to capture Japanese in the Membakut district for interrogation.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Evaluating SRD contributions to OBOE 6<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{44} The pre-invasion SRD long-term projects in North Borneo and Sarawak – AGAS and SEMUT – achieved considerable results within a short period. Consequently Operation OBOE 6 benefited from these achievements, particularly the intelligence gathered by field parties. In addition, the excellent rapport between field parties and native chieftains enabled the re-establishment of some semblance of pre-war administration. The direct contribution of AGAS and SEMUT to OBOE 6 was provision to the 1st Australian Corps and 9th Australian Division of fairly reliable and continuous intelligence concerning enemy movements, concentration, and disposition.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{45} In just three months, AGAS parties had accomplished several remarkable results.42 AGAS 1 provided intelligence of the Sandakan area that led to fruitful bombing raids. The party discovered that Allied POWs initially known to be at Sandakan were being moved in several groups inland to Ranau. Information on the Japanese escape route from the east to the west coast led to continuous aerial attacks. A guerilla-training camp and a hospital were established on Jambongan Island. The training camp produced a native guerrilla force of 250 individually selected men43 with small groups active in the Lingkabau-Trusan-Beluran sector. More than 2,000 native inhabitants benefited from the hospital. Practically all towns and villages throughout the northeastern area of North Borneo had active native agents, or at the least, Allied sympathizers. An invaluable radio link was created between AGAS 1 headquarters at Sungei Sungei and other centres in former Dutch Borneo and Morotai. The field party succeeded in establishing several safe Catalina landing points and DZs in the operational area.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{46} The accomplishments of AGAS 2 were equally promising. Native agents were placed throughout the entire northeastern peninsula area, Langkong, Kudat and Bandau. AGAS 2 also succeeded in contacting Chinese guerillas in Kota Belud. Furthermore, a native guerilla force between 150 and 250-strong was raised in the operational sector. A hospital was established in the Lokopas area to cater for local needs. Intelligence from AGAS 2 reported that Pulau Banggi, on the northern tip of North Borneo facing Marudu Bay, was free from enemy occupation.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{47} AGAS 3 (STALLION Phase IV), though unable to accomplish many of its objectives owing to the strong enemy concentration in the operational area of Jesselton-Keningau-Beaufort, conveyed intelligence which proved beneficial to OBOE 6 planners. Under the prevailing circumstances of Japanese strength (estimated to be nearly 6,000 troops between Jesselton and Beaufort), post-invasion plans for this sector were devised to meet this enemy concentration. Apart from the strong enemy presence, Chester and his men observed that the Chinese in the area refused all cooperation for fear of Japanese reprisals, as many Chinese guerillas had been killed during a failed revolt in October 1943.44 Intelligence gained from this mission prevented a head-on clash with the enemy.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{48} AGAS managed to supply reliable intelligence of enemy troop strengths and dispositions. The figure of 31,000 reported in May 1945 appeared to be not far off the total number of 35,000 officially recorded in October.45 Also, reports that the Japanese forces were evacuating the coast and moving inland were later proven to be true. Nonetheless, there were criticisms of the performance of AGAS operations as a whole.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{49} Alan Powell concluded that "Agas succeeded politically, had little direct military value and failed as a POW rescue operation".46 The presence of AGAS operatives behind enemy lines was a great morale booster for the return of the white men. Furthermore, the recruitment, training and arming of local guerilla units were tangible indications of the turning tide of the war and not mere propaganda dribble. But members of local guerilla units could have made greater impact in harassing a retreating enemy, except for their apathy, fear, and desire to return home. The reluctance showed by local recruits was understandable given Japanese reprisals following the failed 1943 rebellion. Despite the apparent anti-Japanese feelings among the coastal Malays and Bajaus, the Dusuns and Kadazans of the inland regions, and the urban Chinese, there was real and general fear about taking action against the enemy. It was not surprising, then, that some local guerrilla recruits deserted their units to return to their home villages, perhaps strongly motivated by their intention to defend their family against Japanese repression.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{50} Notwithstanding the incorporation of the objectives of "Operation KINGFISHER" into the list of tasks of AGAS 1, there was never any green light to execute the rescue mission of the POWs in Sandakan and/or Ranau. AGAS 1 did fulfill the task of feeding SRD headquarters with information about the POWs, including their subsequent movement inland to Ranau in a series of infamous "Death Marches".<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Impressive successes by SEMUT<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{51} Remarkable success had also been achieved by SEMUT, particularly 1 and 2.47 As of June 1945, SEMUT 1 had armed units operating in the Lawas, Trusan and Limbang Rivers and the surrounding vicinity approximating the entire portion of northeastern Sarawak. Furthermore SEMUT 1 had penetrated into North Borneo with an outpost in the Pensiangan area and a party in control of the Padas River as far north as Tenom. Also, an operational base was established at Berang on the Mentarang River in Dutch Borneo while secondary bases were on the Sembakong and Karayan rivers. Loembis and Malinau were secured and patrols reached the Kayan River area. An extensive native intelligence network throughout the operational area had supplied invaluable intelligence on enemy dispositions and movements in Tutong, Brunei, the Brunei Bay area, the sector from Brunei to Weston, and the Pensiangan-Keningau area. SEMUT 1 had knowledge of Japanese escape routes from the Tarakan and Malinau areas on the eastern coast towards North Borneo, and from Brunei Bay up the Limbang and Trusan Rivers. The party also relayed information about POWs and civilian internees in the operational area. Medical service and supplies have been given to the natives. The completion of an airstrip at Belawit facilitated the landings by Auster aircraft.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{52} Practically all the native settlements in the Trusan valley and its hinterland were under the control of SEMUT 1. Some semblance of pre-war administration had been re-established. Moreover, inhabitants in this operational area had been organized and trained for defense and for possible expansion of control in the near future when the situation permitted. About 600 native militiamen were trained; a large number of them supplied with arms and ammunition, and employed in offensives against the enemy.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{53} SEMUT 1 parties in the field had been encouraging the native population to deny food and labour to the enemy. Several Japanese patrols sent to investigate and re-establish the supply line to the interior were ambushed and decimated. Employment of this tactic resulted in the stoppage of enemy movement northwards via Malinau and hindered the completion of road construction from Weston to Brunei via Lawas, thereby effectively preventing the southern movement of troops into the Brunei area.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{54} From its headquarters at Long Akah, SEMUT 2 fielded parties on the Baram and Tutoh Rivers, established a sub-headquarters at Long Lama on the Baram River and a detachment in the Tutoh basin. A strong patrol made its presence in the vicinity of Marudi. Another sub-headquarters was located at Long Lebang on the Tinjar River; and attempts were made to effect control of the entire Tinjar valley and towards the coast south of Miri. Native agents under the auspices of SEMUT 2 moved in and out of enemy-occupied territory from Brunei southwards to Bintulu. By June the operational area of SEMUT 2 had extended westwards, from the Baram River to a line from Bintulu to the Upper Rejang.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{55} A native intelligence network established by SEMUT 2 provided information of Japanese dispositions and troop movements in the Labuan, Miri, Lutong, Kuala Belait, and Upper Rejang areas. Moreover, enemy outposts and hideouts along the Baram and Tutoh Rivers were known, as well as Japanese cross-country escape/evacuation routes southwards from Bintulu to Long Nawan. Like the operational area in SEMUT 1, briefings and direction given to native chieftains by SEMUT 2 created an approximation of the pre-war administration in the Baram valley and neighbouring surroundings. Small units of the 350-strong native guerilla force, organized, armed and led by SEMUT 2, had engaged in skirmishes with the enemy.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{56} By June, SEMUT 3 had reached Belaga in the Upper Rejang and was working westwards towards Kapit, with the intention of identifying suitable points for Catalina landings. The party was in the process of making contacts with the native population in order to establish an intelligence network.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{57} SEMUT's military successes were proudly highlighted by one of its major players, Tom Harrisson. In his account published in 1959, he quoted claims in a booklet produced by "Z" Special (SRD) for the ceremonial unveiling of a war memorial on Garden Island, Western Australia, that: "The Unit had inflicted some 1700 casualties on the Japs at the cost of some 112 white lives".48 This same source credited Semut 1 with "over 1,000 Japanese killed", out of the "Z" total of 1700, and noted that of the 112 white deaths, none were lost in Semut I (or II, or III) operations.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{58} On intelligence gathering by SEMUT, Harrisson's biographer offers the following insight to his effective strategy:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Another result of Tom's policy of scattering his operatives thinly over a wide terrain was that it gave Tom, to whom the SEMUT 1 men reported by radio and runner, an extraordinarily complete up-to-date picture of the military and economic situation and the climate of local opinion throughout northern Borneo, from Brunei Bay to Tarakan Island. Drawing on this data, Tom sent frequent wireless messages to "Z" Special headquarters, giving detailed intelligence on enemy troops all along the coast of northern Borneo and recommending specific targets for pinpoint bombing.49<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{59} The sheer size of the area covered by SEMUT – northern and central Sarawak, southwestern British North Borneo, and northeastern Dutch Borneo – was an impressive accomplishment in itself. Harrison attributed the success of this vast coverage to "the remarkable response of the native peoples of Sarawak and all within Borneo".50 A fitting tribute to SEMUT is that by Powell, who commented:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Semut did give help to the AIF in providing Intelligence and diverting attention from their Borneo landings, but far and away their clearest value lie in the great boost they gave local moral, self-confidence and the re-establishment of peaceful administration after war's end.51<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>STALLION and specific intelligence<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{60} Equally, if not more, useful was the specific intelligence supplied by the STALLION Project. Commented the report on SRD activities supporting OBOE 6, "A great deal of valuable intelligence was made available to the invading forces through operatives of SRD working often under difficult and very dangerous conditions in operation, STALLION". Practically almost all the objectives – the request for detailed intelligence – were supplied by the various phases of the STALLION operation.52<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{61} Requests for intelligence from AGAS and SEMUT under STALLION Phase I had been adequately fulfilled. Phase II (A, B, C) supplied the information regarding the navigation of Brunei Bay waters and landing beaches in the bay area itself. Intimate knowledge of conditions, particularly of infrastructure on Labuan Island, was provided by Phase IIB. In order to offset enemy suspicion, diversionary tactics were carried out in Usukan Bay area under Phase III. Detailed intelligence relating to enemy strength, dispositions, activity and movement, defences, gun positions, obstacles, and bivouac areas in the Mempakul-Menumbok and Weston-Sipitang-Beaufort sectors was obtained from Phase VI (MARE), as well as Phases IIB and V (GELDING) respectively. Likewise Phase IV (AGAS 3) informed OBOE 6 planners of enemy strength and activities in and around Jesselton, the track in the Ranau-Tambunan-Keningau-Tenom area, and provided intelligence on the Jesselton-Beaufort railway.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Reliability of information<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{62} Reflecting upon the foregoing review of SRD operations relating to OBOE 6, attention is drawn to the issue of the reliability of information from native sources. Owing to the conspicuous nature of European presence in enemy-held territory, it was imperative that a great deal of reliance for the task of gathering intelligence was on local, indigenous or Chinese, agents and/or contacts. Apparently, the reliability of intelligence from local sources was suspect, if not erroneous. Incidences were reported where the progress of the AIF advance was hindered by "battalions being filled with false bogeys due to exaggerated and incorrect estimates" of enemy strength and dispositions.53<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{63} It can not be denied that the intelligence gathered by SRD field parties – AGAS and SEMUT, as well as STALLION – were procured from mostly native and, to a lesser extent, Chinese, sources. Under the circumstances, field parties were instructed to lean "towards the capture of Japanese bodies … and also to recces [reconnaissance] by the parties themselves".54 However, SRD defended itself and explained that the "blame" for inaccurate intelligence came from other sources:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It was pointed out to him [Major General Wootten] that a great deal of misleading infm [information] had come from Chinese and natives rounded up in the advance, and that the staff had not sifted out the good from the bad in assessing and compiling the infm. The interrogators have been passing on the infm as given, without sufficient emphasis on the reliability of the subject. Some of these estimates have been truly absurd.55<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{64} On the other hand, information from local sources was often valuable, as demonstrated by the MARE and GELDING operations where the intelligence supplied proved to be correct.56 Nonetheless, the following case of intelligence from STALLION Phase IV (AGAS 3) illustrates Wootten's dissatisfaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It has been found from captured [Japanese] documents that an Independent Mixed Bde did, in fact, reinforce the Beaufort area, and their full strength would have been approx 5,500, BUT, according to the same documents, 60% of these failed to arrive through sickness, death or straggling, and of these 60% another 40% were not in a position to fight due to sickness or loss of weapons. Therefore the estimate, good as it was, is much too over-estimated to satisfy Divisional requirements.57<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{65} Another complication in the supply of accurate and reliable information was the prevalence of rumours.58 Local informants may not always have been privy to the required information and consequently passed on rumours to SRD operatives, not because they deliberately intended to mislead but owing to their inability to differentiate between fact and opinion, truth and mere "talk". The solution appeared to be to require more than one source of intelligence for corroboration and/or confirmation of claims.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{66} Also, in this connection, as well as taking cue from the experiences of field parties, the following rule of practice needed to be followed:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">… owing to the intensive Japanese counter-espionage activities through the medium of native informers, it is not practicable to insert a European party into any particular locality from which intelligence is of military importance without at least one of the party ha[v]ing local knowledge or native contacts. On the other hand, it is also impracticable to secure effective intelligence results working through native agents alone, without white supervision. … [in order] to create an effective intelligence organisation in a Malay-speaking area, it is necessary to use white organisers who should be able to speak Malay, have a knowledge of the country in which they are to work, and as far as possible be acquainted with individual natives with whom initial contacts could be made. The party must, as soon as possible after insertion, instal[l] itself in a safe HQ [headquarters] with WT [wireless transmission] communication and from that HQ extend its activities in the form of a wide network into the area from which intelligence is required.59<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{67} Furthermore, travel restrictions imposed by the Japanese notwithstanding, apparently the dissemination of information within the native community continued unaffected. Capitalizing from this advantage, field parties could procure intelligence particularly from natives of the higher class (chieftains, headmen) "at a considerable distance from the actual target area".60<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{68} In summarizing SRD operations in conjunction with requirements of OBOE 6, Major K. F. Mollard, the officer commanding SF Detachment, noted that:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">So far Div [9th Division] have been most satisfied with results. "MARE" and "GELDING" information was most welcome, the "AGAS III" report not so welcome but nice to know and "SEMUT I and II" are in a position to give us a great deal of information in the near future.61<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>KINGFISHER: SRD bungle or American reluctance?<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{69} Between 1942 and 1943 some 2750 Allied prisoners of war, mainly Australians and British, were shipped from Singapore to Sandakan.62 They were utilized by the Japanese as slave labour in the construction of a military airfield. Captain Susumi Hoshijima, the Sandakan camp commandant, was a harsh taskmaster. The combination of overwork, poor nutrition and even starvation, coupled with harsh treatment, daily beatings, torture, and an assortment of tropical diseases (beri-beri, malaria, dysentery, tuberculosis), led to the death of many of the POWs. Following the discovery of a clandestine camp radio in mid-1943, the responsible parties were duly executed. As a security measure, the Japanese dispatched most of the Australian and British officers to the main POW and internment camp at Batu Lintang, Kuching. Only eight officers remained behind at Sandakan with the mostly enlisted men.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{70} Between December 1943 and May 1945, the death toll at Sandakan was 1100. In order to avoid the recurring Allied bombings of coastal areas from the early part of 1945, the Japanese moved the remainder POWs in three forced marches inland, the first in January, the second in May followed by another in June. Out of the more than 1000 who made the "Death March", only 450 reached the interior destination of Ranau. Death from exhaustion, starvation, and disease claimed the lives of the bulk of the marchers; those who were too weak to continue were shot, others bayoneted to death. Two Australians managed to escape during the second march. Another four Australians miraculously succeeded in escaping from the Ranau camp. None survived Ranau; likewise there were no survivors from the 300 remaining at Sandakan after the second march inland.63<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pictured in October 1945, the burnt-out remains of a compound at Sandakan where the bodies of 300 murdered prisoners of war were discovered.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pictured in October 1945, the burnt-out remains of a compound at Sandakan where the bodies of 300 murdered prisoners of war were discovered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C201389<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{71} According to an AGAS preliminary operational report covering the period 24 February to 31 May 1945, three objectives were outlined:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">To establish a base on the east coast of B.N.B. [British North Borneo] with W/T [wireless transmission] communication to AUSTRALIA.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">To set up a native intelligence network in B.N.B., particular importance being attached to detailed information on the PW [prisoners of war] camp at SANDAKAN (originally project KINGFISHER) [emphasis added] and the high priority target indicated by GHQ [General Headquarters], KUDAT.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Through the medium of known agents, to establish friendly relations with the natives and ultimately to organise such armed resistance as might be authorised by GHQ.64<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{72} It seems then that a prime focus of AGAS operatives was to gather intelligence relating to the Sandakan POWs. Apparently this objective proved to be quite successful because "an extensive system of contacts has been extended, and agents have been placed in and around SANDAKAN, BELURAN, LINKABAU, KUDAT and LANGKON".65 Acting upon the information received from AGAS, the results were as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The destruction by air of approx. 600 Japs in SANDAKAN, plus 9 motor launches. ...<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Much reliable information has been passed on as to Japanese movements from SANDAKAN to RANAU, the extent of troop movements and concentrations in KHOTA [KOTA] BELUD, LANGKON and KUDAT, and the move of the PW Camp, previously in SANDAKAN, in groups to RANAU. ...<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{73} It is amply clear that AGAS operatives in the field possessed detailed as well as accurate information as to the situation of the POWs of Sandakan, including their movements "in groups to RANAU", namely the "Death March". Furthermore, Major Chester, the leader of AGAS, claimed inter alia that "There has been no break or trouble in communication from the date of the first contact [February 1945] up to the present moment [May 1945]".66<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{74} If the AGAS report is to be believed, and there is no apparent reason to doubt its veracity, why then was no attempt been made to effect the planned rescue of the Sandakan POWs – that is, implement Operation KINGFISHER? KINGFISHER, conceived sometime in mid-1944, proposed a rescue plan of POWs in Sandakan by a paratroop unit.67 The probable reason for aborting KINGFISHER has been hotly debated, with arguments ranging from a conspiratorial cover-up that implicated Australia's military elite to MacArthur's non-cooperation in providing vital support for the operation.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{75} Blamey's speech at the Second Annual Conference of the Australian Armoured Corps Association in Melbourne on 19 November 1947 apparently "let the cat out of the bag". Lieutenant Colonel (later Sir) John Overall's 800-strong paratroop battalion which had been training at the Atherton Tableland for a covert operation that never came through knew nothing of the details of their mission until Blamey's address.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">We had complete plans for them [paratroopers]. Our spies [AGAS and its local agents] were in Japanese-held territory. We had established the necessary contacts with prisoners at Sandakan, and our parachute troops were going to relieve them. ... But at the moment we wanted to act, we couldn't get the necessary aircraft to take them in [emphasis added]. The operation would certainly have saved that death march of Sandakan.68<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{76} Lynette Ramsay Silver argued that Blamey blamed MacArthur as an excuse to cover-up an SRD bungle in the gathering of accurate intelligence.69 The Blamey-MacArthur relationship had never been cosy, each accusing the other of attempting to undermine his authority. Blamey, she claimed, told Air Vice-Marshal George Jones, the Chief of the Air Staff, that "while he [Blamey] had not submitted his rescue plan to the Australian government or other authorities, he had raised it with MacArthur, 'who did not favour it'".70<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{77} Silver denounced Blamey's claim about "getting the necessary aircraft" as utter nonsense which was not supported by evidence. First, she said, it was absurd to blame MacArthur and the American reluctance to supply the necessary air transport. No such request was made to MacArthur, who evidently then had at his disposal 600 C-47s. If the Americans were reluctant as was claimed, the RAAF had in its own pool of 71 C-47s. According to KINGFISHER, only 34 aircraft were required. Secondly, and more conclusively, there was no need of American planes or that of the RAAF, as SRD itself had its own exclusive Air Section, codenamed 200 Flight, which had been established in February 1945. As of March, there were in operation six Liberators (B-24s) utilized in dropping personnel and "storpedoes"71 in Borneo and Timor.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">An Australian inspection party ashore on Berhala Island, in Sandakan Harbour, 23 October 1945. At centre is Captain R. K. McLaren of SRD and <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">An Australian inspection party ashore on Berhala Island, in Sandakan Harbour, 23 October 1945. At centre is Captain R. K. McLaren of SRD and "Z" Special Force, who had been speaking with a local Chinese (left) about a dummy Japanese anti-aircraft gun.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C200264 <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{78} According to Silver, Blamey used MacArthur as the scapegoat for SRD's failings. SRD apparently seriously blundered in Timor. Not realizing that its operatives were being compromised, SRD continued over a two-year period to provide "regular supplies of stores, ammunition, weapons, gold and money" to the Japanese.72 Unknowingly, 32 operatives dropped into Timor were lost to the enemy as a consequence of the breach of security. This bungle was kept under wraps. Silver considered that a similar bungle occurred in Borneo.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Mid-1945 had been a nightmare period for those controlling SRD. At about the same time they had learned there was a problem in Timor, the Borneo mission had been in ruins. Faced with a calamity of huge proportions, the repercussions for which would be immense, they had begun to lay the groundwork for a massive cover-up.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{79} Nonetheless two individuals believed Blamey's explanation of KINGFISHER being stood down due to MacArthur's failure to provide the necessary air transport, namely Overall, the commanding officer of the paratroop battalion, and Athol Moffitt, the Allied prosecutor at the Labuan war crimes trials, whose book about Project KINGFISHER was published in 1989. Overall was convinced that the rescue plan was aborted because MacArthur had refused to supply the planes for his paratroopers. In later years, during an interview with Moffitt, Overall in retrospect re-confirmed his stance:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Yes, there had been a plan to rescue the Sandakan prisoners. We were asked by Army HQ [Aust.] to undertake the rescue in the belief there were only third class Japanese troops there. ... General Morshead pressed the plan, and I understood General Blamey wanted it, but the US would not release the planes to make the drop. Certainly our HQ wanted it.73<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">But at the back of his mind was another belief, which he confessed ten years: "I am told, and I believe it to be so, that there was a series of cover-ups".74<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{80} For his part, Moffitt did not suspect the possibility of a cover-up, and wholly accepted Blamey's explanation of putting the blame on the Americans, namely MacArthur:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The truth is that the Australian Paratroop Battalion was, as Blamey said, trained for the rescue operation. The truth is that the plan could not proceed because Australia did not have the transport and drop planes for its paratroops and MacArthur's HQ declined to provide them.75 [emphases added]<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{81} However, Major Chester, the leader of AGAS party, was well aware of SRD's shortcomings. He confided with Sergeant Wong Sue, telling him "You know what they're going to do? Blamey's going to shift the blame for all their bungling onto MacArthur".76 Chester, however, was unable to challenge Blamey in 1947; he died of blackwater fever at Jesselton (Kota Kinabalu) in August 1946. Nor was there much the Chinese Wong Sue could do at the time to dispute Blamey's claim.77<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{82} Denis Emerson-Elliott, a member of SOE-Far East who was privy to various SRD operations (JAYWICK, RIMAU, PYTHON and KINGFISHER), confessed five decades after the end of the war:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It was a mess from beginning to end. The intelligence was a disaster. The bungling on the planning side was dreadful, so Blamey decided to blame MacArthur. A dreadful show all round. But by the time the truth was realised it was too late to do anything – except blame MacArthur.78<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{83} But two writers – Alan Powell and Don Wall – maintain that KINGFISHER was of low priority and therefore subsequently aborted. Powell stated that despite the continuous flow of intelligence from AGAS operatives to SRD headquarters <i>"yet neither Agas 1 nor Agas 3 parties made any attempt to carry out the detailed investigation of Sandakan prescribed for KINGFISHER"</i>.79 The non-action, according to Powell, <i>"was the reduction of the KINGFISHER project to third place in the Agas 1 priority list behind the founding of an Intelligence network and a guerilla force in North Borneo</i>".<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{84} The "low priority" thesis is supported by the principle expressed by C. H. Finlay, commanding officer of "Z" Special Unit and sometime acting deputy director of SRD:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Wars are essentially cruel and brutal and in the execution of the principal object no activity which does not contribute to the achievement of that objective (in this case the earliest possible defeat of Japan in its homeland) can be entertained.80<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{85} Furthermore, Powell asserts that there were those who feared that if a rescue attempt was not completely successful, the Japanese might annihilate the remainder. <i>"By the last days of the war,"</i> he claims, <i>"the Japanese would stop at nothing to conceal the evidence against them ..."</i>81 This fear was unfounded, however, as despite the Australian landings (OBOE 6) at Brunei Bay on 10 June 1945, no grand slaughter of POWs or civilian internees were evident.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{86} Wall concurs with Powell that KINGFISHER was low on the SRD agenda and that priorities lay elsewhere.82 He wholly rejected the notion that there was a cover-up in order to disguise the shortcomings of SRD in the gathering of accurate information. Like Powell, Wall also expressed the probable backlash of the Japanese if there was an attempt to rescue of the POWs.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{87} Although Silver argued rather convincingly that there was a cover-up of SRD failings (translated into Blamey's blunder) and putting the blame on the Americans, it is difficult to dismiss the evidence from the AGAS operational report of February-May 1945. From my own research I tend to agree with Powell that the rescue of POWs was low in the priority of the AIF. Preparations were in earnest for the launching of the OBOE operations, and it would have been a diversion of effort to mount a rescue attempt in the midst of the overall invasion plan. Furthermore, as pointed out, there was a genuine fear that an attempted rescue operation might effectively sign the death warrant for all POWs and civilian internees. History, however, did not witness a Japanese massacre of POWs but during the momentous months prior to the landings, a Japanese vindictive backlash was a real possibility. <i>"The bitter irony of this concern," </i>Powell pointed out, <i>"is that when some might have been saved, all were left to die.</i>"83<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Conclusion</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{88} The OBOE 6 operation has been described as well planned and efficiently executed. There was no doubt that the role of the SRD, particularly in supplying intelligence, could not be underestimated. Notwithstanding the problems of obtaining reliable intelligence, SRD field operatives provided the required information that, in no small measure, contributed to the unqualified success of the invasion. Moreover, the various SRD-led native guerrilla units posed an <i>"irritant"</i> to the enemy, aptly living up to being <i>"sandflies"</i> (AGAS) and <i>"ants" </i>(SEMUT).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{89} Notwithstanding the successful landings at Brunei Bay and Labuan, there was still a long way to go for the AIF following D-Day. It was another month or so before the military phase was concluded. SRD operatives continued with their task of gathering information of the enemy, and creating trained and armed native guerrilla units. The continuous supply of intelligence on enemy dispositions, activities and movements enabled the regular forces to focus on specific offensive actions in eliminating the enemy. SRD-led native guerilla bands complemented the AIF in mopping-up operations, thereby hastening the re-occupation process.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{90} And as for the sad ending of the Sandakan POWs, their rescue took a backseat to <i>"the execution of the principal object"</i>, namely, the re-occupation of Borneo and the defeat of Japan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{91} Thanks to the successes achieved by SRD long-term field parties – AGAS and SEMUT – in establishing a semblance of pre-war administration in relatively vast areas under their de facto authority, the task of establishing civil control, once hostilities ended, was made much easier. But of more importance, this SRD sanctioned native administrative structure minimized the high risks of civil disorder or even all-out open clashes between rival groups during the interregnum, from the cessation of hostilities to the establishment of stable government.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{92} In relation to the establishment of stable administration, the British Borneo Civil Affairs Unit (BBCAU) was constituted under the command of 1st Australian Corps. The chief responsibility of BBCAU was to exercise administrative control of re-occupied areas as the regular forces advanced. Discussions between Lieutenant Colonel Chapman-Walker (SRD) and Brigadier C. F. C. Macaskie (BBCAU) produced guidelines for implementation as occasion dictated.84 These required SRD personnel to act as advance representatives of BBCAU. For its part, BBCAU would furnish SRD with "all policy directives intended for CA [Civil Affairs] officers, and keep SRD informed on all matters of general policy in connection with the administration of territory". SRD-BBCAU cooperation was effected in this manner. BBCAU was also to provide SRD with officers85 to assist their field parties in territories not yet re-occupied. Subsequently, as areas controlled by SRD were re-occupied, they were to hand over to BBCAU personnel operating in those areas, and release all personnel with pre-war experience of British Borneo then serving with SRD once the re-occupation of British Borneo was complete. The working arrangement between SRD and BBCAU, although not devoid of friction and hitches, produced overall satisfactory results as the re-occupation progressed.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">{93} After having laid the groundwork in the months leading to the OBOE 6 operation, SRD operatives in the field had to shoulder a heavier burden of responsibility during the post-invasion period. SRD personnel in their respective spheres of influence and control faced not only the military task in handling a retreating enemy, but also an even more formidable undertaking in attending to civilian problems of food and medical supplies, and an increasing possibility of inter-ethnic troubles.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">© Dr Ooi Keat Gin<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The author<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr Ooi Keat Gin is associate professor in South-East Asian socioeconomic history and historiography at the School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, in Penang, Malaysia. He has published several books, including World beyond the rivers (1996), Of free trade and native interests (1997), Japanese empire in the tropics (1998), Rising sun over Borneo (1999) and From colonial outpost to cosmopolitan centre (2002). Dr Ooi is currently working on the Japanese occupation of Kalimantan (Indonesia), and holds a fellowship with the International Institute for Asian Studies at Leiden, Netherlands. The research and initial writing of this article on the SRD in Borneo was carried out as inaugural fellow at the Australian War Memorial in 1999. A version was presented as a working paper at the 16th Conference of the International Association of Historians of Asia at Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, in July 2000.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Endnotes<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <ol> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">About March 1942 the Anglo-American military chiefs, referred to as the Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS), decided that the Americans should be given the major role in wresting the Pacific from Japan. Accordingly, two theatres of spheres of operations were designated. The Pacific Ocean Areas (POA), encompassing the central and southern Pacific, came under the command of Admiral Chester Nimitz in Hawaii. The other theatre, designated the South-West Pacific Area (SWPA), covered Australia, New Guinea, the Netherlands East Indies (excluding Sumatra), the Bismarck Archipelago, and Solomon Islands, and came under the Australia-based command of MacArthur.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Michael Schaller, Douglas MacArthur: the Far Eastern general (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp.89-90.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The first phase of MONTCLAIR, completed in mid-April 1945, witnessed the successful landings at Panay, Cebu and Negros in the southern parts of the Philippines.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">The proposed OBOE operations were: 1 – Tarakan; 2 – Balikpapan; 3 – Banjermasin; 4 – Surabaya/Batavia; 5 – the eastern Netherlands East Indies (the Spice Islands); and 6 – British North Borneo.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">For a detailed account of OBOE 1, see Peter Stanley, Tarakan: an Australian tragedy (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1997). For OBOE 6, see A.V.M. Horton, "Operation 'OBOE Six' (June to August 1945)", Sarawak Gazette, July 1985, pp.40-50. Apart from the treatment in Gavin Long, The final campaigns (Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1963), the Australian operations at Balikpapan (OBOE 2) have yet to receive separate scholarly attention.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">For air aspects of the campaign, see Gary Waters, Oboe: air operations over Borneo, 1945 (Canberra: Air Power Studies Centre, c.1995).</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Second Lieutenant P. M. Synge, Intelligence Corps Depot, Oxford, to Commandant, Intelligence Corps, 22 December 1941, "Subject: [A] Scheme for Guerilla Activity – Sarawak", HS1/247, Public Record Office (PRO), England.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"Record of Meeting held at 2, Fitzmaurice Place, [London], between 2/Lt. Synge, O, L/IO & L/Pet, 13 January 1942", HS1/247, PRO; and Second Lieutenant P. M. Synge, Intelligence Corps Depot, Oxford, to Major Stoford-Adams, War Office, London, 15 January 1942, "Subject: [A] Scheme for Guerilla Activity – Sarawak, Memorandum No.2", HS1/247, PRO.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">See cipher telegram from Batavia, 15 February 1942, HS1/247, PRO.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Although Synge made the original proposal, it was felt that he, "although a good type, was not the right type actually to lead any expedition to BORNEO" (emphasis added); instead other members of the Oxford Expedition of 1932 – Harrisson, Shackleton, Hartley – were considered more appropriate candidates. See 'Record of Meeting held at 2, Fitzmaurice Place, 13 January 1942'.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">L. J. Carver to Colonel D. R. Guiness, Secret Operations Executive, 9 July 1942, enclosing "Notes from T. Harrisson", HS1/185, PRO.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Plan for Sarawak submitted by Capt. D. L. Leach, 7 July 1942, HS1/185, PRO.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">The pre-war administrative delineation of Sarawak into five "Divisions" was based on the major river basins: First – Lundu, Sarawak, Sadong, Samarahan; Second – Lupar, Saribas, Skrang, Krian; Third – Rejang, Baleh; Fourth – Tinjar, Baram; Fifth – Limbang, Trusan.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">AD/U.1 to AD/U., 15 July 1942, "Harrisson's Project for Sarawak", HS1/185, PRO.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">For instance, see L/IW to D/U, 2 September 1942, enclosing "Borneo Oil Fields Project, 25 July 1942", and D/U.5 to AD/L, 3 September 1942, HS1/185, PRO. An undated handwritten note on the file ("Comments by B/B") argued that the proposals were "a good thing, if only from a prestige point of view", but remarked that such expeditions needed to be organized in Australia with American assistance.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">For instance, see cipher telegram from Melbourne, 23 November 1943, HS1/185, PRO.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">The background of SRD was in the tangled and complex web of intelligence organizations under the umbrella of the AIB. The beginnings of SRD can be traced to the Inter-Allied Services Department (ISD), established in April 1942, under the command of Colonel G. E. Mott, British Special Operations Executive (SOE). ISD was actually a covername for SOA. In February 1943, ISD changed to SOA and became Section 'A' of AIB. AIF personnel in SOA constituted 'Z' Special Unit. Following a re-organization in AIB, SOA assumed its new cover-name – SRD – and, together with 'Z' Special Unit, moved out of the newly restructured AIB.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">AGAS is Malay for "sandfly", while SEMUT means "ant".</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Three more AGAS operations were undertaken during the post-invasion phase, namely AGAS 3 (21 June, Jambongan Island), AGAS 4 (11 July, Semporna at the south side of Darvel Bay), AGAS 5 (27 July, Talasai at the northern part of Darvel Bay). By September 1945, all AGAS operatives were recalled.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">See Major General G. F. Wootten, General Officer Commanding 9th Australian Division, to 1st Australian Corps, 25 April 1945, "Subject: SRD Requirements – OBOE Six", AWM 54/627/4/13.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">See Colonel Chapman-Walker, Director SRD, to AIB for 1st Australian Corps, 29 April 1945, "Operation: STALLION (SRD Commitments OBOE VI) Outline Plan", AWM 54/627/4/13.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">The categories of natives to be extracted were accorded the following priority: 1 - "members of Brunei tribe", meaning Brunei Malays; 2 - Chinese; 3 - prahu (native craft) skippers and crew; 4 - others.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">For details of STALLION Phase IIA, see "Party Leader's Report: Operation STALLION Phase II [A]", A. G. Hands, Squadron Leader, 1 May 1945, AWM 54/619/7/60 Pt.2.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">For details of information provided by the two brothers, see "Operation – STALLION: Interrogation Report", 3 May 1945, AWM 54/619/7/60 Pt.1.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Ibid. Although reputed to be a reliable source, Serang Daman was deemed too old for his extraction to be practical. Both Serang Usop and Serang Saleh were both "quoted as very reliable".</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">No names were given in the interrogation report, so it is uncertain whether Serang Usop and Serang Saleh were transported to Morotai. Two of the natives from Kampong Mengalong were brothers, and both were sailors. Another was stated as aged 30 years, married with one child, and a resident of the same village. The native from the Kimanis Bay area lived upriver and had been engaged in a "telephone upkeep gang" on the railway along the western coast of North Borneo. See Services Reconnaissance Department, Operation – STALLION, Report No.2, 9 May 1945, AWM 54/619/7/60 Pt.2.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">The name "Latif bin Ahmad" was stated in the report, but it is highly probable that this individual was the same twenty-five year old Latif, the younger brother of Gapar. See "Report on SRD Activities Supporting the A.I.F. Landing at Brunei Bay – British North Borneo", National Archives of Australia (NAA) A3269/12 – A21/B, p.11.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">For details of information gained from the interrogation of the native from Labuan, see Services Reconnaissance Department, Operation – STALLION, Intelligence Report No.3, 24 May 1945, AWM 54/619/7/60 Pt.2.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Menumbok is preferred to other variations like Memumbok, Menumbuk or Memubok.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"Report on SRD Activities Supporting the A.I.F. Landing at Brunei Bay – British North Borneo", p.12.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Services Reconnaissance Department, Operation – STALLION, Intelligence Report No.4, 29 May 1945, and Intelligence Report No.5, 1 June 1945, AWM 54/619/7/60 Pt. 2.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Report on Interrogation of Natives Extracted from Usukan Bay Area, 30 May 1945, AWM 54/619/7/60 Pt.2.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">See Services Reconnaissance Department, Operation – STALLION, Intelligence Report No.6, 5 June 1945, AWM 54/619/7/60 Pt.2, and Director SRD [Colonel Chapman-Walker] to Controller AIB [Brigadier K. A. Wills], 3 June 1945, AWM 54/619/7/60 Pt.1.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Colonel Chapman-Walker, Director SRD, to AIB for 1st Australian Corps, 29 April 1945, "Operation STALLION (SRD Commitments OBOE VI) Outline Plan", AWM 54/627/4/13, p.3.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Colonel Chapman-Walker, Director SRD, to AIB for 1st Australian Corps, 23 May 1945, "Operation STALLION (OBOE VI)", AWM 54/627/4/13.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Ibid.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Kapitan China was the title given to the local Chinese communal leader by the pre-war British North Borneo administration.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">For details of this mission, see "STALLION Phase IV: Operational Report – AGAS III", 10 June 1945, included as Appendix G in "Report on SRD Activities Supporting the A.I.F. Landing at Brunei Bay – British North Borneo", prepared by G Branch, SRD Headquarters, Melbourne, 1 October 1945, NAA A3269/12 – A21/B.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Major General G. F. Wootten, [General Officer] Commanding 9th Australian Division, to Advanced [Headquarters] 1st Australian Corps, 22 May 1945, AWM 54/627/4/13.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">For details of this mission, see "Report on 'GELDING' Project – 8 to 10 June 1945. By Lieut. T. J. Leckie", undated, included as Appendix H in "Report on SRD Activities Supporting the A.I.F. Landing at Brunei Bay – British North Borneo", prepared by G Branch, SRD Headquarters, Melbourne, 1 October 1945, NAA A3269/12 – A21/B.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">For details of this mission, see "Operational Report – 'MARE' Project", Captain M. L. Drew, Party Leader, undated, Appendix I in "Report on SRD Activities Supporting the A.I.F. Landing at Brunei Bay – British North Borneo", prepared by G Branch, SRD Headquarters, Melbourne, 1 October 1945, NAA A3269/12 – A21/B.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">For details of AGAS operations executed prior to OBOE 6, see Memorandum on S.R.D. Operations in British Borneo, February – June, 1945, Appendix A: Preliminary Operational Report of Party AGAS covering period from 24 Feb to 31 May [19]45, 29 May 1945, NAA A3269/12 – A28/B.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">The natives selected for training, given arms, and organized to form guerilla units were either those formerly in the service of the pre-war administration or those who held positions of responsibility in their communities and/or districts.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Lieutenant Albert I. N. Kwok led an anti-Japanese revolt in October 1943 and occupied Jesselton. The Japanese reprisals were swift and ruthless, and many settlements along the western coast of North Borneo suffered. No scholarly study of this uprising has been undertaken. A narrative account of this episode by a North Borneo administrator is Maxwell Hall, Kinabalu Guerrillas: an account of the Double-Tenth 1943 ([Kuching]: Borneo Literature Bureau, n.d.).</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Gavin Long, The final campaigns, pp.456, 555.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Alan Powell, War by stealth: Australians and the Allied Intelligence Bureau 1942-1945 (Carlton: Melbourne University Press, 1996), p.279.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">For details of SEMUT operations prior to OBOE 6, see Memorandum on S.R.D. Operations in British Borneo, February – June, 1945, Appendix B: Operational Report SEMUT I to 10 Jun [19]45, undated, NAA A3269/12 – A28/B. Several SEMUT members had also recorded their actions. For SEMUT 1, see the handwritten notes by Sergeant C. F. Sanderson (AWM PR 83/242). Major Tom Harrisson has published his account, World within: a Borneo story (London: Cresset Press, 1959). Sergeant Bob C. Long, on the other hand, has compiled the experiences of several SEMUT 1 members and produced a single-volume work, Operation Semut 1: "Z" Special Unit's secret war; soldiering with the head-hunters of Borneo (Maryborough, Victoria: Australian Print Group, 1989). For the exploits and achievements of SEMUT 2, see the handwritten account by Sergeant K. W. Hallam (AWM PR 84/247).</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Harrisson, World within, p.342.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Judith M. Heimann, The most offending soul alive. Tom Harrisson and his remarkable life (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997, 1998), p.193.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Harrisson, World within, p.342.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Powell, War by stealth, p.301.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">For the detailed list of specific tasks requested of STALLION by the 9th Division, see Wootten to 1st Corps, 25 April 1945, "Subject: SRD Requirements – OBOE Six".</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">"Ref. Accuracy of infm from field sources particularly native reports", Major K. F. Mollard, SRD, SF Detachment in the Field, Group A, Morotai, 15 June [19]45, NAA A3269/12-A27/A.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">SOA Operational Summary, June 1945, PRO, HS1/245.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">"Ref. Accuracy of infm from field sources particularly native reports".</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">See SOA Operational Summary, June 1945.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">"Ref. Accuracy of infm from field sources particularly native reports".</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">It was admitted that "Rumours are so prevalent in the East and particularly in Malay-speaking countries, that they are seldom acted upon." Memorandum on SRD Operation[s] in British Borneo, [July 1945], PRO, HS1/246.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Ibid.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Ibid.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">"Summary of SRD Operations in support of OBOE VI, 9 Aust Div, Brunei", prepared by G Branch, SRD Headquarters, Melbourne, 1 October 1945, Addendum, PRO, HS1/2S1.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Numerous books deal with the "Sandakan Death March", among them: Don Wall, Sandakan under Nippon: the last march (Sydney: D. Wall, 1988) and Abandoned: Australians at Sandakan (Sydney: D. Wall, 1990); Athol Moffitt, Project KINGFISHER (Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1989); and Lynette Ramsay Silver, Sandakan: a conspiracy of silence (Bowral, N.S.W.: Sally Milner Publishing, 2000).</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">A chronology of the "Sandakan Death March" is offered in Silver, Sandakan, pp.318-321.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Memorandum on S.R.D. Operations in British Borneo February-June, 1945, Appendix A: "Preliminary Operational Report of Party AGAS covering period from 24 Feb to 31 May [19]45", 29 May 1945, p.1, NAA A3269/12-A28/B.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Ibid., p.4.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Ibid., p.6.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">For details of KINGFISHER, see Moffitt, Kingfisher, pp.225-290.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Quoted in Silver, Sandakan, p.302. See also Moffitt, Kingfisher, pp.232-234.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">See Silver, Sandakan, p.301-12.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Ibid., p.307.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">A "storpedo" was a metre-long cardboard cylinder capable of carrying about 113 kg of supplies which was airdropped using a hessian parachute.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Silver, Sandakan, p.303.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Quoted in Moffitt, Kingfisher, p.238.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Quoted in Silver, Sandakan, p.310.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Moffitt, Kingfisher, p.237.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Quoted in Silver, Sandakan, p.303.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Jack Sue did end up writing his memoirs, published as Blood on Borneo (Perth: WA Skin Divers Publication, c.2001). In this book, he supports (pp.383-5) Chester's contention that the Americans were "never ever short of Dakotas and landing barges", and questions whether Blamey was "genuinely interested in Operation 'Kingfisher' and getting the POW out of Sandakan".</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Quoted in Silver, Sandakan, p.312.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Powell, War by stealth, p.282.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Foreword in Wall, Abandoned.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Powell, War by stealth, p.283.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">See Wall, Abandoned, passim.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Powell, War by stealth, p.282.</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">See "SRD and BBCAU", Lieutenant General F. H. Berryman, Chief of Staff, Advanced Land Headquarters, South-West Pacific Area, 21 June [19]45. (C. F. C. Macaskie Papers, MSS Pac.S.71, Rhodes House Library, RHL).</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Ibid. Officers to be seconded to SRD were those already acquainted with particular districts, and also those who intended to be District Officers of the said areas where SRD were operating.</span></li> </ol> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Source : awm.gov.au</div>
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-9131828928295207595
2020-02-10T05:05:00.000-08:00
2020-02-10T05:05:11.354-08:00
Sejarah Awal Kewujudan dan Jejak Empayar Seriwijaya di Borneo
<br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">SEJARAH NORTH BORNEO SABAH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Sejarah Awal Kewujudan dan Jejak Empayar Sriwijaya di Borneo<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Para pengkaji sejarah Eropah pada awal abad ke 19 (1800) berpendapat wujudnya kesan pengaruh empayar Sriwijaya bermula dari Selatan Borneo dan berkembang sehingga di bahagian Utara pantai barat Borneo sekitar 300 hingga 400 tahun lampau (1400).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Mereka mendapati tamadun dan penduduk yang sama yang ada di Kepulauan Johor dan Sumatera juga berada di Borneo.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Penduduk awal ini berhijrah dari Sumatera, Tumasik, Melaka, Bentan dan Johor ke Borneo.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Mereka berhijrah ke Borneo "membuka nagri" dengan pelayaran diketuai oleh Nahkoda diiringi oleh Laksamana, tentera, pengikut dan hamba mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Mereka akan mendiami muara muara sungai dan biasanya mereka datang dari satu kelompok keluarga atau kumpulan yang ingin mencari kehidupan yang baru di benua lain dan ada juga yang cuba melarikan diri dari penindasan serta perang saudara dari tempat asal mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ciri ciri tempat yang mereka cari untuk "membuka nagri" biasanya adalah di muara sungai yang mempunyai kawasan tanah subur berdekatan untuk bercucuk tanam, memiliki hasil hutan yang banyak serta persisiran pantai yang banyak hasil Laut dan kawasan yang sesuai untuk menjalankan aktiviti perdagangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ciri ciri ini juga bergantung kepada kesanggupan penduduk asal kawasan tersebut membenarkan orang luar membuka penempatan baru di kawasan mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Penduduk asal biasanya kaum Dayak dan suku Baiju menganggap bahawa orang luar ini dapat membantu mereka dalam bidang ekonomi dari segi perdagangan dengan sistem barter menjual hasil hutan contohnya kapur barus, kerja tangan hasil seni seperti hiasan manik dan menukar kepada barang keperluan seperti tajau, barang barang logam, garam dan lain lain lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Apabila hubungan mereka semakin akrab maka mereka akan bersatu dan sama sama berjuang serta bekerjasama dan saling bantu membantu menghadapi musuh sambil saling melindungi sambil mempertahankan kawasan masing masing dari serangan atau gangguan musuh. Mereka juga bekerja sama menyelesaikan masalah atau peperangan suku sebelum ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Kawasan penempatan baru yang lain boleh juga di buka jika penduduk asal tersebut dengan mudah ditakluki dengan hanya menggunakan kekuatan ketenteraan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Setelah berjaya "membuka nagri", mereka akan membuka beberapa buah penempatan baru di beberapa muara sungai yang berdekatan penempatan baru yang terdahulu dan meminta ahli ahli keluarga yang berada di kepulauan Johor agar mereka berpindah ke kawasan baru itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Penempatan baru ini akan menjadi tumpuan perdagangan dan menarik ketua masyarakat asal tempatan dari suku Dayak dan Suku Baiju dan waris keturunan Raja empayar Seriwijaya untuk menjadi pemerintah di kawasan tersebut melalui penggabungan dan perkahwinan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Kawasan penempatan baru ini akan membesar dan mereka akan menakluki beberapa kawasan persekitaran di dalam beberapa siri peperangan dan misi diplomatik sehingga mereka dapat menumpaskan semua musuh mereka untuk mengukuhkan kedudukan mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Walau bagaimana pun dari segi hubungan antara bangsa mereka masih lemah dan terpaksa bernaung dengan empayar Majapahit dan empayar China.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Kewujudan penempatan waris Sriwijaya di Borneo dikatakan lebih awal sebelum waris Sriwijaya yang lain membuka Singapura lama dan Melaka. Tidak juga boleh dinafikan berlaku pemindahan penduduk kepulauan Johor ke Borneo setelah Singapura lama dibuka.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Waris empayar Sriwijaya itu membesar menjadi kuat dan dari penempatan kecil tadi terbentuklah asas kepada empayar Kesultanan Brunei.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Sumber :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Journal of the Indian Archipelago 1848<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Dr Horsfield 1847<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Raffles 1819<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Crawfurd J. 1856<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Lieut Crooke 1820<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">6. Forrest T. 1774-1776<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Di sunting oleh : Kumis Kumis</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div>
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-2235200039714321473
2020-02-10T04:53:00.002-08:00
2020-02-10T04:53:30.660-08:00
Spitfire donated by North Borneo during WW2
<br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Spitfire donated by North Borneo during WW2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">List of Gift Spitfire with Serial number and name of Town :- </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">N3164 EAST INDIA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7344 HALESOWEN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7372 HYDERABAD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7445 AMANGABAD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7446 GULBUNGA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7449 BIDAR<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7490 CITY OF COVENTRY I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7491 CITY OF COVENTRY II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7492 CITY OF COVENTRY III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7625 GUILDFORD I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7683 LONDONDERRY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7684 BELFAST<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7685 HARLANDIE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7697 ZANZIBAR I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7698 ZANZIBAR II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7699 ZANZlBAR III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7730 PEMBA I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7731 PEMBA II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7732 ROWLEY REGIS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7733 GUILDFORD II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7734 GILLINGHAM<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7735 FAIRWARP<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7736 CAMBRIDGESHIRE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7737 WORKSOP<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7738 CITY OF NOTTINGHAM<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7739 ERIC<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7740 BANKLINE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7741 FASHION FLYER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7742 N.E.M. (National Employers’ Ins. Assoc.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7743 BRENTWOOD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7744 BOW STREET HOME GUARD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7745 H.R.H. THE NAWAB OF BAHAWALPUR<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7746 CITY OF BRADFORD I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7747 CITY OF BRADFORD II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7748 CITY OF BRADFORD III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7749 CITY OF BRADFORD IV<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7750 CITY OF BRADFORD V<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7751 CITY OF BRADFORD VI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7752 THE WARDEN OF LONDON<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7753 PAMPERO I (British Community in Buenos Aires)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7754 PAMPERO II (British Community in Buenos Aires)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7755 PAMPERO III (British Community in Buenos Aires)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7756 PAMPERO IV (British Community in Buenos Aires)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7757 SAYLES (Harold Arnold & Son)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7815 WILFRUN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7820 PAGANAS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7823 DOWN (Northern Ireland)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7826 SIND I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7827 SIND II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7830 SIND IV<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7832 ENNISKILLEN (Belfast Telegraph Fund)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7833 PORTADOWN (Belfast Telegraph Fund)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7834 MID ULSTER (Belfast Telegraph Fund)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7835 BALLYMENA J (Belfast Telegraph Fund)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7836 SIND V<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7837 SIND III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7838 FERMANAGH (Belfast Telegraph Fund)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7839 CITY OF DERRY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7840 MOUNTAINS OF MOURNE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7841 LARNE (Belfast Telegraph Fund)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7842 BANGOR (Belfast Telegraph Fund)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7843 ALDERGROVE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7844 NEWFOUNDLAND I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7845 NEWFOUNDLAND II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7846 NEWFOUNDLAND III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7849 ARMAGH (Belfast Telegraph Fund)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7855 EAST INDIA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7883 GRAHAM’S HEATH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7887 SIND VI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7910 CITY OF BIRMINGHAM I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7911 CITY OF BIRMINGHAM II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7912 CITY OF BIRMINGHAM III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7913 CITY OF BIRMINGHAM IV<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7918 NORTHAMPTON<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7919 BAWCO (Basbee, Walker & Co.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7920 THE RED ROSE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7921 EVERREADY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7922 MAN OF METAL<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7923 VENTURE I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7924 VENTURE II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7925 WESTON-SUPER-MARE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7926 HEREWARD THE WAKE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7928 DEVON<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7929 THE TRANSPORT MEN-ACE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7962 INSPIRATION (Mrs. Fyfe-Jameson)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7964 CITY OF EXETER, DEVON<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7966 MANXMAN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7969 PRIDE OF THE ISLE (Ely)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P7983 LEYLAND, LEEDS CITY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8039 HEREWARD THE WAKE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8040 VENTURE II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8041 COUNTY OF NORTHAMPTON<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8044 FIRST CANADlAN DIVISlON<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8045 CITY OF WORCESTER I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8046 CITY OF WORCESTER II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8047 THE MALVERNS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8048 KIDDERMINSTER, BEWDLEY AND STOURPORT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8074 GARFIELD WESTON I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8075 GARFIELD WESTON II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8078 GARFIELD WESTON III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8080 HORWICH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8081 GARFIELD WESTON IV<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8082 SKY SWEEPER (Hoover Ltd.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8083 GARFIELD WESTON V<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8085 GARFIELD WESTON VII<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8088 BOROUGH OF LAMBETH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8089 MINERS OF DURHAM I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8090 IDEAL<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8091 MINERS OF DURHAM II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8092 ELLAND<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8093 HALIFAXI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8094 ON THE TARGET (A.A. Command)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8095 HALIFAX II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8098 ENFIELD SPITFIRE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8130 LUTON I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8131 LUTON II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8137 SARUM & SOUTH WILTS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8138 THE NORFOLK FARMER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8139 ROBERT PEEL<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8140 NUFLIER (Norwich Union Life Insurance)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8141 RUGBY AND DISTRICT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8142 SOUTHPORT I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8143 SOUTHPORT II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8145 MABEL (Mrs. M. Crawford)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8147 CITY OF NORWICH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8149 LEWIS AND HARRIS FIGHTER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8160 P.J. (Pinchin Johnson Co. Ltd.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8161 LEYLAND LEEDS CITY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8162 D.S. & G. WORTH VALLEY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8167 ASSAM ONE LAKHIMPUR<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8168 ASSAM TWO LAKHIMPUR<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8169 ASSAM THREE LAKHIMPUR<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8170 ASSAM FOUR LAKHIMPUR<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8172 BYDAND (Aberdeen)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8174 BALTIC EXCHANGE I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8175 BALTIC EXCHANGE II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>P8176 NORTH BORNEO I<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">P8177 NORTH BORNEO II</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8178 CABLE QUEEN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8179 MONTAGUE BEE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8180 ST. VINCENT (Windward Isles)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8181 TASMANIA I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8182 TASMANIA II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8183 TASMANIA III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8193 LA ROSALINDA (Lady Davidson)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8194 GOLDCOAST I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8200 WINGED VICTORY (F. J. Pearson)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8209 KERR<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>P8238 BORNEO (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8254 TRANSPITTER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8278 ENFIELD SPITFIELD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8327 JAVA I (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8329 SUMBAWA (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8330 BATAVIA (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8331 SUMATRA (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8332 SOEBANG (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8333 BANDA (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8335 SEMARANG (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8336 FLORES (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8338 BANDOENG (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8339 MADURA (N.E.l.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8340 BALIKPAPAN (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8341 LUMBOK (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8342 CERAM (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8343 MEDAN (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8344 ORKNEY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8346 OSSETT AND HORBURY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8347 RICHMOND JUBILEE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8348 ROCHDALE AND DISTRICT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8349 SUCABOEMI (N.E.l.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8361 KRAKATAO (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8363 BANKA (N.E.[.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8364 SURINAM (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8365 ROTTERDAM (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8366 PALEMBANG (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8367 BALI (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8368 SIBAYAK (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8369 TOBA (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8370 OLDHAM<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8371 PALEMBANG OELOE (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8374 DULVERCOMBE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8375 CELEBES (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8376 BESOEKI (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8377 SIWABOONG (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8378 SOURABAYA (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8379 OLDHAM AND LEES<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8380 BLACK VELVET (Gaumont)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8381 STROUD AND DISTRICT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8382 CONCRETE (Portland Cemeut)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8383 BRADFORD VII<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8384 FEI YUE (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8385 IMPREGNABLE (Northants)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8387 BARTY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8389 METABOX (Metal Box Co.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8390 BOSTONIAN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8392 MAGNET (G.E.C.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8393 GARFIELD WESTON VI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8394 GIBRALTAR<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8395 SPIRIT OF CREWE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8396 BERMUDA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8397 CHESHUNT AND WALTHAM<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8398 CHEEPING WYCOMBE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8399 BENONI (South Africa)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8425 SPIRIT OF CREWE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8429 FRIMLEY AND CAMBERLEY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8435 MARVI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8436 MARVI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8438 CARDIFF III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8439 CROSBY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8440 CROSBY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8443 MOLUKKEN (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8444 M.E.S. (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8445 INDIAN TELEGRAPHS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8448 COUNTER ATTACK<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8461 KALAHARI (Bechuanaland)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8463 CANADIAN SCOT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8465 F.E.F. (Ferranti Ltd.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8471 PUDUKALAI NAGARATHA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8479 BRITISH GLUES AND CHEMICALS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8501 N.W. FRONTlER V<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8502 THE HEART OF ENGLAND I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8503 SKY SCRAPER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8504 BERMUDA IV<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8505 J.G. (Cdr. and Mrs. A. M. Garlick)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8506 FAVERSHAM<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8507 BERMUDA I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8509 THE OLD LADY (Bank of England)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8510 N.W. FRONTIER I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8513 HECLA (Hadfields Ltd.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8515 N.W. FRONTIER III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8516 AMBOINA (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8517 BECHUANA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8518 NABHA III (Maharaja of)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8520 THE MENDIP SPITFIRE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8521 SULHAMSTEAD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8522 MELTON MOWBRAY AND DISTRICT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8523 BANSI (Lucknow)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8525 LEIGH (Lancs)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8526 BREDBURY AND ROMILEY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8527 MAURITIUS II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8528 TOWNSHIP OF SHIPLEY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8530 THE CLAN (Clan Line)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8531 WHO’S ‘AFEARD (Blandford)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8532 THE HARRY LIVINGSTON<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8534 HUNTER (Crawford’s Biscuits)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8536 BARON (Borax Ltd.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8538 THE GEORGE PARBURY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8542 VIOLETTA (G. Armstrong, Esq.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8543 ASSAM VI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8544 HEART OF ENGLAND III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8545 INDIAN TELEGRAPHS II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8547 INDIAN POSTS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8548 ASSAM III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8561 KALAHARI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8562 STIR-GAR (Carmarthenshire)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8563 CITY OF LEICESTER I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8565 CITY OF LElCESTER II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8567 PICTURE POST (Hulton Press)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8568 CITY OF STOKE ON TRENT I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8576 CITY OF BUNDABERG AND DISTRICT (Queensland)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8580 STOKE ON TRENT II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8584 NABHA II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8585 TELING TINGGI (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8588 SCAEFELL<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8589 MAKASSAR<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8595 MIDDELBERG (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8596 RIOUW (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8597 KATWIJK (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8600 LADY LINLITHGOW<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8601 DELHI I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8602 MALANG (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8603 NABHA I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8604 JAMSHEDPUR GOLMURI III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8606 DELHI II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8607 PALEMBANG OELOE II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8609 HEART OF ENGLAND II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8641 N.W. SURREY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8642 COURAGEOUS (Lady Harrowing)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8643 MARGERET HELEN (Hon. Mrs. Ronald Grenville)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8644 HUNTLEY COCK OF THE NORTH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8645 GAUMONT-BRITISH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8646 ROCHDALE AND DISTRICT II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8647 ARIEL (B.B.C.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8649 BERMUDA III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8650 DEFENDAMUS (Taunton)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8651 ST. HELENS (Lancs)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8654 FLINT (County)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8655 NEWTONIA (Newton Abbot)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8656 NIPPY (J. Lyons & Co.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8657 CITY OF LEICESTER III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8658 BOROUGH OF MORLEY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8660 BUXTON<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8661 L.T.R. FIGHTER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8662 FIRST CITY OF LONDON-TEXTILES<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8665 BINGLEY (U.D.C.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8666 CUBA (British Community)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8669 CORNWALL<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8670 SECOND CITY OF LONDON-TEXTILES<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8671 CAMBORNE-REDRUTH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8672 CARDIFF II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8675 CLIFTONIAN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8676 CEREDIGIAN II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8690 CAERNARVONSHIRE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8691 CEREDIGIAN I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8692 CRISPS (Smiths Ltd.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8693 GREBBEBERG<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8695 N.W. FRONTIER IV<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8696 DILWAR (New Delhi)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8714 SOUTH OF WARRINGTON<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8715 WULFRUN (Wolverhampton)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8741 BHABNAGAR<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8789 BOROUGH OF WANSTEAD AND WOODFORD (Transferred to AA882)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">P8797 SOUTH OF WARRINGTON<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R6722 ARKWRIGHT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7028 SUTHERLAND<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7057 CAITHNESS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7058 R. J. MITCHELL<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7059 SOUTHAMPTON I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7060 SOUTHAMPTON II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7061 EDGLETS (Brooke Bonds)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7062 THE BRID (Bridport)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7063 D.S.G. WORTH VALLEY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7064 MERCURY (Sir Frederick Richmond)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7065 CHELMSFORD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7066 GALLEYWOOD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7067 HASTINGS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7068 WORTHlNG<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7069 JASON (Sir Frederick Richmond and Family)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7070 PEGASUS (Sir Frederick Richmond and Family)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7071 PERSEUS (Sir Frederick Richmond and Family)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7072 SUNDERLAND I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7073 SUNDERLAND II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7074 SUNDERLAND III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7114 SUNDERLAND IV<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7116 ST. AUSTELL AND DISTRICT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7122 MIDDLESBROUGH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7123 CAPUT INTER NIBILA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7125 GATESHEAD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7126 VILLAE DE POOLE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7127 TURRIS JEHOVA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7128 NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYME<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7129 SECUNDUS DUBUSQUE RECTUS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7130 SWANSEA I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7131 PRESENTATION (I.O.M.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7132 INDUSTRIA (West Hartlepool)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7134 SWANSEA III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7135 THE DAUNTLESS (Dudley)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7136 MERIONETH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7139 WALSALL II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7143 WALSALL I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7145 B.B. & G.I. RAILWAY II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7151 VICTOR McLAGLEN, SEATTLE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7153 GOSPORT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7154 ACCRINGTON, CHURCH, AND OSWALDTWISTLE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7155 KUKUYUEMBU<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7156 B.B. & C.I. RAILWAY I [Note this is BB & GI railway above]<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7157 SOUTHERN BELLE (Brighton)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7158 CHESHIRE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7159 KAMBAMERU<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7160 SYMC BRIGHTON & HOVE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7161 MOMBASA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7162 TOBY (C. E. W. Charrington, Esq.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7163 BRIDGWATER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7192 PETERBOROUGH AND DISTRICT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7193 THE SILVER SNIPE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7194 BRISTOL CIVIL DEFENCE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7194 HOLMWOOD I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7196 HOLMWOOD II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7197 STAINBRIDGE AND DISTRICT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7198 SHERWOOD FORESTER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7199 WOOLTON (Lewis’s Ltd.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7200 FROME AND DISTRICT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7201 LEST WE FORGET<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7202 PRESTON AND DISTRICT I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7203 PRESTON AND DISTRICT III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7204 LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7205 PROVIDENT (P.C. & S. Co.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7206 CITY OF LIVERPOOL II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7207 PRESTON AND DISTRICT II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7208 CITY OF LIVERPOOL III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7209 CITY OF LIVERPOOL I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7210 CITY OF LIVERPOOL IV<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7211 SPIRIT OF LEEK<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7212 PUCK (John Laing & Son Ltd.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7214 BATLEY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7215 STOCKPORT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7216 WOOLWICH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7217 FLEETWOOD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7218 RETFORD AND DISTRICT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7220 BOURNEMOUTH II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7229 B.R.C. STAFFORD I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7230 BRENDA (J. D. Burrows, Esq.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7231 GRIMSBY II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7260 BRISTOL AIR RAID WARDEN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7261 BOLSOVER I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7262 BROMLEY (Kent)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7263 B.R.C. STAFFORD II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7264 BRYCHEINIOG (Breconshire)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7265 GRIMSBY I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7266 JAMSHEDPUR GULMARI II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7267 BURNLEY AND DISTRICT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7268 THE SWAN (Bryant & May)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7269 JAMSHEDPUR GULMARI I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7270 NAE BROTHER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7271 BURNLEY AND DISTRICT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7272 G.H. (G. Chambers-Hughes, Esq.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7273 BOMBAY GYMKHANA I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7274 WEST RIDING<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7275 BOMBAY GYMKHANA II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7276 BOLSOVER II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7277 FOREMOST (H. J. Heinz & Co.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7278 BIRKENHEAD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7279 KING’S MESSENGER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7290 DONNINGTONIAN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7291 TRUSTWORTHY (H. J. Heinz & Co.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7292 NEWBURY I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7293 SANS TACHE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7294 DERRICK (Wm. Laing & Son)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7295 THE PASTURES (W. H. Holbert, Esq.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7296 NEWBURY II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7297 IDEAL (H. J. Heinz & Co.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7298 ROTHERHAM AND DISTRICT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7299 AITCH AITCH (Lord Hirst)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7333 THE KIRBY I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7334 PERFECT (H. J. Heinz & Co.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7335 THE KIRBY II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7336 HOMINIS VIS (Hovis Ltd.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7338 PAPYRUS (National Paper Trades)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7339 MAH-TAL (J. Latham Ltd.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7340 NAB (Nuneaton and District)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">R7343 HEXHAM AND DISTRICT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3133 CAWNPORE I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3137 BRUM I (Birmingham)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3168 CAWNPORE II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3170 HENLEY-ON-THAMES<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3171 HUDDERSFIELD I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3172 HUDDERSFIELD II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3173 BARWELL (and Hinckley U.D.C.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3174 OSWALD FINNEY I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3181 CITY OF LEEDS I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3182 CITY OF LEEDS III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3185 LORD LLOYD I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3186 OSWALD FINNEY II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3187 LORD LLOYD II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3207 ABBOTSHAUGH FALKIRK<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3208 EASTBOURNE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3209 EDMONTON-LONDON-ALBERTA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3210 MALTA (Anglo-Maltese League)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3211 NORMAN MERRETT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3212 GHAWDEX (Anglo-Maltese League)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3213 CECIL MACKAY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3214 METAL TRADE, AUSTRALIA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3215 MARKSMAN (Marks & Spencer)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3216 MAIDENHEAD AND DISTRICT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3236 LLANELLY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3238 THE LONDON BUTCHER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3239 BOB (R. Lowenstein, Esq.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3240 CITY OF LEEDS II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3241 L.E.P. (London Provisions Exchange)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3242 CRISPIN OF LEICESTER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3243 THE FALKIRK BAIRN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3244 DEVON SQUADRON<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3245 LINCOLN IMP<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3246 DEVON SQUADRON<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3247 CITY OF HULL III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3248 LETCHWORTH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3249 BALTIC EXCHANGE III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3250 CENTRAL PROVlNCES BERAR II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3251 CENTRAL PROVINCES BERAR I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3252 CENTRAL PROVINCES BERAR III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3253 CENTRAL PROVINCES BERAR IV<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3254 CENTRAL PROVINCES BERAR V<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3308 WINDSOR LAD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3309 THE WILTSHIRE I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3313 NIKE (M. Embirious, New York)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3314 HOSIERY FLIGHT, LEICESTER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3315 STOCKTON, THORNABY, BILLINGHAM AND TEES<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3316 CITY OF SALFORD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3317 NEWPORT HUNDREDS AND WOLVERTON URBAN DISTRICT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3318 JEWELLERY, WATCH & ALLIED TRADES<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3319 WINCHESTER AND DISTRICT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3320 THE DARLINGTON SPITFIRE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3321 ELCARDO THE THISTLE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3322 HENDON GRIFFON<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3323 THE NEW FOREST<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3324 NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3325 NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3326 MESOPOTAMIA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3327 HORSHAM AND DISTRICT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3328 THE FLYING FOX<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3329 SPIRIT OF URUGUAY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3330 VECTIS (Isle of Wight)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3331 THE KING RUFUS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3332 HENDON GRIFFON<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3333 HENDON PEGASUS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3334 PROGRESS I (Blackpool)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3403 THE DOG FIGHTER (Kennel Club)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3405 MONMOUTH, CHEPSTOW AND FOREST OF DEAN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3408 MR. & MRS. ALBERT EHRMAN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3409 THE PERUVIAN OILFIELDS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3410 LANCASTRIAN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3412 RHODESIAN PIONEER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3430 PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3431 KAAPSTAD III (Cape Town)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3432 CORDELL HULL<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3434 ABERDARE AND MOUNTAIN AIR<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3436 THE MIDLAND BAKER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3437 KAAPSTAD II (Cape Town)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3438 KAAPSTAD I (Cape Town)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3439 KAAPSTAD IV (Cape Town)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3440 TRENGGANU<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3441 ALLOWAY (Montreal)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3442 PROGRESS II (Blackpool)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3443 CAPE TOWN I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3444 NEW YORKLIN (Montreal)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3445 CAPETOWN II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3446 JENNIFER (Montreal)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3447 CAPETOWN IV<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3448 CAPE TOWN III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3449 BOROUGH OF ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3450 DUNOTTAR CASTLE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3451 PROGRESS III (Blackpool Corporation)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3452 MIDNIGHT SUN (Forces in Iceland)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3453 COUNTY BOROUGH OF READING<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3454 HESTON AND ISLEWORTH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3455 SMETHWICK<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3456 WATFORD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3457 CYNON VALLEY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3458 MIRFIELD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3459 CAPE TOWN V<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3460 CAPETOWN VI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3461 KAAPSTAD V<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3502 WOLDS AND BUCKROSE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3505 HENDON ENDEAVOUR<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3506 HENDON LAMB<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3529 CAITHNESS (replaced R7057)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3628 OMAN (Persian Gulf Forces)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3630 KUWAIT (Persian Gulf Forces)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3632 BAHREIN (Persian Gulf Residents)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3645 JOSEPH SNOOKA (Johannesburg)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3649 SHEPLEY (Mrs. Shepley)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3651 CARBINE (Victoria Racing Club)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3652 BLUE CHARM (Brig. Gen. Lindemann)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3653 DONCASTER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3654 MARCH BROWN (Brig. Gen. Lindemann)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3655 SILVER GREY (Brig. Gen. Lindemann)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3656 AFRIC SCOT (Caldedonian Society)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3657 PENDLE (Nelson, Lancs)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3756 JOHN STEVENS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3757 BRUCE STEVENS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3761 BLUE NOSE (Halifax Chronicle, Nova Scotia)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3762 JUNAGARH (Nawab of)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3763 THANE OF FIFE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3764 FUN OF THE FAIR (Showmen’s Guild)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3765 ROLLERS SPITFIRE (Hoffman Bearings)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3766 WANDSWORTH (Putney, Roehampton and Southfields)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3767 WANDSWORTH (Streatham and Central Division)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3768 HIGHAM FERRERS-IRTHLINGBOROUGH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3769 WEST INDIAN STATES<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3722 MORAY (Elgin)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3773 LEYLAND (U.D.C.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3774 SAMSON (A. McAlpine & Son)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3775 RUSHDEN’S HELL FOR LEATHER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3814 POPOCATEPETL (Mexico)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3815 SIERRA LEONE II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3816 THE SHOPMATE (John White and Northampton Evening Telegraph)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3817 WELLINGBOROUGH (John White and Northampton Evening Telegraph)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3820 THE RHONDDA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3821 PEMBA III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3822 ZANZIBAR IV<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3823 HOLT I (Herbert Holt and Major Andrew Holt through the ‘Who’s For Britain Fund’ of Canada)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3824 HOLT II (Herbert Holt and Major Andrew Holt through the ‘Who’s For Britain Fund’ of Canada)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3825 HOLT III (Herbert Holt and Major Andrew Holt through the ‘Who’s For Britain Fund’ of Canada)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3826 HOLT IV (Herbert Holt and Major Andrew Holt through the ‘Who’s For Britain Fund’ of Canada)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3827 HOLT V (Herbert Holt and Major Andrew Holt through the ‘Who’s For Britain Fund’ of Canada)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3828 HOLT VI (Herbert Holt and Major Andrew Holt through the ‘Who’s For Britain Fund’ of Canada)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3829 HOLT VII (Herbert Holt and Major Andrew Holt through the ‘Who’s For Britain Fund’ of Canada)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3830 HOLT VIII (Herbert Holt and Major Andrew Holt through the ‘Who’s For Britain Fund’ of Canada)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3831 HOLT IX (Herbert Holt and Major Andrew Holt through the ‘Who’s For Britain Fund’ of Canada)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3832 HOLT X (Herbert Holt and Major Andrew Holt through the ‘Who’s For Britain Fund’ of Canada)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3833 HOLT XI (Herbert Holt and Major Andrew Holt through the ‘Who’s For Britain Fund’ of Canada)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3834 HOLT XII (Herbert Holt and Major Andrew Holt through the ‘Who’s For Britain Fund’ of Canada)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3835 HOLT XIIA (Herbert Holt and Major Andrew Holt through the ‘Who’s For Britain Fund’ of Canada)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3836 HOLT XIV (Herbert Holt and Major Andrew Holt through the ‘Who’s For Britain Fund’ of Canada)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3837 EVENING TELEGRAPH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3838 VALPARAISO (Chile)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3839 KETTERING DISTRICT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3840 JOHN PEEL’S HUNTER (West Cumberland)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3842 ST. KITTS NEVIS I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3843 ST. KITTS NEVIS II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3844 COUNTY OF MONTGOMERY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3845 JOHN MACKINTOSH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3847 TRAVANCORE I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3848 TRAVANCORE, II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3850 WESTMORLAND I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3851 NYASALAND I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3852 USCO VEREENIGING<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3853 NYASALAND II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3893 NYASALAND IV<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3894 NYASALAND III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3895 NYASALAND V<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3896 NYASALAND VI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">W3897 NYASALAND VII<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4592 ST. GEORGE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4593 KERALA (Madras Mail)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4594 ANDHRADESA (Madras Mail)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4595 TOMILAND (Madras Mail)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4599 PLYMOUTH AND SOUTHSEA I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4600 PLYMOUTH AND SOUTHSEA II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4601 ARGONAUT (City of Hull)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4602 BAHAMAS I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4604 CEYLON II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4605 CEYLON III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4606 CEYLON V<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4620 FALKLAND ISLES VII<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4621 MARTIN EVANS BEVAN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4622 FALKLAND ISLANDS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4623 SCILLONIA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4644 SARKAR I TIRHUT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4664 F.A.N.Y. (Regimental Club)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4665 EARL SHILTON<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4666 KAFFRARIA I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4667 HUDDERSFIELD III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4668 BURDAGE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4669 KAFFRARIA II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4670 THE BRIGHT VENTURA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4906 BATH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4907 MACCLESFIELD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4908 INVICTA (Southern Railway)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4909 KENSINGTON II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4910 KENSINGTON I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4911 BOURNEMOUTH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4912 SUTTON COLDFIELD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4913 FLYING SCOTSMAN (L.N.E.R.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4914 COCK OF THE NORTH (L.N.E.R.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4915 CITY OF HULL II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4916 CITYOFHULL I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4917 GREENOCK<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4819 WEST BROMWICH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4820 VICTOR (Jas. Kerr, Johannesburg)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4821 NIX OVER SIX PRIMUS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4823 NIX OVER SIX SECUNDUS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4924 SIR HARRY AND LADY OAKES I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4925 SIR HARRY AND LADY OAKES II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4936 IN MEMORY OF R. J. MITCHELL<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4941 SWANSEA II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">X4994 THEDERBYRAM<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA862 BLACKBURN II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA864 DIRTY GIRTY VANCOUVER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA865 EUSTACE (Manchester Fund)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA866 MANCHESTER WEATHERPROOF<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA871 ROYAL TUNBRIDGE WELLS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA873 MANCHESTER AIR CADET<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA874 MANCHESTER SCHOLAR<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA875 MANCHESTER KILLER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA877 MANCHESTER CHAIRMAN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA878 MANCHESTER MERCHANT TRADER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA879 MANCHESTER CIVIL DEFENDER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA880 MANCHESTER SMITHFIELD MARKET<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA881 MANCHESTER CORPORATION TRANSPORT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA882 BOROUGH OF WANSTEAD AND WOODFORD (Transferred ex P8789)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA967 INDIAN TELEGRAPHS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA968 BOMBAY & BARODA CENTRAL INDIAN RAILWAY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA973 BIHAR V<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA975 THE BOY DAVID (Lady Davidson)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA976 GRANDOTEL (Manchester)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA978 A.N. KENION<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA979 YAUNDE (French Cameroon)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA980 KAAPSTAD VI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA981 KOLHAPUR I (Maharajah of)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AA982 CITY OF LIVERPOOL<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB167 KOLUAPUR II (Maharajah of)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB169 HOYLAKE AND WIRRAL<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB177 I.S.P. (Incorporated Society of Planters, Malaya)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB181 ONEFROMAVRO<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB184 CAMEROON FRANCAIS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB185 KOLHAPUR III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB188 FORESTRY COMMISSION<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB192 ORGANILIL (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB198 CENTRAL PROVINCES OF BERAR VI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB199 MESPOTAMIA (Britons in Iraq)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB201 DOROTHY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND THE EMPIRE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB202 PUDOKKOTTAI NAGARATHURS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB206 BIHAR VI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB207 BIHARVII<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB208 LANCASTRIA AVENGER I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB209 LANCASTRIA AVENGER IV<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB210 LANCASTRIA AVENGER V<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB212 LANCASTRIA AVENGER III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB213 LANCASTRIA AVENGER II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB453 KENYA DAISY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB489 HARROW BULLDOG<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB842 STAFFORDIAN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB850 CANTERBURY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB894 THE HALLOW SPITFIRE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB917 THE INSPIRER (Wolverhampton Express and Star)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB935 GINGERBREAD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB965 PALEMBANG OELOE III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB974 B.B. & C.I. RAILWAY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB983 SINGALANG (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB984 WEST BORNEO III (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB991 BRIERLEY HILL<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AB994 GINGERBREAD (Marquis of Donegal)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD116 TWICKENHAM I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD132 BIHAR III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD204 ANDOVERIAN (Andover)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD210 ARUBA (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD228 CHESHIRE COUNTY II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD230 PALEM BANG OELOE IV<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD231 WEST BORNEO II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD232 BIHAR I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD233 WEST BORNEO I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD234 GERFALCON (Emmetts)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD236 BIHAR II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD237 DHANABAD JHARIA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD238 BOROUGH OF BARNES<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD239 HOELOESOENGAI (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD241 TWICKENHAM II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD242 BIHAR IV<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD243 TAPANOELI (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD246 RAJNA GAR<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD248 CHESHIRE COUNTY I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD251 WILLENHALL (Council)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD257 BOROUGH OF WILLESDEN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD259 ILFORD (Essex)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD260 MlSS A.B.C. I (A.B.C. Cinemas)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD263 MISS A.B.C. II (A.B.C. Cinemas)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD264 PAISLEY (Thread Works)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD265 CHESHIRE COUNTY III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD292 THE CANNOCK CHASE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD294 MISS A.B.C. III (A.B.C. Cinemas)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD303 NATIONAL FEDERATION OF HOSIERY MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD309 MISS A.B.C. IV (A.B.C. Cinemas)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD312 CAMBRIDGE (and Newnham)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD321 FIREFLY (Turner & Newall Ltd.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD322 EVERlTE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD325 WESTMORLAND II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD327 SOLAIRE ROSS (Shire)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD328 SAUGRE CHARRUA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD331 NATIONAL FEDERATION OF HOSIERY MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD348 ALAS BEL URUGUAY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD351 MONTEVIDEO<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD356 THE BLACK EAGLE (Truman, Hanbury, Buxton & Co.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD357 LElCESTER DIVISION<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD364 TURNALL (Turner & Newall Ltd.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD366 WIGTOWNSHlRE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD368 PRESTWICK<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD369 KANO II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD370 ENDEAVOUR (Wates Ltd.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD372 SANDWICH<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD375 NORMANTON (Altofts and Whitwood)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD381 THE PLESSEY SPITFIRE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD384 GEO. S. PARKER (Pen Co.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD387 NORTH STAR<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD393 GOENTOER (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD396 ARDJOENO (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD417 YR HEN BONT (Pontypridd)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD420 KANO I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD424 ARDUA SPlTFIRE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD504 NOTTS MINER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD505 CONDOR (La Paz Fund, Bolivia)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD506 MISS HERRlN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD540 BLUE PETER (Newmarket Stables)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AD548 DELHI III<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BF474 CANADIAN PACIFIC<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL238 SCOTT OF MAFETENG<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL258 CANADIAN PACIFIC (Employees)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL439 ST. LUCIA (Windward Isles)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL463 BERAR I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL525 ELCARDO THE THISTLE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL538 AMBON (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL539 LANDSTURM (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL549 AMBARAWA (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL569 BERAR II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL581 MOESI-ILIR (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL589 LEGION OF IMPERIAL FRONTIERSMEN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL613 I.M.C. (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL618 FRENCH HOPE THE FlRST<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL621 POERWOKERTO (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL622 SERANG (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL629 GARONTALO (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL630 BLYTHE SPIRlT (Post Office Savings Bank)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL635 SALATIGA (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL636 BOROUGH OF ACTON<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL637 STONE (and District)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL642 HAN OMAN (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL661 MENADO (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL664 TEGAL (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL670 EVER READY (Company)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL676 BANDOWOSO<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL685 BRASTAGI (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL694 SAGLE (Wings for Britain Fund)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL709 ST. IVES, CORNWALL<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL718 RINDSJANI (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL720 GEDEH (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL721 GARUT (N.E.I.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL812 LlCHFlELD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL827 ELIZABETH (W. Anderson, Esq.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL831 SKAGEN IND (Free Danish Community)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL855 NIELS EBBESEN (Free Danish Community)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL900 THE CANADIAN POLICEMAN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BL924 VALDEMAR ATTERDAG<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM116 THE RED ROSE (Lancashire Constabulary Wardens Service)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM124 QUEENSALOTE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM155 JOE AND ROY (Davies Bros. Ltd.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM160 ASSAM IX<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM161 BUTAFOGO (Rio de Janeiro)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM196 BOROUGH OF BRENTFORD & CHISWICK<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM197 LULU OF MAKETENG<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM202 FLYING SCOTSMAN (L.N.E.R.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM205 NOVA SCOTIA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM229 SILVER BLUE (Brig. Gen. Lindemann)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM230 GERFALCON (C. W. Boise, Esq.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM233 B.B. & C.I. RAILWAY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM234 HOPE OF CHEADLE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM236 FELLOWSHIP OF BELLOWS (Columbia)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM240 CLIFTON CINEMAS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM241 EL CONQUISTADOR (Columbia)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM244 SPEN VALLEY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM247 DELHI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM252 BOMBAY CITY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM256 DOROTHY MARY (Canada)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM260 POPEYE’S PAL (G. Wimpey & Co.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM262 LINCOLNSHIRE POACHER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM263 THE LORD MAYOR<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM264 SHETLANDER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM265 PRIDE OF NEWPORT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM270 PRIDE OF PUERTO RICO<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM301 ADMIRATION (Mrs. Fyfe-Jamieson)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM399 UPPER WARD OF LANARKSHIRE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM420 SPIRIT OF KENT (Lord Cornwallis)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BM634 O BANDEIRANTE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BR168 HAMADRYAD (Guthie & Co.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BS227 MAGIC CARPET (Hampton & Sons)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BS545 BRAZIL No. I<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">BS546 O GUARANG (Bellows Fellowship)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">EE602 CENTRAL RAILWAY URUGUAYAN STAFF<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">EN851 LIMA CHALLENGER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">EN957 LONDON TRANSPORT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">EN961 CITY OF WELLS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">EN966 FIDUCIA (Royal Army Pay Corps)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">EP119 CITY OF WAKEFIELD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">EP288 CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">EP970 ARGENTEUIL (Quebec)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER174 FORWARD ONE (Mrs. Stuart, New Jersey)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER176 FORWARD TWO (Mrs. Stuart, New Jersey)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER196 FLT./LT. B. MORELAND DENNY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER197 ALLCIA (C.I.A, M.O.S.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER206 BOROUGH OF ISLINGTON<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER213 COULSDEN AND PURLEY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER476 CANADIAN LAD<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER614 WAD MEDANI/BLUE NILE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER624 WILLIAM (W. Anderson, Esq.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER636 P.G. SPITFIRE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER762 N.W. RAILWAY II PUNJAB<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER771 ALBRINA (A. Ehrman, Esq.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER778 SPIRIT OF BEVERLEY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER782 ASSAM X<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER783 LIMA CHALLENGER II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER787 HISSAR IV PUNJAB<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER810 INCA (Lima, Peru)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER811 B.B. &C.I. RAILWAY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER815 N.W. RAILWAY III PUNJAB<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER816 DHANBAD JHARIA II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER822 AMBALA III PUNJAB<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER823 GURDASPUR II PUNJAB<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER824 NIGERIA KABALA PROVINCE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER825 GURGAON, PUNJAB<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER833 NIGERIA BENUE PROVINCE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">ER855 BIHAR VIII<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">JG738 EL OBEID KURDOFAN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">JG806 PORT SUDAN/KASSALA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">JG836 LAKE ST. JOHN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">JG875 BEM-TE-VI (Rio de Janeiro)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">JG916 OMDURMAN/KHARTOUM<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">JG950 KASSALA TOWN AND PROVINCE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">JK132 EL FASHER/DARFUR PROVINCE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">JK134 JUBA PROVINCE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">JK188 KHARTOUM CITY AND PROVINCE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">JK191 MALAKAL/UPPER NILE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">JK255 BARAKAT/BLUE NILE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">JK260 ATBARA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">JK400 PERSIANGULF<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">JK509 WADIHALFA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">JK975 THE SCOTTISH JAMES<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">JK981 BOROUGH OF WOOD GREEN<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">MA819 BARNSLEY CHOP<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">MJ502 PRINCE TUNGI TONGA No.II<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Serial numbers of the following named Spitfires cannot be ascertained:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">fourteen presented by the Motor Industry to equip No.145 (Motor Industries) Squadron-ROOTES SNIPE, ROOTES SHADOW, SMITHFIRE, SUN WORKS, CHAMPION, W.R.M., M.A.A., THE DOMINANT FACTOR, S.M.M.T., LORD AUSTIN, WYVERN I and II, NUFFIELD and THE CAT;<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">fifteen presented by Nigeria and named after provinces in the manner NIGERIA ZARIA PROVINCE for each as follows-WARRI PLATEAU, ILORIN, KANO, ABEOKUTA, KATSINA,NIGER, OYO, BENlN, BORNU, CAMEROONS, CALABAR, IJEBU, LAGOS & COLONY;<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">twelve presented by Kentish Towns and named as follows-BECKENHAM, FAVERSHAM, CHISLEHURST AND SIDCUP, ROCHESTER, GRAVESEND SHRIMP, BEXLEY,YEOMAN OF KENT, MEDWAY METEOR, PRIDE OF SHEPPEY, FAIR MAID OF KENT and ROYAL ELTHAM and NEW ELTHAM;<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">and also seven variously named as follows-KING OF THE AIR, MYSORE, KOLA GOLDFIELDS, H.G.STARLEY, CALEDONIA, PERICLES, SPITHEAD BILLY and ROBINSON.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Several named after towns in the then Belgian Congo including LEOPOLDVILLE, BRAZZAVILLE, STAN LEYVILLE, etc., could not be identified by serial number.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It should be appreciated that presentation details could be transferred, e.g., when No.91 Squadron was named the Nigerian Squadron, aircraft in other squadrons already named after Nigerian Provinces were not transferred to No.91, but the presentation details were.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">As a typical example, AA976 GRANDOTEL presented by Manchester Hotels and serving in No.91 Squadron, was renamed after a Nigerian Province, and GRANDOTEL became the name of the aircraft that originally had the Nigerian name.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thanks and credit to Andrew Pentland – a_pentland@hotmail.com</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div>
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-924186381416486618
2020-02-10T04:27:00.000-08:00
2020-02-10T04:27:06.595-08:00
A Short Story of William Pryer's Protege : Pongholo Stanislaus Dominic of Sandakan
<br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">I was having conversation with <b>Encik Azlan Lauddin Martin</b> the Admin of a Facebook Page <b>"Discover Tawau"</b> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and we talked about the origin of a particular road signage in Tawau <b>"Jalan Dominic"</b>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We discussed at length <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that <b>"Jalan Dominic"</b> could be related to the "Dominic Clan of Sandakan". Over the weekend, we managed to find this story and we wish to share it to all the Sabah History enthusiasts. To the Dominic's Clan please help us if you have more information to share....<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>SEJARAH NORTH BORNEO SABAH SPECIAL EDITION (FB PAGE)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>A Short Story of William Pryer's Protege : </b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Pongholo Stanislaus Dominic of Sandakan<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Dominics are a typical Sandakan family born of an eclectic set of events that led to the founding of Sandakan, the former capital of British North Borneo Chartered Company, in the last quarter of the 19th century.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">These circumstances led to a little twist of fate that would change the course of history for several generations<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of Dominics.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">'Pongholo' is phonetically linked to the native title of 'Panghulu Panghalapan', meaning 'the entrusted one of the Sultan' as 'Panghalapan' is derived from the Tausug root word 'halap' ('to trust'). The British were perhaps not familiar with the tongue twisting native title and for convenience, assumed that 'Pongholo' was a name.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pongholo Stanislaus Dominic, a high born 'Sooloo' or Tausug, also known as Pedro, was born on the 4th August 1876. Pongholo had come to Sandakan from the Philippines island of Palawan with his family as a young child and he was admitted into the fledgling Roman Catholic Mission School on St Mary's founded by Father Jackson in 1883. Father Byron arrived in Sandakan in May 1886 for a brief visit and in July 1887 he was assigned on a permanent basis and took over the flagging mission school.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pongholo was adopted by William and Ada Pryer, the founder of Sandakan and his wife between 1880 and 1888. A compelling oral history points that the adoption was a strategic goodwill gesture between Pryers and the Sultan of Sulu, on the occupation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of a newly acquired territory. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In March 1889, aged 12 the little Pongholo, Mrs Pryer's protégé has been baptized and was named Dominic in honour of Mr Dominic Daly (The Government Secretary and the Assistant Resident for Province Dent) and his son with Harriet Daly nee Douglas as his godmother. It could have been coincidence that Pongholo was also born on the feast day of St Dominic. Mr Doiminic Daly died in August 1889, shortly after Pongholo's baptism. Mrs Daly returned to London for good the following year.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In February 1891 the Pryers left for Europe for an extended break, leaving Pongholo in the care of Father Byron at the Roman Catholic mission. By this time, Pongholo at aged 14, the good Father had already developed a fondness for the teenager, "the cleverest boy in the school".<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1893 Pongholo would have been 17 years old had<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>increased frequency and depth of communication with Mrs Pryer and Father Byron. The presence of Pongholo in the Pryer household was also mentioned several times from the start of Mrs Pryer's Diary.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Father Byron must have strong inkling that his years in Borneo were numbered as on 3rd January 1896 drafted his will with Pongholo as one of the eyewitness. In April 1896 Father Byron fell seriously ill. Pongholo was particularly affected by the event. Father Byron returned to England in July 1896 was to be the last farewell between the good father and Pongholo. On the 30th October 1896 Father Byron breathed his last and was laid to rest at Mill Hill in London.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Pryers years as pioneers of British North Borneo Chartered Company were also coming to close. After establishing a new town, instituting law and order, and managing three estates, overworked, exhausted and spent, William Pryer's health had deteriorated drastically. When the Pryers left for England on the 1st October 1898, a few thought as they bade him farewell that they were seeing him for the last time. William Burgess Pryer, born in London in 1843, "an ex amateur boxer, utterly fearless with man or beast; a magician with snakes " died at Port Said, Egypt on 7th or 8th of January 1899. After many devoted years of being a pillar of strength to a typical British pioneer Mr Pryer , now Ada Blanche Locke returned home alone. They had no children except two proteges left behind in British North Borneo Chartered Company, Pongholo Dominic and Soo Ah Yin, whose live change irrevocably for generations.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pongholo corresponded with Mrs Pryer until her death in London in 1916, though they were never to meet again. Throughout these formative years Pongholo's musical talents emerged a credible performance in a concert organised by Father Byron and Father Driessen.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1896, aged 20, Pongholo became a staff member of the Custom Department which was founded by William Pryer in February 1878 as the first giant stride towards establishing law and order in one of the last untamed frontiers of the British Empire. Pongholo had risen steadily through the ranks of the civil service to become Assistant Deputy Commissioner for Customs, a most prestigious and well paid post. Pongholo retired on the 30th June 1928 .<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1899 Pongholo Dominic became betrothed to Rose Mary Kong from Hong Kong's origin , a former boarder from St Mary's Girls' Convent. Dominic will only married to Rose the following year as she was only 15 and considered still too young. They finally celebrated their nuptials at the Roman Catholic Church on St Mary's Mount in 1900. He was 24 and she just turned 16.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pangholo Dominic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>got twelve children with Rose Mary Kong ;<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1. May Winifred Ursula +Davis (1902)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Martha Patricia + Neubronner (1903)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Adelaide Rosemary + Mendoza (1904)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Teresa Claire Pauline + Pereira (1905)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Cornelius John Wilfred @ Cory (1908)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">6. Cecil Dominic (1910)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">7. Beatrice Ursula Blanche + Orolfo (1912)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">8. Angeline Juliana - Clemente (1914)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">9. Ethelbert Richard Thomas (1916)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">10. Michael Nick Cyril Alfred (1919)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">11. Rosalind Violet Regina + Corpuz (1921)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">12. Florence Henrietta Margarita + Fabia (1923)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">He and his wife with their eight girls and four boys lived very comfortably in a substantial two storey timber home, situated in Happy Valley, near the civil hospital. With four bedrooms, two bathrooms and interior furnishings which include Persians carpets, cabinets full of curios, two pianos, two harps, a radio (always tuned to the BBC). and two brass cannons positioned decoratively in the lush, spacious garden, the Dominic family's "Rose Cottage" rivalled many of the European- owned houses.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The family also owned rubber estates and orchards along the Labuk Road. As well as being well educated and musically gifted, Pedro was a voracious reader, a good footballer and a fine cricket player. Describe as a natty dresser, he always wore a jacket, crisp white pants, starched shirt a bow tie and hat, and was never seen without a pipe or walking stick, of which he had quite an array. In many ways, probably due to the influence of William Pryer, Pedro Dominic was more British than the British.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A leading lights in the social and recreational scene, he was well known for his outgoing personality, his collection of rare orchids (for which he won prizes at the Flower Show) and his English-style hospitality and cuisine, which featured traditional breakfast and dainty afternoon teas served on fine English china, roast dinners, crusty pies, hams, and, at Christmas, a rich plum puddings.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">During second World War, Pro British - Pedro Dominic generously supported the raising of money to pay for a Spitfire in England to fight against Germany. Alex Funk married Maggie (Magdalene) Neubronner a granddaughter of Pedro Dominic, the Funks were also connected to the large Dominic Clan and to Ernesto Lagan, who had married Maggie's sister, Katherine. Maggie Funk was involved in the Sandakan underground movement as a money changer of which the commission earned for the transaction was used to buy food for the camp hospital.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pedro Dominic's son in law, Andrew Pereira a government printer who had been allowed to keep his job, was among those fortunate enough not to have attracted the attention of the Japanese. The family had moved from their large bungalow on the reclamation ground to another property, further along the bay near Tanah Merah, which had more land on which to grow food. One day, while Andrew was cycling to work at the printing office, situated near the town mosque, a POW cutting grass along the Leila Road tossed him a watch, indicating that he wanted to trade it for cigarettes. Pereira not only returned the watch, with the requested cigarettes, but also, from that day on, always made sure he carried a packet to give to any prisoners he saw.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Japanese, angry at the way in which the war is going, became increasingly short<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tempered. Anyone at all who incurred their wrath for the slightest rule infringement was subjected to brutal treatment. At the end of 1944, Pedro Dominic's eldest son, Cornelius, better known as Cory and brother of Double Tenth freedom fighter Ethelbert, ran afoul of the Japanese in Tawau and was beheaded. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Because of the increased brutality and the bombing, many of the locals in Sandakan quit town to find refuge on farms and rubber estates owned by relatives or friends. Dominic abandoned Rose Cottage and moved his family to an orchard at Mile 13 owned by his son-in-law Andrew Pereira, the government printer who had gone out of his way to give cigarettes to POWs working round the town. With no work at the government printer, the Pereiras had left their Leila Road house in May that year.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Shortly after Andrew Pereira arrived at the orchard, the Japanese had issued orders that every family member who was old enough must plant 2000 tapioca bushes. Inspection were carried out regularly but to the surprise of his son Alfred, no one ever bothered to actually count them. Once the crop was harvested, the Japanese confiscated the lot, so in order to get enough to eat, the family removed the roots and replaced the leafy stalks in the soil, giving the impression that the plants were still growing. When the leaves withered and died , it was put down to a fungal disease. The Australian, who crept under the wire at night in search of food, had been employing a version of this ruse for some time, by digging up the roots from below soil level. They referred to the practice as 'bandicooting' named for a small furry marsupial which burrowed around in gardens at night for food.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By early 1945, when signs of Japanese defeat in the war were imminent, the Japanese began to arrest local community leaders in Sandakan. The arresting orders were issued by Colonel Machiguchi Taku, the officer in charge of Kempeitai in Borneo. A party of Japanese marines from Captain Aida Hideo's Special Attack Unit stormed into Sandakan. On the assumption that the Chinese community was assisting the Allies, the rampaged through the town, entering a number of houses and bayoneting men, women and children. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Meanwhile, Colonel Otsuka, Military Commander of the Sandakan area, issued orders to arrest any civilian who spoke English, using a list supplied by a key collaborator. Pedro Dominic was living in a hut in a jungle on his Sunny Rubber Estate at Mile 1.5 when soldiers came for him. Aware that the Japanese had begun to round up prominent citizens earlier that month, he had moved from Andrew Pereira's orchard at Mile 13, thinking that the hut, which belong to one of his estate's overseers, would provide a safer refuge. It didn't.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Among those also under arrest were partners of prestigious local firm, members of the State Legislative Council, pharmacist at the Sandakan Dispensary, a local doctor, members of the China Relief Fund, building contractors, traders, chief clerks, merchants and senior civil servants. Except a few , almost all were Chinese. A family members who delivered food to one of the prisoners at the barrack was not allowed to go in and were told not to come again as all prisoners were to be sent to Kuching. Before they left they spotted him inside the perimeter like other detainees, his head had been shaved.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The only thing they had in common was an abiding hatred for the Japanese, a great loyalty to the British and the fact that they all spoke English. These attributes were more than enough for the Japanese. After appearing in court, over which no judged presided, all were found guilty, and their sentences were read to them by Captain Nakata Shiruchi and translated into Malay by a Japanese interpreter. the 26 men and 2 women were taken back to the military barracks at Mile 1.5, where ten graves had been prepared on the nearby hillside. After being split into three groups, all twenty-eight prisoners were either shot or beheaded. When families of victims, having heard no news from the court, went to the barracks, they discovered that the building had been damaged by fire. Sticking to the previous lie, the Japanese soldier told them that everyone had been transferred to Jesselton.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Japanese did not stop with slaughter at Mile 1.5. That same day, Dominic's son in law, Andrew Pereira, who was just recovering from a bout of malaria, was summoned at bayonet point to attend a meeting on the Sandala Estate at mile 15. The next morning he and his friends Richard Watson and Foo Chi Ming , with two others were all taken to an isolated spot on the northern side of Labuk Road, not far from Gum Gum river at mile 17. Andrew Pereira and Richard Watson met their bloody fate with one swipe of the sword, but the decapitation of the third Foo Chi Ming, was botched. The senior Japanese decided to defer the two final executions and both men were subsequently released the following day.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Pongholo Stanislaus Dominic's execution on the 27th May 1845 were only known by the family members after the war. Pongholo was 68 years old when he died, short 3 month before his 69th birthday leaving behind his beloved children. As he was led away to the cells in the nearby Kempeitai barracks near the old wireless station, his last words were for his daughters : 'Be good girls.'<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Those are a story that started with a dawn of new North Borneo's civilization in 1878 that end with a tragic loss not just Pongholo Dominic of a once celebrated and distinguished gentlemen in the civil service but spell the end of the British North Borneo Chartered Company. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">North Borneo became the Crown Colony in 1946.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">For a short while, for those massacre in Sandakan, we cast aside our own feelings of despair and desperation to remember not only Pongholo Dominic but all who gave their lives in time of war. We will honour and keep precious memory the memory of all those men and women who died serving their country, seeking justice and peace for all. We recognise their courage, determination and commitment of their cause. We hope that our lives will be worthy of our forebears.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Source :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Professor Danny Wong , Historical Sabah The War (2010)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Lynette Ramsay Silver, Blood Brothers (2010)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Rosalie Corpuz, The Pryers, The Priest and The Pongholo : A Sandakan Story<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Photos Source :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Sabah Museum Journal Vol.2 (2017)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Brenden M Miles<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Azlan Laudin Martin<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Edited by :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Kumis Kumis</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div>
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
1
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-4737781069097674592
2020-02-08T08:50:00.001-08:00
2020-02-19T10:54:35.061-08:00
Borneo History PDF
<div> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Compilation of Research on Borneo History (Credit to researcher and writer. Sharing of this information for educational purposes)</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span> <br /> <ol> <li><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-AVh7r2B4Tab9ob169KlSw6iTijJx5XB/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Borneo WW2 Campaign</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Mk7T9YByb-R84ONxaWGUPq6Tz6zIVIQa/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">The Brunei Rebellion of 1962 by Kathleen Harry</a></span></li> </ol> <br /> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Kompilasi Kajian Sejarah Borneo Utara (Kredit kepada Pengkaji dan Penulis. Perkongsiaan adalah untuk tujuan Pendidikan Ilmu Sejarah Kepada Masyarakat)</span></div> <ol> <li><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ucMzJh1Zv7R7Ywrr94wTtjbKfeum97EB/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Buku Sejarah Sultan Sultan Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LK1JkHPbPvPxjIFomNlNSIv5VYm2E3bP/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Fakta Sebenar Isu Tuntutan ‘Sulu’ Terhadap Sabah oleh Nurul Insyirah Mohd Ishah dan Noor Hidayah Yusof</a></li> <li><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lYwQ3SCBuTOyTOeTe5j0N-OmQYO0MK7T/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Isu Pemilikan Wilayah Pantai Timur Sabah: Satu Penelusuran daripada Sudut Sumber Sejarah oleh Eko Prayitno Joko </a></li> <li><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_5keucl-ZrdXKedpcx02x6z5oBM4oII4/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Kupasan Sejarah MA63 oleh Pejabat Perdana Menteri</a></li> <li><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mQTFv5D16C4zoBELIpPhW0x-oZJF3WIx/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Ontoros@ Antenom Pahlawan Terbilang Bangsa Murut Di Sabah oleh Dayu Sansalu </a></li> <li><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1K0t1a7VGz2y69wejaa4Eeyiudd4LRWb9/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Pembinaan dan Perkembangan Konsep Native Di Borneo Utara pada Zaman Kolonial oleh Toru Ueda</a></li> <li><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/13CUtrc3_gl9fkZ5wzHFuqP5Datvjmfi9/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Pengaruh Kesultanan Brunei Kepada Masyarakat Sabah (Siri I) 3 April 2008, Utusan Borneo, ms.13 Oleh Bilcher Bala & Baszley Bee Basrah Bee dan Jakaria Dasan </a></li> <li><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jqdhFu0SlwUBMNPxxNRPD4HpDFCd5cQs/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Perkembangan Penanaman Getah di Sabah, 1892-1941 oleh Jinel Noin</a></li> <li><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XXoKDLIYjinCJ5TcDOmezbTdT3BXBcq3/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Sejarah Komuniti Buruh Estet Cina Di Borneo Utara 1881-1942 oleh Marianne anak Miga</a></li> <li><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-TNBxVZSJhLsUKapixqW4YMf05qdxi-Z/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Tuntutan Kesultanan Sulu Terhadap Sabah : Sorotan Dari Perspektif Sejarah dan Perundangan oleh Hamdan Aziz dan Syahrin Said</a></li> </ol>
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-103121151844926589
2020-02-07T21:10:00.001-08:00
2020-02-19T10:23:00.719-08:00
North Borneo History Articles by Kumis Kumis
<div> <b><br /></b></div> <div> <b>NORTH BORNEO HISTORY</b></div> <div> <ol> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2019/02/a-brief-history-of-gaya-island-1846.html">A Brief History of Gaya Island, West Coast North Borneo 1846 -1899 Under The British North Borneo Charted Company</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2019/07/kinarut-mansion-new-german-township-and.html">Kinarut Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/11/operation-granite-royal-australian.html">"Operation Granite" - Royal Australian Engineers in Sabah 1964-1966</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/10/pangiran-osman-and-okk-pangiran-omar-of.html">Pangiran Osman and OKK Pangiran Omar of Sipitang</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2019/07/royal-australian-army-engineers-in-sabah.html">Royal Australian Army Engineers in Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2019/10/sininggazanak-short-story-of-famous.html">SININGGAZANAK : A short story of the famous female wooden figure from Kampung Tampasak, Kinarut, Papar</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-new-sacred-heart-church-at-jesselton.html">The New Sacred Heart Church at Jesselton</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-habits-and-customs-of-sikhs.html">The Habits and Customs of the Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2019/01/the-timogun-murut-legend-of-tampulan.html">The Timogun Murut, The Legend of Tampulan and The Tampulan's Stone.</a></li> </ol> </div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <b>LEGENDA</b></div> <div> <ol> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/08/legenda-asal-usul-suku-dusun-klias.html">Legenda dan Asal Usul Suku Dusun Klias Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/08/legenda-dan-sejarah-awal-suku-kuijau.html">Legenda dan Asal Usul Suku Kuijau</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2019/02/legenda-dan-asal-usul-suku-koroli-labuk.html">Legenda dan Asal Usul Suku Koroli, Labuk, Sandakan</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2019/02/legenda-dan-asal-usul-suku-makiang.html">Legenda dan Asal Usul Suku Makiang, Kinabatangan, Sandakan, Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/11/legenda-raja-tua-batulong-dan-asal-usul.html">Legenda Raja Tua Batulong dan Asal Usul Suku Dumpas.</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/02/legenda-asal-usul-bajau-pantai-barat.html">Legenda Suku Bajau Pantai Barat Borneo Utara</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/02/legenda-suku-lotud-tuaran.html">Legenda Suku Lotud Tuaran.</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/10/sejarah-awal-catatan-lisan-dan-legenda.html">Legenda Suku Tatana Kuala Penyu</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2019/07/legenda-watu-papakang.html">Legenda Watu Papakang</a></li> </ol> </div> <div> <b>SEJARAH AWAL</b></div> <ol> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/07/sejarah-awal-suku-orang-laut-bajau.html">Sejarah Awal Bajau Samah Borneo Utara</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/08/sejarah-awal-catatan-lisan-kisah.html">Sejarah Awal : Catatan Lisan Kisah Perpindahan dan Perang Minsangod Suku Tagahas atau Tagaas</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/10/sejarah-awal-dan-catatan-lisan.html">Sejarah Awal dan Catatan Lisan Mengkabong di Abad ke 18-19</a></li> <li><a href="http://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2016/09/datu-sharif-abdul-rashid-ahmad-datu.html">Sejarah Awal Datu Sharif Abdul Rashid Ahmad Datu Sharif Mohd Salleh (Paduka Mat Salleh)</a></li> <li><a href="http://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/05/sejarah-awal-inanam-suku-kadazandusun.html">Sejarah Awal Inanam : Suku Kadazandusun "Tobilung" tahun 1735</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/07/sejarah-awal-penampang-pemberontakan.html">Sejarah Awal Penampang - Pemberontakan Buis Kulintangon</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/12/sejarah-awal-pentadbiran-syarikat.html">Sejarah Awal Pentadbiran Syarikat Berpiagam Borneo Utara British di Pandasan dan Tempasuk di abad ke 19.</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/04/sejarah-awal-suku-kaum-buludupi-dan.html">Sejarah Awal Suku Kaum Buludupi Kisah Gua Gomantong</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2020/01/sejarah-awal-suku-tombonuo.html">Sejarah Awal Suku Tombonuo</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2020/02/sejarah-awal-kewujudan-dan-jejak.html" target="_blank">Sejarah Awal Kewujudan dan Jejak Empayar Sriwijaya di Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/11/sejarah-misangod-rondom-di-borneo-utara.html">Sejarah Awal Misangod Rondom Borneo Utara</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2019/07/pangiran-osman-bin-okk-pangiran-omar.html">Sejarah Awal Pangiran Osman Bin OKK Pangiran Omar</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/10/pemberontakan-berdarah-terhadap.html">Sejarah Awal Pemberontakan Berdarah Terhadap Penjajah Inggeris oleh Panglima Mat Sator, Mat Daud, Timus, Sarah, Santara, Langkap dan Kamunta di Borneo Utara dari tahun 1900 sehingga 1903</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/11/sejarah-pengembaraan-francis-xavier.html">Sejarah Awal Pengembaraan Francis Xavier Witti di Borneo Utara 1880 - 1882</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/01/perang-padas-damit-1888-satu-persoalan.html">Sejarah Awal Perang Padas Damit 1888 : Satu Persoalan Siapakah Pengiran Shahbandar Hassan??</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/01/perang-rundum-1915-kisah-perjuangan.html">Sejarah Awal Perang Rundum 1915 : Kisah Perjuangan Suku Kaum Murut Di Borneo Utara.</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/01/perang-si-gunting-pahlawan-dusun-kota.html">Sejarah Awal Perang Si Gunting Pahlawan Dusun Kota Marudu 1894-1905.</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/01/sejarah-putatan-di-zaman-datu-menteri.html">Sejarah Awal Putatan di Zaman Datu Menteri Babu</a></li> <li><a href="http://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2014/07/asal-usul-karambunai-puteri-babau.html">Sejarah Awal Raja Mengkabong</a></li> <li><a href="https://borneohistory57.blogspot.com/2018/11/sejarah-sengketa-di-gua-gomantong_11.html">Sejarah Awal Sengketa di Gua Gomantong, Kinabatangan</a></li> </ol>
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
2
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-5235338862122955952
2020-01-24T00:38:00.003-08:00
2020-01-24T00:45:42.656-08:00
The North Borneo Herald. TUESDAY, 2ND JUNE 1914. INTERMENT OF THE LATE ALFRED JONES AT JESSELTON CEMETERY
<br /> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">THE NORTH BORNEO HERALD AND THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgobCl2iLNA_GJ9m_LAi-QMhJ0EV8SZd9o4JwV8VAbwffSbSqqDiFEhflG8H5almNXg1P5vDLgFYS14hX8kzHVdxqnQTN4h0OQ-B3EVKaScSjx2eKhMNbqSUN228C3PbRqR9k9m0RVp-n0/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgobCl2iLNA_GJ9m_LAi-QMhJ0EV8SZd9o4JwV8VAbwffSbSqqDiFEhflG8H5almNXg1P5vDLgFYS14hX8kzHVdxqnQTN4h0OQ-B3EVKaScSjx2eKhMNbqSUN228C3PbRqR9k9m0RVp-n0/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" /></span></a></div> <div align="center" class="separator" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">EDUCATIONAL SERIES BY BORNEO HISTORY</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">No. 11 - VOL.XXXII. SANDAKAN, TUESDAY, 2ND JUNE 1914.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The North Borneo Herald.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">TUESDAY, 2ND JUNE 1914.</span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">INTERMENT OF THE LATE ALFRED JONES</span></b></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> AT JESSELTON CEMETERY</span></b></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">An Impressive ceremony took place at Jesselton on the evening of 27<sup>th</sup> April last when the remains of the late Mr. Alfred Jones were </span><span style="color: black;">reinterred</span><span style="color: black;"> at the Cemetery.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The corpse was brought round from Usukan by the G.S.Y. Lotus in charge of Mr. French. The <i>Lotus</i> arrived alongside the wharf at 4.30 p.m. where the remains were handed over to the charge of the Civil Police. A special train conveyed the party from the wharf to the Post Office where the coffin was placed on the gun carriage which was covered with several beautiful wreaths.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">A procession was then formed and moved off towards the Cemetery to the sad strains of the band and the rumble of muffled drums. The procession was constituted as follows, Firing Party, Band, Gun Carriage, H. E. the Governor, Hon’ble the Government Secretary, Hon’ble the Commandant, Hon’ble the Resident and a large following of Officials and other European Residents. The Civil Police detachment brought up the rear.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The remains were met at the entrance to the Cemetery by the Rev. F. Leggatt who conducted the service. It was greatly to be regretted that a heavy shower of rain commenced shortly after the arrival of the procession at the Cemetery.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Mr. Alfred Jones was killed on 13<sup>th</sup> November, 1897, during an attack on Fort Ranau.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The rebel Mat Salleh had been run down to this stronghold and after bombardment it was decided that the place should be stormed. The storming party succeeded in forcing an entry but Mr. Jones was shot and speared inside the fort while leading the attack. A great fight took place for possession of the body and only after considerable losses (4 were killed and 5 wounded) were the storming party drives back, managing, however, to bring the body with them.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Mr. Jones was buried within the lines of the investing force.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The Dyak police refused to again assault the place and it became necessary to invest Fort Ranau for some weeks, when on the arrival of further ordnance, Mat Salleh evacuated the fort thus eventually allowing an unopposed entrance.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The Hon’ble Mr. Hewett, the other officers being Messrs. Wine, Onsley and Barraut. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">-/ss<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <br />
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-7535968335035739834
2020-01-24T00:35:00.004-08:00
2020-01-24T00:47:31.314-08:00
The North Borneo Herald. MONDAY, 2ND JANUARY 1922. GOVERNMENT CHIEF ROMANTAI
<br /> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">THE NORTH BORNEO HERALD AND THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb_r6G6DkiJqS0ZnDC-52cyGw2mgrowBdRlAIIx0V5f7Fnw7_RbjbUDaIsnDlHazbYWKV3I-S3K2_00pVRyUtmycVbJvhSoNjzqRbTamWbwuOgP31w1pJ70DJuK9xH73bTrKDJI82WG5o/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb_r6G6DkiJqS0ZnDC-52cyGw2mgrowBdRlAIIx0V5f7Fnw7_RbjbUDaIsnDlHazbYWKV3I-S3K2_00pVRyUtmycVbJvhSoNjzqRbTamWbwuOgP31w1pJ70DJuK9xH73bTrKDJI82WG5o/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" /></span></a></div> <div align="center" class="separator" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">EDUCATIONAL SERIES BY BORNEO HISTORY</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">No. 1 - VOL.XL. JESSELTON, MONDAY, 2ND JANUARY 1922.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The North Borneo Herald.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-MY" style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MONDAY, 2ND JANUARY 1922.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">GOVERNMENT CHIEF ROMANTAI<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY">The President of the Court of the British North Borneo Company made a most interesting speech at the annual meeting of shareholders. Not the least telling of the statements was the complete refutation given to the attacks that have been made on the administration of the territory and the treatment of the natives. Sir West Ridgeway, who is again about to undertake a visit to North Borneo, was able to demolish completely the charges that had been made. There were even shareholders who complained that the policy of the Court was aimed at too much philanthropy for the native and too little in the shape of dividends to the proprietors. The fact is that the Court of Directors, which contains practical Colonial and Indian administrators, places its sovereign duties before commercial gain, which has ever been the policy of British governance of subject lands<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and races. Sir West Ridgeway's denunciation of the statements by the writer in an American magazine was not the less vigorous and effective because it was couched in humorous<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>vein. His whole speech was effective and constitutes an able review of matters in North Borneo, and how the territory has fared during the critical period through which it and the rest of the world is passing. —</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY">The London & Chua Express.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span lang="EN-MY"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">People who lived at any time in Tambunan will hear with regret of the death, from dysentery of the Government Chief Romantai, Head of the Tegahas tribe of Dusuns. In the days when the rebel Mat Salleh urged the Dusuns to combine and attack the Government, Romantai's father was one of the strongest supporters of the movement, and one of the toughest opponents that the Government had to deal with. Mat Salleh fell in 1900 and the old man did not outlive him for long. His son, Romantai, became headman of the large village of Katuntul in about 1901 and soon showed himself to be a man of authority like his father. In 1907 we read in reports the departure of Nakoda Nyambong, who returned to Sarawak after serving some seven years as Government Chief in Tambunan, and thus was the way cleared for the Dusun Chiefs Romantai and Kenjawan, who thereafter ranked together as Head Chiefs in the Tambunan District. Both of these are now dead.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span lang="EN-MY"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span lang="EN-MY"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Romantai was never acclaimed a brilliant success but he was always a strong supporter of the Government, especially in resistance to rebellion, in this direction the services rendered in 1904 (after Kawang was raided) and in 1914 (Rundum rebellion) were invaluable. For 14 years he sat every ten days in the Tambunan native court and his decision were very rarely at fault.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span lang="EN-MY"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">One of the old type, addicted to over-indulgence in home brewed liquors, he will nevertheless be greatly missed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span lang="EN-MY"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span lang="EN-MY"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">-/ss</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br />
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-8286637657450145133
2020-01-24T00:34:00.000-08:00
2020-01-24T00:47:51.925-08:00
The North Borneo Herald. FRIDAY, 16TH JULY 1920. NORTH BORNEO A BUSINESS GOVERNMENT
<br /> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">THE NORTH BORNEO HERALD AND THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" class="separator" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPaHlZX_SECUPHMgdJYE2FfgyUJbRa3pEP9CIP7GYhoQxgu82XYpcbfD0ybDvubrL1acSo1J-FBGYI7o1he52R18zcy10pTgT7-MyKMHXwmGpo5mZa60IMTOuCCMClgdxkvGs7I919tMk/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPaHlZX_SECUPHMgdJYE2FfgyUJbRa3pEP9CIP7GYhoQxgu82XYpcbfD0ybDvubrL1acSo1J-FBGYI7o1he52R18zcy10pTgT7-MyKMHXwmGpo5mZa60IMTOuCCMClgdxkvGs7I919tMk/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" /></a></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <br /> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">EDUCATIONAL SERIES BY BORNEO HISTORY</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">No. 14 - VOL.XXXVIII. JESSELTON, FRIDAY, 16TH JULY 1920.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The North Borneo Herald.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">FRIDAY, 16TH JULY 1920.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">NORTH BORNEO<o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br /> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A BUSINESS GOVERNMENT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The following article from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Times Supplement </i>of May 25<sup>th</sup> is interesting. It is pleasant to see that the old idea of Borneo as an unheard of place in the back of beyond is fast dying put and that we need not expect to be regarded any longer as either an obscure Republic in South America, a part of Australia or a small district in Java<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The story goes among the Dyaks of Borneo—<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">That year ago there was a great rising of the waters. Four men encountered the flood without perishing in it. Each had a “surat” (or a writing book). The first man tied his round his waist, and the waters rising up to his shoulders destroyed it. This man was the ancestor of the Dyaks, who even to this day cannot read or write, seeing his book was then lost. The second man put his writing under his arm. But the waters reached it, too, wetted it, though without entirely destroying it. He was the father of the Malays, can read, though imperfectly. The third put his book on his shoulders, but the rising deluge just reached it, and, like the last, it was partially damages. See in descendants the Chinese, many of whom can read and write, though they are not very clever at it. But should the cleverness of the fourth and last man; the waters rose and rose, but what did he do? He put the writing on top of his head and consequently the waves could not reach it. The result is, whenever you meet a white man, he is sure to have a “surat” before him. – (Grant p.79)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Notwithstanding this flattering tribute to the foresight and learning of the white man, it is curious how little is generally known of the great island of Borneo, an island comprising an area roughly five times the size of England and Wales, and lying only just off the beaten track between Singapore and China. But whether, indeed, the European be descended from the prudent bibliophile of the flood, or whether as others aver, his ancestress was a Dyak woman with skin disease, who, drifting out to sea in a canoe, landed on a strange shore and gave birth to a child who was whiter than her countrymen, the fact remains that up till quite recent times foreigners have proven singularly unsuccessful in their effort to colonize the island.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Borneo first became known to the Europeans during the 16<sup>th</sup> Century, when Magellan’s ship touches there in their search for the Malacca, or Spice Islands. After Magellan’s death his comrades sailed past the Celebes Island into the Sulu Sea and during the remainder of the 16<sup>th</sup> Century the Portuguese maintained trade relations with Brunei, on the north-west coast of the island, but the Spice Islands remained the main objective of European merchants. An early attempt to proselytize the inhabitants ended disastrously, and several punitive expeditions did little to stop the piracy for which the coast inhabitants exhibited a surprising talent. Indeed, during the 17<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> Century they terrorized the whole Archipelago, organizing great fleets which put to sea for two or three years at a time and seriously interfered with the efforts of the Dutch and the British to establish regular trade with the Malay Islands.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Dutch Influence<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">During the 17<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> centuries the Dutch became the predominant European race in Borneo, and by their influence the British were expelled from Banjermasin, where they had established themselves, and all the trading posts on the western and southern coast fell into the hands of the Dutch. In 1759, however, Alexander Dalrymple succeeded in obtaining from the Sultan of Sulu possession of the whole of the north-eastern promontory; but by the end of the century both British and Dutch was forced by hostility of the inhabitants to abandon all hold on the island.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">During the occupation of Java by Sir Stanford Raffles in 1811, the British were called in to assist the Sultan of Banjermasin and secured a favorable treaty from him, and a post was also established at Pontianak but on the restoration of Java to the Dutch, these arrangements broke down and the Dutch were left in possession of the field. They did little, however, for some time to consolidate their influence in southern Borneo, owing to internal troubles in Java. With the rise of Singapore, direct trade was established between this port and Brunei and Sarawak in the north, but the operations of the English merchants were seriously interfered with the activities of the pirates.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It was not until Sir James Brooke set out on his famous adventure that the matter was seriously taken in hand. In 1838 this extraordinary man, breathing the spirit of the spacious days of Elizabeth, sailed from the Thames in his little yacht of 140 tons burden. On reaching Borneo he assisted Raja Muda Hassim, uncle of the reigning Sultan, to defeat the Dyak tribes who were in revolt in the province of Sarawak. For his services he receives the title of Raja of Sarawak, and for the next five years devoted himself to the consolidation of his power and to the establishment of what is perhaps a unique as well as a model kingdom, a kingdom which exists under his descendants to this day. But piracy still continues to be the great menace to peaceful trading, and it took many expeditions, many battles, and much slaughter before order and security were established on the seas. In these battles Raja Brooke was assisted by Captain (afterwards Admiral Sir Harry) Keppel and other British naval commanders, but it was not till 1849 that the evil was finally stamped out. By this time the island of Labuan had been organized by the British as a crown colony, but no steps were taken to occupy any portion of the mainland. As has been so often the case in the history of the British Empire, the extension of British influence was left entirely to the enterprise of private trading companies. In 1872 the Labuan Trading Company was established in Sandakan, a magnificent natural harbor on the east coast.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A British Syndicate<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In 1878 the Sultan of Sulu transferred to a syndicate promoted by Mr. (afterwards Sir Alfred) Dent, Sir Rutherford Alcock, Admiral Keppel, and Mr. Richard B. Martin all his rights over North Borneo. This syndicate developed into the British North Borneo Provisional Association, Limited and finally into the British North Borneo Chartered Company, and after acquiring further concessions from the Sultan of Brunei, was in 1888 places upon the footing of a British Protectorate. The administration of the area was left entirely in the hands of the Company, the Crown reserving only control of foreign relations and a veto on the appointment of the Governor.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">From that date development of the territory steadily progressed. Public services and a police force were organized, and after the revolutionary enterprises of a certain Bajau rebel called Mat Salleh had been with some difficulty dealt with, order was finally established and an era of steadily growing prosperity began. So here, in this “John Bulls Other Island”, we have a real “business” Government in control. It administers the territory from the offices in Thread needle-street no bigger than those of an average stockbroking firm, and while fulfilling all the functions of Government takes the closest interest in the trade development of the country. It does not disdain itself to join in financing the exploitation of the resources of the territory, but is content to leave the management in the hands of individual enterprise. By granting liberal concessions, and in some cases considerable financial assistance to rubber planters, it has helped to build up what has now become an extremely valuable industry, and only quite recently is subscribed a large proportion of the capital of a company formed to develop the whole timber resources of the country. Unlike the neighboring islands of Java, with its population of teeming millions, Borneo is sparsely populated, and the shortage of labor is one of the main difficulties to be contended with.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The population, such as it is, consists mainly of various sorts of Malays, Dyaks, and Chinese. The connection of the Chinese with Borneo dates back as early as seventh century, and in the 16<sup>th</sup> and 17<sup>th</sup> Centuries they played a considerable part in the exploitation of the island, and intermarried freely with the Malay population. But they prove troublesome both to the Malay princes, by whom they were originally encouraged to settle, and also to the Dutch, who ultimately expelled them from the island. They now, however, supply the chief source of labor to planting companies, and are in addition encouraged to settle in the territory, where their amazing industry and intelligence have secured them an important place in the industrial life of the country.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The east coast is chiefly inhabited by Bajaus—a Malayan tribe said by some to have come originally from Johore. They love chiefly in boats and spend their time fishing and making salt. They profess Mahomedanism, but are not very good at it. They are of a low type civilization, though they have one feature In common with their more civilized European brothers in that--“The men of quality do generally pull out their fore-teeth and put gold ones in their room.” (Beekman, p. 43.) The interior is sparsely populated by Dusuns and Muruts, who are of a still lower order of civilizations, though they habitually indulge in a liquor of their own manufacture, which is quite intoxicating as any that civilization has been able to introduce to them.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Dyaks<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The various tribes of Dyaks are however, the most interesting, as well as the most distinctive of the Borneo races. It is not certain whether they are the aborigines of the island, or not. They are probably of the same stock as the Malays, though they are regarded by them as aliens, and exhibit, indeed, very different characteristics. The Malays have a word for “Thank you”, but are of a most grateful and kindly disposition. They are as cheerful as the Malay is morose. They are honest and intelligent, but incorrigibly lazy and apathetic. In their handling of the marriage problem, there is much that we may learn from them. Divorce is easily secure on the grounds of incompatibility of temper, but in order to avoid any unpleasant feeling, the matter is laid at the doors of an unfavorable dream, which affords both an obligation and an excuse for a separation. Should, however, the parties subsequently feel that a mistake has been made; the sacrifice of a pig brings about a legitimate and happy restitution of conjugal rights. Guilty lovers are fines, and hastily sacrifice another pig to avoid further penalties, while a wife is allowed to fine a woman for enticing her husband away. If, however, she elects to beat her instead she only gets half the fine. If a married man runs off with a married woman, the husband of the woman is allowed to strike the man on the head with a club, while the wronged wife deals likewise with the lady. If the guilty lovers confess (in time) fines are inflicted instead. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The Dyaks are chiefly known to the outer world as “Head Hunters”, but in this matter they have been grossly misjudges. Head-hunting was, until it was suppressed, strictly a religious practice, preceded by fasting and prayer and governed by the strictest rules. Moreover, the skulls of the victims were held in great veneration and most honorably entreated. The choicest morsels were offered to them at mealtimes, and they were continuously presented with presents of tobacco and betel. The skulls of enemies had to be treated even more handsomely than those of fellow tribesmen, which may possibly account for the Dyak partiality for the heads of their friends in preference to those of their foes. The Dyak no longer hunts heads, but confines his warlike activities to hunting criminals in the police force.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The industries of British North Borneo are already considerable, and show a steady and satisfactory increase. Rubber, tobacco of a high grade, copra, timber, coal, birds’ nests, camphor, cutch and cotton form the main exports, and the production of damar (a kind of gum used in varnish) and kapok, together with sugar and alcohol from the nippa palm, has been recently started. The absence of a local rice supply for food purpose is being severely felt during the present shortage, and the organization of its cultivation in the territory is the most pressing problem of the moment.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">As a measure of the country’s progress, it may be stated that while the total exports in 1908 amounted to <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">£</span>533,400 in 1918 they had risen to <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">£</span>1,019,094. The future also appears full of promise. The soil is unrivalled, and the climate much better than is generally realized. The native population is now increasing, and the Japanese are adding considerably to the number of immigrants. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">-/ss<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br />
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-2667463956486039496
2020-01-16T07:55:00.003-08:00
2020-01-24T00:36:49.124-08:00
The North Borneo Herald. WEDNESDAY, 2ND NOVEMBER 1910. THE SEGALIUD MURDER
<br /> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">THE NORTH BORNEO HERALD AND THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmNALXSSC7GjYQOxSEoevRTpKs4g326g8JsPNeJggOv3K8WGBSmCqT1vF45NzxhuCctbRAq-vraPrKDQoReexEbkBzpWFjCCc8x__6f4ozyRuDDsWaiBDor-uK3-jtUa52WECtN-UGI10/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmNALXSSC7GjYQOxSEoevRTpKs4g326g8JsPNeJggOv3K8WGBSmCqT1vF45NzxhuCctbRAq-vraPrKDQoReexEbkBzpWFjCCc8x__6f4ozyRuDDsWaiBDor-uK3-jtUa52WECtN-UGI10/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" /></span></a></div> <div align="center" class="separator" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">EDUCATIONAL SERIES BY BORNEO HISTORY</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">No. 21 - VOL.XXVIII. SANDAKAN, WEDNESDAY, 2ND NOVEMBER 1910.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">The North Borneo Herald.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">WEDNESDAY, 2ND NOVEMBER 1910.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;">THE SEGALIUD MURDER</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The Police were informed at 1 p.m. on Sunday 30<sup>th</sup> ult. by Panglima Tarip that one Ibik, orang Sungei of Kampong Segaliud had at 7-30 p.m. on the previous night murdered his wife </span>Unau <span style="color: black;">in his house. The news was brought to Sandakan by Mulang, a man living in the house, and Takbir, (both orang Sungei) the younger brother of the murdered woman. One hour afterwards Mr. E. G. French, Acting C.P.O. left Sandakan by launch with Dr. Chill, Sergt. Chanda Singh, P.C. Kishin Singh, a Chinese Detective, Panglima Tarip and the two informants. The Kampong was reached at dusk. Two gobangs which had been towed up from the Telegraph Station were used to affect a landing. The boy, Takbir on being told to point out the house ran away, the Panglima afterwards indicated its direction and also disappeared. It was found that Mr. French and his party then approached the front of the house and called on Ibik to surrender, the only reply being a bullet from a snider, pushed through the wall, which passed between Mr. French and Pte. Kishin Singh who were standing a yard apart, at so short a range that the powder was felt on their faces. The party then took cover behind a fallen tree close to the house. Mr. French, after being assured by the Panglima that there was no possibility of Ibik’s escape, settled to return for reinforcements sufficient to enable him to surround the house. Sandakan was reached at 11-30 p.m., and by 2 a.m. Mr. French left again with Sergeant Manggal Singh, (Gaoler) Sergt. Odum Singh, two Lance Corporals and 10 privates. Owing to the launch having run aground at the Kuala, the Kampong was not reached until 7 a.m. Panglima Tarip was then sent to inform Ibik that if he surrendered he would not be harmed, and after ten minutes returned with the reply that if he (Ibik) was wanted the Tuan had better come to fetch him at his house. Mr. French after calling on him to surrender and receiving no reply gave orders to the Police to fire on the house. A volley was fired, and Mr. French whose orders had been misunderstood, ran forward by himself and got underneath the house, the floor of which was some 8 feet from the ground, Mr. French then saw Ibik trying to point his snider at him through the bamboos, of which the floor was constructed, which he eventually succeeded in doing at very close range and pulled the trigger, mercifully the cartridge did not explode. Mr. French them made for the open and as he passed underneath the doorway Ibik after throwing away his rifle jumped down just behind him with a spear, Mr. French then took a snap shot with his revolver but missed, and then slipped upon the muddy ground, whereupon Ibik threw his spear and struck Mr. French on the loin just above the right hip-bone, the spear dropped down, Ibik then drew his parang and struck at Mr. French’s head, the blow was received on the side of his left wrist. Mr. French then caught hold of the parang with his right hand to prevent Ibik striking him again and held until Sergeant Odum Singh had run up and arrested him. Mr. French gave instant orders that the man was to be taken alive, and so he was not promptly dispatched much to the disappointment of the Police. As soon as Mr. French’s wounds had been attended to, as far as circumstance permitted, a start was made for Sandakan which was reached at 2 p.m. Dr. Chill was in attendance, and after putting Mr. French under chloroform at his own house where he had immediately been taken, examined and dressed his wounds. The spear wound on the loin being 2 inches long and 3 inches deep and the parang cut on the wrist being 4 inches long and about an inch deep.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Mr. French is at the moment progressing most favorable. He speaks very highly of the behavior of the Police in both instances. In the latter one he considers his Malay was at fault, as after the volley, the order he wished to convey was to charge the house in a body. The onslaught from Ibik was so sudden Mr. French had no chance to give further orders.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">We wish to convey our sympathy to Mrs. French in the anxious time through which she is passing, and trust that Mr. French will quickly recover from his wounds.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <o:p><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> -/ss</span></o:p><br /> <br />
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-4094104765444346355
2020-01-16T07:52:00.000-08:00
2020-01-16T08:14:43.421-08:00
The North Borneo Herald. SATURDAY, 1ST OCTOBER 1910. THE LATE MR. W. C. COWIE
<br /> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">THE NORTH BORNEO HERALD AND THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div align="center" class="separator" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmNALXSSC7GjYQOxSEoevRTpKs4g326g8JsPNeJggOv3K8WGBSmCqT1vF45NzxhuCctbRAq-vraPrKDQoReexEbkBzpWFjCCc8x__6f4ozyRuDDsWaiBDor-uK3-jtUa52WECtN-UGI10/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmNALXSSC7GjYQOxSEoevRTpKs4g326g8JsPNeJggOv3K8WGBSmCqT1vF45NzxhuCctbRAq-vraPrKDQoReexEbkBzpWFjCCc8x__6f4ozyRuDDsWaiBDor-uK3-jtUa52WECtN-UGI10/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" /></a></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> </span><br /> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">EDUCATIONAL SERIES BY BORNEO HISTORY</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">No.19 - VOL.XXVIII. SANDAKAN, SATURDAY, 1ST OCTOBER 1910.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The North Borneo Herald.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">SATURDAY, 1ST OCTOBER 1910.</span><b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">THE LATE MR. W. C. COWIE</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The news of the death of Mr. W. C. Cowie, Chairman and Managing Director of the B.N.B. Chartered Company, Limited, on 14</span><sup><span style="color: black;">th</span></sup><span style="color: black;"> September was received by H. E. the Governor at Sandakan on 17</span><sup><span style="color: black;">th</span></sup><span style="color: black;"> Sept.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">All flags were half-masted as a mark of respect.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The sad news is of the most vital interest to the country, with the fortunes of which Mr. Cowie has, since its first occupation, been closely connected.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">In about 1870 Mr. Cowie first visited the Far Rest in a small steamer whose adventurous voyage was some years ago described in the <i>Wide World Magazine.</i></span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Two years afterwards ̶̶̶ ̶ ̶̶ ̶ in 1879 ̶̶̶ ̶ ̶̶ ̶ Mr. Cowie was engaged running the Spanish blockade in a vessel called the <i>Far East</i>. In order to facilitate the blockade running he obtained permission from the Sultan of Sulu to erect a transshipment depot in Sandakan Bay at a spot some distance beyond the present town.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">To quote Mr. Cowie’s own words in an article written for the <i>London and China Express </i>in 1909 ̶̶̶ ̶ ̶̶ ̶ “This was the first step towards the permanent occupation of North Borneo.”</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Shortly afterwards Mr. Cowie formed the Labuan Trading Company which, with Baron Overbeck, took over certain concessions, given by the Sultan of Brunei, from Rajah Torrey (an American).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Later on Mr. Cowie joined Baron Overbeck (who represented a Syndicate formed by the Dent Brothers) and they obtained a concession from the Sultan of Sulu conferring full sovereign and territorial rights on Baron Overbeck and Mr. Alfred Dent.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">In these preliminary negotiations Mr. Cowie took a leading part and eventually all rights were taken over by a Provisional Association which again sold all its rights to the British North Borneo Company which was incorporated by Royal Chartered, 1</span><sup><span style="color: black;">st</span></sup><span style="color: black;"> November, 1881.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Mr. Cowie also obtained rights from the Sultan of Brunei over the island of Muara and for some time worked the coal there ̶̶̶ ̶ ̶̶ ̶<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>eventually selling his rights to the Rajah of Sarawak.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">In 1894 Mr. Cowie was elected a Director of the Company and In 1897 was appointed Managing director of the Chartered Company. In 1898 he visited British North Borneo in connection with the trouble caused by the rebel Mat Salleh whom he named the “Rob Roy” of Borneo. A treaty was made with Mat Salleh, who however broke the treaty directly Mr. Cowie had left the country.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">During the visit Mr. Cowie visited Tenom and other Stations in the country.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Since this time Mr. Cowie has guided the policy of the Court of Directors and has exhibited great financial genius which, combined with tenacity of purpose, raised the country from the verge of bankruptcy to its present position.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">-/ss</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br />
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-7609711703903334399
2020-01-16T07:50:00.003-08:00
2020-01-16T08:15:11.035-08:00
The North Borneo Herald. SATURDAY, 3RD JANUARY 1903. THE BLOWPIPE IN BORNEO
<br /> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">THE NORTH BORNEO HERALD AND THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="separator" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmNALXSSC7GjYQOxSEoevRTpKs4g326g8JsPNeJggOv3K8WGBSmCqT1vF45NzxhuCctbRAq-vraPrKDQoReexEbkBzpWFjCCc8x__6f4ozyRuDDsWaiBDor-uK3-jtUa52WECtN-UGI10/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmNALXSSC7GjYQOxSEoevRTpKs4g326g8JsPNeJggOv3K8WGBSmCqT1vF45NzxhuCctbRAq-vraPrKDQoReexEbkBzpWFjCCc8x__6f4ozyRuDDsWaiBDor-uK3-jtUa52WECtN-UGI10/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" /></span></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span> </span><br /> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">EDUCATIONAL SERIES BY BORNEO HISTORY</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">No. 1 - VOL.XXI. SANDAKAN, SATURDAY, 3RD JANUARY 1903.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The North Borneo Herald.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">SATURDAY, 3RD JANUARY 1903.</span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">THE BLOWPIPE IN BORNEO</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Few instruments of destruction known to uncivilized men are more deadly than the blowpipe and poisoned darts, with the use of which many of the native races of Borneo are familiar. The range and accuracy of aim of which this weapon is capable enables the native to inflict injuries on animals and men who have no power to retaliate, as they have little hope of discovering in the jungle the whereabouts of their opponent. The virulence of the poison makes many of the wounds fatal in a short time. Thus the blowpipe furnishes a means of attack at once safe and effective. The blowpipe is known to the Punan by the expressive name “keleput,” the dart being called “lagan.” The “keleput” is a tube some seven feet long, with a bore of about one-third of an inch. The external diameter gradually diminishes from about one inch at the mouth end to three-quarters at the other.</span><span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The material of which the tube is made is a light and right yellow wood, which is found commonly throughout the whole country, both in high and low ground. A piece of this selected as </span>free <span style="color: black;">from knots as possible, and is roughly-shaped. The hole is bored with an iron rod eight feet long and necessarily slender, with a cutting edge at one end. This might be called a chisel, although its proportions are so widely different from the carpenter’s chisel, and it is gripped by two pieces of wood lashed on to the metal. Both the pole and this boring tool are place upright, the pole being fixed in a natural vice of branches of trees, the rod passing through guides high above the ground, and just over the pole. For the work two men are required. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">One brings the long chisel down repeatedly on to the center of the pole turning it slightly each time. The other moistens the wood with water from a bark-bucket, which he ladles into the hole with a leaf cup. It takes eight to ten hours to bore through the pole in this manner, and although the chisel does beautifully regular work, the Punans farther polish the inside with a small rattan which is passed rapidly backwards and forwards, sometimes using a ribbed leaf to finish the operation. Satisfied with this, they whittle away the outside to the required size and smoothness. When the Punan uses blowpipe he lashes a short spear, to the end, bayonet-fashion, so that he may have a weapon to ward off the attack of infuriated victims. The weight of this spear would seriously distort the long slender tube and make it difficult to take true aim. The Punan accordingly proceeds to curve the end of the blowpipe a certain amount, which the spear and lashings exactly compensate, so that when these are fixed on, they bend the tube straight. The curvature is produced by warping. The mouth end of the pole is fixed firmly in some part of the dwelling, and the center is supported by a loop hanging from above, while weights are attached to the other end. The curvature is judged sufficient when, on looking through the tube, only a certain fraction (above two-thirds) of the area of the bore can be seen through. The blowpipe is then warmed to take a “set”. When this has been done a little round piece of wood is lashed on to what will be the upper side of the narrow end, to act as a sight, the spear is lashed underneath, and the blowpipe is ready.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The dart is made from the stem of the “Nibong” palm, a piece of which is cut down to a length of seven or eight inches, and the thickness of a fine straw. The shaft is made perfectly straight and uniform, and this is done entirely by eye. The tool used is a knife with a long handle, which passes across the chest and is held under the arm, so that the pressure of the elbow keeps it steady while both hands are free, one to draw the of wood backwards and forwards, the other to keep the edge of the blade at a suitable angle. One end of the shaft is sharpened to a point, to be smeared with poison, while the other is fitted with a conical piece of the pith of the wild which exactly corresponds with the blow of the blowpipe. The method by which the Punan fits this cone to the bore is at once easy and accurate. Out of a piece of wood a gauge is made roughly resembling a dissecting needle in shape, the thicker portion exactly fitting into the blowpipe, the pin having the thickness of the shaft of the dart. A piece of the pith of the wild sago tree is fixed on the pin and cut so as to be even with the base of the holder. This is then whittled down to the diameter of the holder at one end and the pin at the other, so that when taken off the gauge it will exactly fit on to the shaft of the dart, and at the same time will act as an air-tight piston-head in the tube of the blowpipe. A short distance from the point of the dart the natives cut two or three rings almost through to the center of the shaft, which is in this way rendered so brittle that if any one tries to pull it out of a wound the tip snaps off and remains buried in the flesh, unless the dart is drawn perfectly straight outwards.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">To test the accuracy of this work the Punan puts the dart into the blowpipe and sees whether it moves too easily or not. He once more adjusts the pith cone by turning it between his finger and thumb. When everything is to his liking he draws the dart up flush with his lips. It is then blown with a quick puff, apparently requiring little exertion, but evidently with some knack. The dart will carry fully 100 yards, and the native is very skillful, usually choosing some bony part of the body to aim at, so that the shaft may break, and very seldom missing his mark.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">When the Punan goes hunting his carries a bamboo quiver on the left-hand side of his waist cloth, hang by a wooden book attached to the lower part of the box. This contains a queer assortment of implements and treasures. Fastened to the hook by bark-strings are usually a few charms, often clotted with dry blood, as the native smears them in the gore of the victims of the blowpipe. Inside the quiver there is generally to be found a purse of the skin of a squirrel or some other small mammal, about six inches long, filled with poisoned darts. The rest of the box contains darts ready to be poisoned, the gauge, and a small knife, whose handle is made, as a rule, of the radius gibbon (<i>Hylobates Muelleri</i>). Besides these there are a few small bamboos, some split, some pierced, used to mimic the cries of animals. The Punan calls his quiver “telolangan”.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Provided with this and his blowpipe the hunter creeps noiselessly along in the jungle. As soon as he has found his prey he crouches behind covert, puts a dart in the blowpipe, and waits for the animal to expose itself. When the moment for which he is watching arrives, he shoots into the unsuspecting bird or monkey, and then keeps very still. If other animals are within reach he shoots as many as possible before the effects of the poison in the first gives warning to the others and causes a stampede. A monkey will play with the arrow and probably break it off. The Punan takes little notice often not even watching, for he knows that it is only a matter of time before a heavy thud announces that the poison has played its part. When the animal is dead the native cuts out the wounded part, cooks, and eats the whole of the reminder without-ill effects. In pig-hunting and where the game is large the shaft of the dart is split and a sharp, triangular tin arrow head, well besmeared with poison, is inserted, secured by a fine wooden peg.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">If a Punan is killed by an enemy the relatives endeavor to find out the offender, and await the opportunity to retaliate. Such is the thickness of the jungle that it is impossible for people travelling to see others hidden behind the tree and foliage, and the Punan, when he has found his enemy, watches him unseen for perhaps a day or two, until he gets a chance to send a poisoned dart home. He then makes off quickly, almost sure that his murdered kinsman has been avenged. The wound man, if he is wise, at once cuts out the dart, and stabs the wound to make it bleed profusely. Many natives use a preparation of salt fish, called “blachan’” as an antidote. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The poison is the dried juice of the tree knows to the Punan by the name “tajam” and to the Malay as “Ipoh” (upas). It is obtained by making incisions in the bark and collecting the </span>emulsive<span style="color: red;"> </span><span style="color: black;">pink sap in the tough leaves of the “silat” palm. This is taken to the dwelling and dried slowly over a fire until almost black and of the consistency of sealing-wax. When wanted for use it softened in warm water and kneaded on a wooden disc. The darts are smeared with the poison while it is still moist, and are then put point foremost to the fire to dry. The little pith-cone is fixed on the dart afterwards.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The poison will usually retain its power for about two months from the time it is taken from the tree, but it is said to lose its efficiency if brought into contact with salt and various other substances. Consequently the man who has a stock of poison is careful not to allow into his room such things as are likely to render his darts harmless.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">At least two kinds of poison are obtained from the “tajam” trees, one of which contains strychnine. Some natives consider it advisable to mix the two kinds, but as a rule they are used separately. Animals, when shot with poisoned darts, go into convulsions and frequently vomit. If they vomit death is certain, a fact which according to the natives, holds equally good of man. Where the patient has survived two hours all danger is considered over and he will recover.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The Punan also uses the poison as a medicine. It is considered an antidote to snake-bite, and although it acts through the blood, it is believed to the harmless in this application. It is also taken internally when suffering from fever and the people state that if produces goods results.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">One remarkable effect of the poison remains to be noticed. Concretions obtained from the gall of monkeys are commonly found in some of the Borneo species. There are known as Batu “Bungat” or bezoar stones, and are bought by the Chinese at about 20 dollars (£2) per ounce weight. In other parts of the body there is often found a substance of similar appearance in which broken arrowheads are encased, and whose presence is ascribed to some peculiar property of the “tajam” poison.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The blowpipe is all important to the life of the Punan, both to procure flesh and for defense against enemies, and it is of almost equal consequence to some of the other tribes. But its disadvantages are serious. The fact that a man is not killed at once but can go on fighting for a short time is a great drawback, and time taken to reload prevents it from being really serviceable in hand-to-hand fighting. Consequently it has been discarded by many tribes in favor of swords and spears. It only excels other weapons in the stealthier forms of hunting and it is of little service in the open, so that although undoubtedly useful, it is hardly to become very popular. And for this there is every reason to be grateful. ----Charles Hoso in the Asian<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">-/ss</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <br />
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-9031710792103725694
2020-01-16T07:47:00.001-08:00
2020-01-16T08:15:23.356-08:00
The North Borneo Herald. MONDAY, 2ND FEBRUARY 1903. OMADAL THE BAJAUS’ NECROPOLIS. (An article for Home Consumption)
<br /> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">THE NORTH BORNEO HERALD AND THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmNALXSSC7GjYQOxSEoevRTpKs4g326g8JsPNeJggOv3K8WGBSmCqT1vF45NzxhuCctbRAq-vraPrKDQoReexEbkBzpWFjCCc8x__6f4ozyRuDDsWaiBDor-uK3-jtUa52WECtN-UGI10/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmNALXSSC7GjYQOxSEoevRTpKs4g326g8JsPNeJggOv3K8WGBSmCqT1vF45NzxhuCctbRAq-vraPrKDQoReexEbkBzpWFjCCc8x__6f4ozyRuDDsWaiBDor-uK3-jtUa52WECtN-UGI10/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" /></span></a></div> <div align="center" class="separator" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">EDUCATIONAL SERIES BY BORNEO HISTORY</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">No. 3 - VOL.XXI. SANDAKAN, MONDAY, 2ND FEBRUARY 1903.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The North Borneo Herald.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">MONDAY, 2ND FEBRUARY 1903.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">OMADAL</span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">THE BAJAUS’ NECROPOLIS.</span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">(An article for Home Consumption)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The beautiful country lying around Semporna, the little Government Station dominating the other smaller and less accessible <i>kampongs </i>or villages on the South East Coast of British North Borneo all peopled by the same tribe, is the home of the once, and in a small degree still, lawless Sea-Bajau or Gypsy. The Bajau country may be said to lie within a square formed by Latitudes 4° and 5° North and Longitudes 118° and 119° East. The most northerly <i>kampong</i> is Silam which the Sea-Bajau proper but rarely visits except to bring along sea produce such as beche-de-mer or trepan, for his cautious and wary and timorous of the Government which has an agent in the shape of a paid chief here : the most easterly and southerly boundary of the Bajau country is the island of Danawan where the people have a chief who is expected to report himself to the District Officer of Tawao when called upon to do so: there is no westerly boundary to this District of islands and reefs for westward lies the mainland of British North Borneo on which the Bajau can never be induced to settle for he is fearful or being entrapped before he can take to his boats, and besides his business if not on shore which has no attractions for him but amongst the islands and reefs that abound in fish the object and means of his existence. In the very centre of the square so defined is Semporna which is a small kampong of some 20 or 30 Bajau huts containing from 100 to 150 inhabitants not including children who swarm in confusing numbers defying accurate enumeration and genealogical investigation. The chief of the Bajaus, Penghulu Udang by name, lives here, and a Government clerk keeps his eyes and ears open in quest of boats without licenses, and information that will lead to the capture of this or that wrong-door, often a murderer, in which duties he is assisted by a resident batch of Sikh police whose pluck and loyalty to Government render them more than a match for the Bajaus who, though individually a desperate lot, for the most part seldom fight against any odds or combine in aggressive numbers.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The scenery around Semporna is very beautiful. Opposite lies the wooded island of Bum Bum at the back of which the Bajaus anchor their floating villages. In the far distance behind Bum Bum loom the two peaks of Pulau Gain Island a mass of rock that rises straight out of the sea to a height of 2000 feet, odd. To the south is Trusan Treacher a deep channel running like a river between Bum Bum and the mainland on the northern entrance to which Semporna is situated. Northwards in the direction of Silam the coast is studded with numberless islands from the great Timban Mata to little nameless cays without even a shrub on them. But we are wandering from our subject and the home of the Bajau which is Omadal.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">To reach Omadal which is an island to the southeast of Bum Bum island, the easiest and most convenient way is by launch from Semporna. The Government has recently purchased a fine launch in the </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">S.L. <i>Chantek </i><span style="color: black;">a wise precaution without which the District cannot be adequately governed and it is by means of a trip in her that we are enabled to put before our readers, those at home more especially, a short account of the official headquarters which is also the tribal burial-place of the wild Sea-Bajau a race of savages unknown to the man in the street which is fast dying out because the days of piracy are over in Borneo. For it is by acts of piracy alone that the Bajau seeks to eke out an existence sufficient to encourage population: the means being removed and himself lacking all sense of industry and thrift the gradual extermination of the Sea-Bajau is a matter of certainly and time.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">On the occasion we are now describing an early start was made and we were shortly skirting the north coast of Bum Bum island in sight of Gulam Gulam or, to be correct, the spot where that village used to be, for a year ago, Mr. Molyneux, the District Officer of Tawao, who handles these lawless subjects of the Government with much tact and courage, had occasion, owing to the disloyalty of Panglima Lohari its chief, to burn the place down. Next appeared Egang Egang and Panto Panto, the Bajau seems fond of reduplication both in matters of crime and nomenclature, and presently the island of Omadal came into sight. Every village in Sea-Bajau-dom is unapproachable by reason of broad stretches of coral reef that no steam-vessel dare venture over : this physio graphical condition which a feature peculiar to all the islands around Bum Bum suits the Bajau who thereby has less to fear from pursuit by vessels of the <i>Petrel</i> type the latter being the Government steam-yacht which, by reason of its speed and a tradition, purely imaginative, that represents it to be full of armed men, is greatly respected in close proximity by the Bajau people.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">As we neared Omadal, the edge of the reef came into view and the anchor was let go in deep water, the shore being reached by a short pull in a <i>sapit</i>, or species or native craft, over sparkling water reflecting the most exquisite shades of purple, mauve, blue and bright green as it became shallower and shallower. The shore is bordered by a fringe of dazzling white sand and beyond the reach of the lightest tide grows a covering of rank grass and scrub through which are riddled native tracks leading to different parts of the island. The first object that strikes the visitor to Omadal is the cemetery which can be seen some distance before the island is approached. A truly wonderful tribute to savage art is this cluster of grave-stones and sepulchral monuments mostly of wood, carved with a degree of fineness, symmetry and artistic design worthy of a modern studio and far more deserving of admiration for here we have inherent art and there but imitation often base and inartistic. Monumental architecture is perhaps the most ancient exemplification of art, being characteristic of the Egyptians the earliest epoch and the first human point in whose history is placed at 5004 B. C. This fact supplies the student with food for genuine reflection when confronted by a rude but singularly artistic form of art and the intelligent visitor to Omadal cannot be struck with feelings of astonishment and mute admiration at the sight of this wonderful grave-yard and its beautiful carvings. Remember the Bajau---a wild, uncivilized, blood-thirsty savage, living a hand to mouth existence barren of incident, eked out for the most part of the year in a narrow <i>sapit,</i> always on the look-out for plunder, reckless of life, knowing no customs save those in </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">connection <span style="color: black;">with marriage and death, observing no law except the one rule to skedaddle when a Government agent comes along,----and then cast your eyes on this solemn array of tombs and tomb-stones and surely the contrast furnishes a query the answer to which like that to so many other ethnological problems is beyond human ken. Of the carvings themselves there is not much to be said by way of description for a single acanthus-like floriation is the style of carving running through all of them with more or less variation. But those that are very elaborate in design are beautiful works or art indicating wonderful symmetry and deft manipulation while all are worthy of a “place” at any civilized art exhibition. Some are mere stakes with carved heads four or five feet in height, while others are heavy stone slabs the carving of which must have presented peculiar difficulties of workmanship. A strange feature about this cemetery is an erection, there are several of them, in shape like a pagoda, consisting of a pile of umbrellas of a brilliant yellow colour placed one over another about half a foot apart and decreasing in size from bottom to top. This design of monument has doubtless been imported from Mecca by the Hadjis, for even the Bajau tribe contributes </span>its <span style="color: black;">quota of ‘pious’ men who have gone on a pilgrimage and returned full-blown ‘Hadjis’. At the time we visited Omadal a funeral was about to take place and the corpse lay in a pavilion of white cloth bearing a strange floral device embroidered in red, embalmed and surrounded by the bed clothes that covered the living body, which its head resting on the now superfluous pillow. Spread out on the fore-ground were rows of platters filled with rice, salt and vegetables set at the disposal of friends of the deceased and others who had helped to bring his body over from the distant isle of Danawan.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Turning our backs reluctantly on the cemetery, we took a path through the scrub to the other side of the island where lay the little village---a village of trustees in whose keeping rests the sacred burial ground of the Bajaus. The island narrows to a point where the site of the small village is chosen doubtless for strategical purposes for the Bajau lives by strategy and places his kampongs in such a position that escape in time of danger may be easily effects. From this <i>tanjong </i>or spit an enemy approaching from any point of the compass can be observed long before he has time to make a rush on the island, and it is a fact that when the present District Officer made a surprise visit there about a year ago in search of weapons, not one was found though it is certain that every male member was armed, and all the womenfolk had disappeared in a mysterious manner “leaving the decks cleared for action.” It is not unlikely that bad the D.O. </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Shewn <span style="color: black;">fight there must have ensued an ugly rush for the weapons concealed in the brush-wood.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Omadal is the only vulnerable point in the Bajau’s sympathy and the storming of Omadal in 1886 by H.M.S. <i>Zephyr </i>was a punishment that the tribe has never forgotten.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">When they are not carving head-stones the men are mostly engaged in making boats, and very strong and sea-worthy are the fleet <i>sapits</i> built at Omadal. We saw some twenty feet in length and big enough to carry five or six families. They are built of the same beautiful reddish yellow wood that lends itself so readily to the carver’s art--- a wood that grows in abundance on the larger islands in Darvel Bay.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Returning by a different route to Semporna we passed between two extensive reefs through a channel that the largest vessel in His Majesty’s Navy could safely navigate and when opposite Kubang on Bum Bum island we came in view of a considerable floating village of Bajaus known to harbour at least half a dozen very slippery customers wanted by Government but unobtainable for </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">miles <span style="color: black;">of reef to which they fly whenever a steamer appears to them to be going out of her usual course. When returning up Trusan Treacher the tide was low and the great Beaufort reef was dotted here and there with small groups of boats between which the numbers of Bajaus were to be seen at their daily occupation fishing and spearing for fish and gathering beche-de-mer to exchange at Semporna for rice and cloth. The appearance of these boats and fishermen on the edge of the horizon which was but the middle of an enormous reef many square miles in extent was rendered weird by the mirage which is ever present in these sunny waters. To approach sufficiently close to get a shot at these people supposing such action was rendered necessary would be impossible except with a maxim gun for the Bajau knows every square yard of the reef and can make good his escape at the expense of his pursuers whose steps are dogged by<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>care for the safety of their boat and of themselves for it is not a pleasant thought by any means when smiling in these waters that if one’s boat got stranded or wrecked on a pinnacle of reef the Bajaus, if there were any in sight, would take advantage of such a predicament and surround the unfortunate intruder whose life would then be worth less than any single Bajau’s spear.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The Bajau is gradually but surely dying out and another fifty years hence may witness his extinction. The B.N.B. Government has always harassed him in its endeavors to establish law and order in the District and during the last few years since the Americans occupied the Philippines and adjoining islands the Bajau is less willing to clear out of Borneo Territory and hide in Sibuto, than he used to be. Sandwiched between two civilizing communities whose traditions will permit of no murder, rapine and lawlessness the Bajau finds himself compelled either to face a new state of existence or to continue roaming from island to island and reef to reef to thee slow extermination of his tribe. The infant mortality amongst the Bajaus is a powerful factor for evil in this connection, starvation; oyster-poisoning and geophagism do the rest.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">As we sailed up Trusan Treacher and rejoined the Government steam yacht <i>Petrel </i>the setting sun’s rays lighting up the peaks of Pulau Gaia over at the back of Bum Bum island which we had now circumnavigated was a sight not to be forgotten. This beautiful setting to a picture of savage life is wasted on the Bajau who lives as if in obedience to the one law of existence, but the Bajau country is not the only one of which it has been ingenuously written that ‘only man is vile.’</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">On our return to civilization at Lahad Datu the first news that greeted us was conveyed by the Sergeant of Constabulary in charge who told us of two Chinese having been brought over in a mutilated condition, both unconscious, discovered in a lonely shop on Timban Mata when they had been attacked by Bajaus. The Bajau again---and so on till the end of the chapter. Whenever a deed of violence is committed in the Darvel Bay District the Bajau may pretty surely be adjudged the perpetrator and it is for very good reasons that a European never trusts a Bajau because the balance of reason and homicidal </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">mania <span style="color: black;">is so uncertain that opportunity once given would inevitably decide in a favor of the latter tendency---but the European generally sees to it that opportunity is never allowed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-/ss</span><o:p></o:p></div> <br />
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-6691581444191478365
2020-01-16T07:44:00.001-08:00
2020-01-16T08:15:32.980-08:00
The North Borneo Herald. THURSDAY, 1ST MARCH 1883. NORTH BORNEO
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">THE NORTH BORNEO HERALD AND THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE</span></div> <div align="center" class="separator" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="separator" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmNALXSSC7GjYQOxSEoevRTpKs4g326g8JsPNeJggOv3K8WGBSmCqT1vF45NzxhuCctbRAq-vraPrKDQoReexEbkBzpWFjCCc8x__6f4ozyRuDDsWaiBDor-uK3-jtUa52WECtN-UGI10/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmNALXSSC7GjYQOxSEoevRTpKs4g326g8JsPNeJggOv3K8WGBSmCqT1vF45NzxhuCctbRAq-vraPrKDQoReexEbkBzpWFjCCc8x__6f4ozyRuDDsWaiBDor-uK3-jtUa52WECtN-UGI10/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" /></span></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span> </span><br /> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">EDUCATIONAL SERIES BY BORNEO HISTORY</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">No. I - VOL. I. KUDAT, THURSDAY, 1ST MARCH 1883.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The North Borneo Herald.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">THURSDAY, 1ST MARCH 1883.</span><b><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">NORTH BORNEO</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The Fokien, flying the flag of the British North Borneo Company, arrived hero from Kudat and Sadakan this morning. The Fokien is the first vessel bearing the Company’s flag which has entered the harbor. Captain Abbot has been kind enough to favor us with the following report, which will no doubt be read with interest.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Left Hong Kong Dec.4</span><sup><span style="color: black;">th</span></sup><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, and arrived at Kudat on the morning of the 9</span><sup><span style="color: black;">th</span></sup><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">. We had no difficulty in making out port, though it was blowing a gale of wind and raining hard. Steaming along the West side of Malludu Bay, about 5 or 6 miles off the land, after passing the second point, the houses of Kudat come in view. The harbor is about 3 miles broad by 6 miles long with an average depth of 6 fathoms. The entrance is well marked by beacons, on rocks, and reefs.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Within the harbor, tolerably well sheltered, a well-built wharf has been run out into about 14 feet of water. This pier is about 100 feet long by 60 feet broad. The Fokien could have worked both her gangways. At present, with the exception of the Governor and his staff, the officials live at the Rest House; but houses for the Resident, Land Commissioner, Treasurer, and other officers of the Company will soon be completed, and they are pleasantly situated about 100 feet above sea level. Government House, a substantially built house of two storey, is airily situated on a bluff point, three sides of which face the sea. A few Chinese and some Malays have started shop-keeping in the town, and coolies are busy clearing the forest at the back of the settlement; great progress has been made in this direction considering the port is not yet twelve months old. Kudat starts its first paper on the 1</span><sup><span style="color: black;">st</span></sup><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> proximo. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">H. E. the Governor, Mrs. Treacher, and nearly all the officials honored the Fokien, on our arrival, with a visit, and dined on board.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">On Monday, Dec. 11, at 7 a.m., we started for Sandakan. H. E. Governor Treacher, with his Private Secretary (Mr. Hillier), Mr. Treasurer Cook, and Mr. Commissioner Collinson were passengers from Kudat to Sandakan. On our arrival at Sandakan Wharf, the Governor, who appears to be very popular with all classes, was received by the leading residents, and a guard of honor of Sikh soldiers in a most extraordinary yellow uniform. Sandakan harbor is a very large bay, 10 miles long by 15 miles broad, with any water under 10 fathoms. Elopura, the present settlement, is situated on the N. E. side, just within the entrance. The only danger, and, as it is well marked by a buoy, it ceases to be a danger, is a rock in the middle of the passage which may be passed on either side. The <i>Fokien</i> was boarded by the Master Attendant before reaching this point. Ships drawing less than 12 ft. 6 in. can lie alongside the wharf. A new Government wharf is being built, which will give deeper water alongside. There is an unlimited supply of really good water here; at Kudat we were also able to obtain water, but as yet not of the same excellent quality.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The Native and Chinese part of the community live after the Malay fashion, in houses built on piles over the water, which makes it convenient for boats to go alongside nearly any house in the town. The streets, which are a succession of the bridges built of split palm, average about eight feet above the water. Everybody seemed in excellent health in Sandakan, and time certainly does not hang heavily on their hands through want of work.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">On the 14</span><sup><span style="color: black;">th</span></sup><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> instant Mr. Pryer, the Resident at Sandakan, having to visit some estates on the Sapagaya River kindly invited me to accompany him. We started at 7 a.m. on the Sabine, a Government steamer about eighty tons, and drawing about eight feet water, and we took in tow the Resident’s gig, and a native canoe. Governor Treacher with his Secretary, and Captain Connor, R. N., were on board.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The Sapagaya, Dom-on-doung, with two or three other rivers, empty into a beautiful bay about four miles wide on the south side of Sandakan Bay, the average depth of water is about seven fathoms. We found a bar with two and half fathoms low water, across the mouth of the Sapagaya. Mr. Pryer knew of a channel which carried four fathoms right across. I believe Captain Connor will soon be engaged surveying these parts. After the crossing the bar we got six fathoms in the centre of the river for a considerable distance, but the stream soon becomes too narrow for much traffic, though a double-ended boat the size of the <i>Honam</i> for instance, could easily reach Denton, a distance of about 10 or 12 miles. The <i>Sabine </i>anchored about a mile below Denton and from this point we took the gig, towing the native canoe astern. About half a mile up we landed on what was said to be an elephant’s track, and had only gone a few yards into the jungle when we came across a python, whose skin (which I have on board) measures 13 feet 7 inches. Mr. Pryer, who did not hesitate to seize him by the neck, while a Sooloo attendant dispatched him with kris, said the reptile was not full grown. Mangrove swamps lined each side of the river as long as the water was salt or brackish, then with fresh water came the beautiful Nipa Palm with its leaves, many of which measured 4o feet in length, stretching over the river, and so narrowing our channel, that often the men could hardly work their oars. Before reaching Denton we found the river full of snags and fallen trees, so we had to take to the native canoe, and after half an hour’s paddling we came upon a clearing of about 10 acres, which is the site of the future town of Denton; here the scrub and undergrowth was dead and dry, and Mr. Pryer thought it a good opportunity to fire the place. There was hardly any wind at the time, but the heat caused such a drought, that in a few minutes the flames were leaping 20 feet high.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">What is most extraordinary, was that although we were little more than five and half north of the Equator, and walking during the middle of the day, (some of us without even the ordinary sun-hat) we did not find that one quite enjoyed the exercise. Of course in the forest the trees give such thorough shade that I can imagine it is always cool there. On board the Fokien during our stay in North Borneo our exposed thermometer ranged from seventy-three to eighty-three.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Europeans in North Borneo (I was corrected when I inadvertently used the term foreigners there) usually take only two meals a day, breakfast at 10 a.m., dinner about 5 p.m. After dinner, we landed at Pulu Buy, an island in Sandakan Bay, which is the property of Mr. Pryer, and is, I should say, about eight miles in circumference. Here cocoa, coffee, sago, coconut, areca nut palms, plantains, &c., are growing luxuriantly. Mr. Pryer, I believe, proposes to make this place a cattle run, and the few ponies and cattle he already has three seemed to thrive on the grazing. We noticed some substantially built bungalows on the island which were tenanted by the overseers. We returned to the settlement of Elopura about 7p.m.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">We left Sandakan on the 15</span><sup><span style="color: black;">th</span></sup><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> for Hong Kong. Nothing worthy of note transpired excepting that we verified the position of Pasig shoal on the East Coast of Palawan, but found instead of 5 fathoms, as marked on chart, only 3 fathoms, with apparently less water to the N. E. This shoal was plainly visible from the mast head by discoloration of the water in its vicinity.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The latter part of the voyage was marked with strong N. E. winds, and rainy dirty weather.” ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ <i>China Mail, </i>21st December, 1882.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-/ss</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br />
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-3665320359883275230
2020-01-16T07:42:00.001-08:00
2020-01-16T08:15:49.886-08:00
The North Borneo Herald. TUESDAY, 1ST MAY 1883. MR. L. A. SANDERS JOURNEY IN SEARCH OF TOBACCO-GROWING COUNTRY
<br /> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">THE NORTH BORNEO HERALD AND THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="separator" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhNxQZbIe8w9bcJ8QSu4MUbNB2wHqxUM4lzxDV5pysqVJLrbmZ8Da4lfqf14Yi48Jt9uDCM4jJv3E-lu-oIfiH9vwe7ovQObxNgCHhbnbJlvmY-MUh-4ofm2ngKf4mR1ppqDdzLlAhoeE/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhNxQZbIe8w9bcJ8QSu4MUbNB2wHqxUM4lzxDV5pysqVJLrbmZ8Da4lfqf14Yi48Jt9uDCM4jJv3E-lu-oIfiH9vwe7ovQObxNgCHhbnbJlvmY-MUh-4ofm2ngKf4mR1ppqDdzLlAhoeE/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" /></span></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span> </span><br /> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">EDUCATIONAL SERIES BY BORNEO HISTORY</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">No. II - VOL.I. KUDAT, TUESDAY, 1ST MAY 1883.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The North Borneo Herald.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">TUESDAY, 1ST MAY 1883.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">MR. L. A. SANDERS JOURNEY IN SEARCH OF TOBACCO-GROWING COUNTRY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In company with Mr. L. B. von Donop, Superintendent of Agriculture, Mr. L. A. Sanders, who has had some years’ practical experience as a tobacco planter in Deli (Sumatra) ascended, on 1<sup>st</sup> August, the Abai river, where the Datu Tumonggong, the Dusun Chief of the district, offered the travellers every assistance in procuring guides and porters, although it was the season of planting padi. The Datu’s house was a large one, “far more respectable than many greater native chief’s house in Deli.” Here, Mr. Sanders says, i smoked for the first time, Sabah tobacco, not in the shape of a leaf but dried and cut up. The flavor and ashes were excellent. We were served with tea, which we were told afterwards was not tea at all, but to undeceive us of that illusion it required some explanations from the Datu, the beverage being so much like tea in flavor, taste, and colour that at first we unwillingly gave in to admitting the fact by seeing the creeper whose leaves had performed the feat.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Armed with “parcel of beads, thread, needles, and looking glasses for tempting the mountaineers into hospitality on our journey”, and having procured guides and porters, the travellers reached a village called “Chenembah” where the Dusuns crowded round them from<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>curiosity, and in the evening they witnessed a weird scene as the natives were fishing in the river, the latter blinding fishes in the water with glaring torches and jumping through the water over stones and boulders, arranged by them for the purpose in large triangles, fortress like. The “Orang Kaya”, the Chief of Chenembah, shewed them every hospitality and afforded them information about the country and its products, and as they journeyed through the partly cleared country the scenery was most picturesque with “the glorious mountain of Kinabalu (13,698 feet high) rising majestically in the distance. Climbing steep hills and following natives paths, often better for cats than for men, looking down from heights of two thousand or four thousand feet, sometimes losing our way through, the ignorance of the guides, but we always succeeded in reaching a Dusun hut or village on the top of a mountain or in a village for the night.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Passing round to the north of Kinabalu a course was taken for Bongon, and there to Kudat; in every village we found, readily, shelter and hospitality.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The first tobacco leaves were brought to me at Kiow, on a very steep high hill, and when I saw the character of the plant, though only in a few poor leaves culled and brought to me by a native, I was amply rewarded, and knew from that moment that Sabah would be a tobacco producing country. Afterwards I saw tobacco growing in many places on the sloped of hills where padi had been cut and spots cleared for that end, and the certainty of having found what I looked for, first-rate tobacco, tended to make my trip in all respect a happy one. Back in Kudat on the 20<sup>th</sup> August, with the trophy of green tobacco leaves mentioned in my report and which since were heated and impartially admired in Deli, from that moment establishing tobacco cultivation in North Borneo.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This interesting report fully confirms the account which Mr. Spencer St. John gives in “Forest of the Far East”. When he was ascending a slope of Kinabalu he found tobacco flourishing in the gardens at an altitude of 1,500 feet.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The late Mr. Witti also found tobacco predominating in the plantations around Kagasingan; but the Dusuns are careless in curing the leaf, and under their treatment it yields but a good second-class tobacco. At the junction of the Ginambour and Mentankab Rivers there is a tobacco market and other travelers have found plots under cultivation in other parts of the territory.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The largest native attempt to tobacco growing Mr. Sanders came across was on an extensive plain called Rachan, two hours south cast of Bongon, in Marudu Bay. The land was old chena and no care was taken in pruning or looking after the plants. They,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>however, appeared to be flourishing and reached the height of six to six and-a-half feet. The Borneo tobacco is indigenous and of Palembang variety, the middle rib extending past the leaf. The leaves are broad at the base, rounding ovally towards the point. Length one and-a-half feet with a breadth of one foot. “The texture and leaves are as thin as may be wished for”, there are almost no holes, and as the rain generally falls at night, spottiness and rust are rare. The ashes if the unfermented tobacco are white and the smell of the tobacco agreeable. The leaf is fitted for cigar wrappers, but some would do for fillers. The seasons are favorable. The rains begin in the middle of August, so that planting takes place in April and May. They soil is suitable, consisting of decomposed gneiss or quartz with “humus” forms by virgin or second growth jungle.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mr. Sanders has his doubts whether the Dusuns will do for field work. A similar fear was entertained by the first European planters in the Malay Peninsula, but it was soon found that the Malays of the country were procurable and we know that on some of the coffee estates in the Malay Peninsula, there is now a superabundance of Malays applying to be employed.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We venture to believe that the Dusuns will be induces by the Deli planters to do their field labour on the West Coast just as the Sulus are now coming in gangs for employment by the planters of the East Coast. With fair treatment and regular payments, natives gain in all parts of the world confidence and recognise the European as their master. In any case, the Chinese, who, in Sumatra, grow the tobacco for the Dutch to dry and cure, have fairly established themselves now in North Borneo and have solves the labour question.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">-/ss</span><o:p></o:p></div> <br />
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-5356858594902388650
2020-01-16T07:39:00.002-08:00
2020-01-16T08:16:00.452-08:00
The North Borneo Herald. SATURDAY, 1ST OCTOBER 1910. “AHMAT” (A Sketch)
<br /> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">THE NORTH BORNEO HERALD AND THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="separator" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhNxQZbIe8w9bcJ8QSu4MUbNB2wHqxUM4lzxDV5pysqVJLrbmZ8Da4lfqf14Yi48Jt9uDCM4jJv3E-lu-oIfiH9vwe7ovQObxNgCHhbnbJlvmY-MUh-4ofm2ngKf4mR1ppqDdzLlAhoeE/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhNxQZbIe8w9bcJ8QSu4MUbNB2wHqxUM4lzxDV5pysqVJLrbmZ8Da4lfqf14Yi48Jt9uDCM4jJv3E-lu-oIfiH9vwe7ovQObxNgCHhbnbJlvmY-MUh-4ofm2ngKf4mR1ppqDdzLlAhoeE/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" /></span></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span> </span><br /> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">EDUCATIONAL SERIES BY BORNEO HISTORY</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">No. 19 - VOL.XXVIII. SANDAKAN, SATURDAY, 1ST OCTOBER 1910.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The North Borneo Herald.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">SATURDAY, 1ST OCTOBER 1910.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">“AHMAT”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">(A Sketch)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">His name is Ahmat, just one of the countless number of Ahmat in British North Borneo and, like most Ahmat, is a ‘brazen wheel’ of the Service in the humble capacity of an orderly<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The world has not dealt gently with Ahmat; his scarred face and sickly build give the lie to his thirty odd years, and of this period it is his boast that over fourteen have been spent “sama prentah”.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ahmat’s reminiscences of the various “tuans” he has served under would fill a volume in themselves; and in the dim recesses of his kampong home he holds treasures up against the day of adcersity, many age discolored and illegible “surats” which more or less definitely extol what few virtues Ahmat possessed in days of yore. One of these given him by a former D. O. is a source of both pride and perplexity to Ahmat and amusement to the humorous and reads “Ahmat has been with me for three months as ‘boy’—it seems three years. He leaves owing to ill-health, my ill health.”<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ahmat is married, it goes without saying, and has a family of a variable dimensions as occasion demands. The subject of his domestic affairs is ever a painful one to him, his mother-in-law stays with him, and Ahmat appreciates the pleasure of her company as cordially as greater men then he do under similar circumstances.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">One of the few pleasures that Ahmat apparently permits himself is the celebrations of various Mahomedan festivals; and in this he makes up for all that is lost to him in the intervening days of chronic impecuniosity and domestic strife. The Bankruptcy Court, or its Eastern substitute, has no terrors for Ahmat in the face of “Hari Raya Hadji” or some other “Hari Besar”. He and his family, down to the one-year-old mite, must be clad in festive attire. His woman-folk must sport “galang tangans” (bracelets) and “chinchins” (rings) of gold redeemed from the Pawnshop though they be for the occasion; and they must “do” the Kampong and Api-Api and “do” it in style too. What matter a debt in the kedeis? Is it not a “Hari Besar” and must not Ahmat, as one of the faithful, maintain the traditions of the auspicious day? Tentu!<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ahmat’s inclination and capacity for work in Office during the day depends a good deal, if not entirely upon the peaceful or otherwise state of his domestic affairs at the hour of his setting out from his home. Should all be well, it is a smiling, seraphic Ahmat that bids you the accustomed “Tabek” at the door. Examine the pens they will all have new nibs on; inkstands will be full; clean blotting-paper is at hand; the waste paper basket is empty, and the thousand and one little attentions to one’s comfort paid that only a well disciplined and experience orderly remembers to do before one come in. Whisper his name and his answering “Tuan” will reach you clear amid the click clack of his noisy typewriter and he himself, a silent, khaki clad figure, be by your desk a second later. You will bless all the Ahmats in creations for the sake of this one soul of perfection of an Ahmat!<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sometimes there is the reverse. Ahmat is listless, sulky and half-awake the day through, while the most trivial of his daily duties will lie untouched till his attention is drawn to the fact. Yell to him and it will be ten minutes before he hears and fifteen before he appears. Send him on an errand and it will be an hour at least before he returns, having doubtless sought the ear of sympathizing friends in his domestic troubles down in the kedeis.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Still, Ahmat, at his best, is a faithful, plodding creature, and there are times he puts on in mind of “old Adam” in Shakespeare’s “As you like it”, whom the dramatist describes as a relic of the good old times.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“When service sweat for duty”,<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“Not for Meed”.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ahmat is dozing outside the office just now with his head leant back against the door, and a burnt-out grass cheroot between his fingers. Hid misty eyes are fixed in dreamland on Mecca, and he is doubtless thinking of that “someday” that will see him free from sordid care, a “Hadji”- with shorn head and white embroidered cap, rich in wives, and hers of “kerbau” and “sapi”—and there let us leave him.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">-/ss</span><o:p></o:p></div> <br />
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-3156422193782242755
2020-01-09T07:11:00.001-08:00
2020-01-09T07:11:51.359-08:00
Sejarah Awal Suku Tombonuo
<br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Sejarah Awal Suku Tombonuo</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Suku Tombonuo jika dikategorikan dari sudut kelompok bahasa dan percakapan adalah tergolong dalam kumpulan Suku Paitanik seperti Suku Lobu, Lingkabau, Sugpan dan Suku Kinabatangan (Atas) berdasarkan catatan Miller (1982).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Selepas Perang dunia kedua, timbul kesedaran baru di Sabah untuk mengkaji dan menulis semula Sejarah pelbagai Suku Kaum terutamanya suku kaum asal dan pribumi Sabah.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kajian dan penulisan Sejarah yang khusus mengenai asal usul semua masyarakat pribumi dan suku kaum asal yang tinggal di kawasan pedalaman adalah amat kurang dan tidak mencukupi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Suku bererti menurut Elkin (1974) adalah sekumpulan manusia yang ada kaitan persaudaraan secara langsung atau tidak dengan kehidupan tinggal berkelompok di sesuatu kawasan, mencari makanan dari tumbuhan tumbuhan, bercucuk tanam dan memburu haiwan bersama sama serta mengikut sikap budaya dan peraturan keluarga atau kumpulan kecil itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Suku juga bererti sekumpulan penduduk pribumi yang menduduki dan memiliki sesuatu kawasan tertentu di dalam sesuatu Wilayah yang besar, bercakap dengan bahasa atau dialek yang secara khusus mereka fahami, mempunyai adat dan peraturan berbeza dari kumpulan lain serta mempunyai budaya dan upacara kepercayaan yang tidak sama dengan orang lain di sekeliling mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Suku Tombonuo merupakan salah satu suku kaum dari 40 suku kaum pribumi Dusunik, Paitanik dan lain lain yang tersenarai di dalam Persatuan Kebudayaan Kadazandusun.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Kajian dan penulisan Sejarah Suku Tombonuo yang agak kurang menyebabkan kita banyak bergantung dengan cerita sejarah, legenda dan mitos dari orang tua tua yang berunsur tradisi lisan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Walau bagaimanapun setiap kajian suku kaum yang mempunyai unsur cerita rakyat sebenarnya boleh memberi gambaran suasana dan budaya masa silam (Sonza 1979).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Menurut kajian (PS Shim 2007) perkataan atau ayat bagaimana setiap suku kaum pribumi Sabah menyebut perkataan lalang (sejenis rumput Imperata cylindrica) dalam bahasa mereka boleh menggambarkan kelompok suku kaum tersebut contohnya Suku Kadazan, Bisaya dan Tatana menyebut lalang sebagai "pimpin". Suku Lotud pula menyebut lalang sebagai "Kapayan" . Suku Momogun, Sukang dan Tombonuo menyebut lalang sebagai "Kutad". Suku Tobilung dan Kimaragang menyebut lalang sebagai "paka". Suku Murut menyebut lalang sebagai "alab" dan Suku Lundayeh menyebut lalang sebagai "so'bot".<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Menurut catatan (Drymple 1762) beliau mendapati ada Suku Tombonuo yang tinggal di Kampung Kanibongan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Menurut (Pryer 1881) sebelum adanya perubatan moden Negara Barat, jumlah penduduk tempatan yang mendiami kawasan persisiran pantai seperti Kadazan, Tangaa, Lotud, Rungus, Tobilung, Tindal, Kimaragang, Tombonuo, Idaan, Bajau dan Iranun adalah amat kurang disebabkan penyakit berjangkit demam cacar yang serius serta amalan budaya mengayau atau memotong kepala yang banyak mengorbankan nyawa.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Suku Tombonuo, Momogun, Sukang dan Makiang berpindah dari tinggal di persisiran pantai kerana mereka memilih jalan untuk berhenti berperang atau mengayau sesama sendiri dan mencari kehidupan yang lebih aman jauh dari musuh musuh tradisi mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Suku Tombonuo mempercayai bahawa Aki Silam, Aki Sumbol, Aki Toworo, Aki Alon, Adu Ruvoi adalah nenek moyang mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Suku Tombonuo sehingga hari ini adalah antara Suku yang kurang di kaji tetapi boleh di jejak mendiami kawasan Paitan dan Sugut. Ramai antara mereka telah memeluk agama Islam dan lebih dikenali sebagai Suku Sungai tetapi bahasa Suku Tombonuo dan Suku Sungai adalah sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Suku Tagbanua (Orang Banua) yang boleh ditemui di Pulau Palawan di Selatan Filipina besar kemungkinan suku yang sama dengan suku Tombonuo di Sabah yang merupakan salah satu suku pribumi kuno. Pawang atau ketua agama pagan bagi orang Tagbanua dikenali sebagai bobolizan dan perkara yang sama bagi Suku Tombonuo pula dikenali sebagai Bobohizon.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">D Daly ada menyebut Suku Tombonuo pada 22.9.1884 dalam perjalanan ke Sungai Penungah, Melikop dan Melian.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">D Daly adalah pegawai koloni yang pertama yang merekodkan kewujudan suku Tombonuo dan mengelar mereka suku orang Sungai (BNBH 1.10.1886).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">D Daly mencatatkan keterangan Pangeran Assim pada tahun 1884 bahawa perkuburan pembesar Suku Tambuono berada di kawasan Imbok dan sekurang kurangnya ada 20 hingga 30 Keranda kayu belian.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Suku Tombonuo berada dalam satu kelompok suku yang menggunakan bahasa Paitanik seperti Suku Kolobuan, Kuamut, Milian, Lingkabau, Lobu, Makiang, Rumanau, Sabangan, Sinorupu, Sinobu dan Sugpan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pihak Syarikat Berpiagam Borneo Utara memperkenalkan beberapa pembesar Suku Tambuono pada 27.5.1889 antaranya Panglima Dermatuan Majistret Domingol, Panglima Temmenggung Karamuak, Bapa Raja Tuah Darkos Kuamut, Laksamana Sanoal dari Tamoy, Panglima Addong dari Lamug dan Panglima Banjer Sandakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Di sunting oleh Kumis Kumis<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Gambar hiasan :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1. The Illustrated London News 1852<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sumber :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1. PS Shim 2007. Inland people of Sabah.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2. Miller, CP 1982. A Brief look at the languages and dialects of Sabah. Sabah Society Jurnal, Vol. VII No. 1 : 53-64<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3. Elkin, AP 1974. The Australian Aborigines. (5th Edition) Angus & Robertson (Publisher) Pty Ltd Sydney<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4. Sonza, DP 1979. The Bisaya of Borneo and the Philippines : A new look at the Maragtas.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">5. Dalrymple, A 1767. A plan fir extending the commerce of this Kingdom and of the East India Company.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">6. BNBH 1.10.1886<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">7. Daly, DD 1884. Diary of Mr D D Daly's Trip up the Kinabatangan River<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">8. Pryer, WB 1881. Diary of a trip to Kinabatangan River</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div>
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-5496099498642476031
2020-01-09T05:34:00.001-08:00
2020-01-09T05:52:54.709-08:00
The North Borneo Herald. WEDNESDAY, 16TH NOVEMBER 1921. VICTORIA VALLEY AN APPRECIATION
<br /> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">THE NORTH BORNEO HERALD AND THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlq9JvD8HFZBiHIlnL4mJ1N78l8qxKfQHUorjOQdYbWXcuN3gZ2ze1PMIis7bvVdsuHvT-DRe8epvUZiqAIu3uW4cYQZwCnERmHX2Iia_QgqGuGresUYqdhSxnreKyp6PZoogIqqE871k/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlq9JvD8HFZBiHIlnL4mJ1N78l8qxKfQHUorjOQdYbWXcuN3gZ2ze1PMIis7bvVdsuHvT-DRe8epvUZiqAIu3uW4cYQZwCnERmHX2Iia_QgqGuGresUYqdhSxnreKyp6PZoogIqqE871k/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" /></a></div> <div align="center" class="separator" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">EDUCATIONAL SERIES BY BORNEO HISTORY</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">No. 22 - VOL.XXXIX. JESSELTON, WEDNESDAY, 16TH NOVEMBER 1921.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The North Borneo Herald.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">WEDNESDAY, 16TH NOVEMBER 1921.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">VICTORIA VALLEY</span></span></b></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: black;">AN APPRECIATION</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Not so many years ago a mangrove swamp, with all its slime and smell and hidden horrors, thrust its way into what is now known as Victoria Valley. No track lay across its inky bed, war parties coming to attack of Gaya passed by winding goat tracks over the hills, skirted the borders of the swamp and camped at any convenient spot along foreshore.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">From Gaya, Government and the Constabulary moved to Gantian, and from Gantian to Api-Api. That is now getting on for 25 years ago, and who amongst those who formed raiding and counter raiding parties when Mat Salleh, Langkap or Kamunta were abroad, bothered to think that such a place as Victoria Valley could ever be evolved from a bottomless swamp? </span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Yet as time went on Lieut-Col. (then Captain) Harington found that the space at his disposal in Sandakan was too cramped for his growing force of police. It was as Acting Resident of the West Coast that in 1903 he saw the possibilities of the present site of Victoria barracks and began to build what has evolved into the extensive headquarters of the Constabulary. Whether he has succeeded or not is a question that anyone can answer for himself who cares to pay a visit to the Victoria Valley as it is today. The slime of the past lies buried many feet below the green turf of the golf links, and with it lie the memories of an eventful past. It was indeed fitting that Colonel Harington should, on our 40</span><sup><span style="color: black;">th</span></sup><span style="color: black;"> Charter Day, find himself in command of so fine a body of men as paraded to receive their new colour, earned, as His Excellency the Governor said, by good service and unbroken loyalty. Colonel Harington’s Indian officers are men who have risen from the ranks and whose time is approaching to retire with honours of a commission well-earned and well deserved by many years of faithful service.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Comparisons may be odious, but let us ponder for a moment of what Jesselton can do in 1921 and what it was in 1881. Of course this sort of thing has been done before, (is not Singapore built on a mangrove swamp?); but comparisons are not so odious when we who make them have watched the changes made, have marched where today we ride, have sat over campfires where today stands some comfortable bungalow, and have sown where today others reap.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">In drawing comparisons let us give Honor where Honor is due; from a handful of Somali boys recruited in Singapore, passing to the first Indian contingent brought down by Captain C. Harington of the Rifle Brigade, who later became famous as Harington Bay, the founder of the Egyptian mounted police, the Force has grown and developed until today it is the backbone of the Government.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Lieut-Col. Harington became Sub-Commandant in 1898 and Major Bond joined as a cadet in 1901. Turning to an old Civil Service List we find Col. Harington accompanied the Mat Salleh Expedition, 1899, the Illanun trouble In 1900, and the pursuit of Kamunta in 1901. Major Bond took part in the Tomani Expedition in 1901.</span></span><o:p></o:p></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">-/ss</span></span></div>
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-6678943547320537339
2020-01-09T05:32:00.001-08:00
2020-01-09T05:53:55.322-08:00
The North Borneo Herald. TUESDAY, 1ST AUGUST 1922. TWENTY FIVE YEARS AGO (Extract from the “Herald” of August, 1897) THE MAT SALLEH EXPEDITION
<br /> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">THE NORTH BORNEO HERALD AND THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlq9JvD8HFZBiHIlnL4mJ1N78l8qxKfQHUorjOQdYbWXcuN3gZ2ze1PMIis7bvVdsuHvT-DRe8epvUZiqAIu3uW4cYQZwCnERmHX2Iia_QgqGuGresUYqdhSxnreKyp6PZoogIqqE871k/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlq9JvD8HFZBiHIlnL4mJ1N78l8qxKfQHUorjOQdYbWXcuN3gZ2ze1PMIis7bvVdsuHvT-DRe8epvUZiqAIu3uW4cYQZwCnERmHX2Iia_QgqGuGresUYqdhSxnreKyp6PZoogIqqE871k/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" /></a></div> <div align="center" class="separator" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">EDUCATIONAL SERIES BY BORNEO HISTORY</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">No. 15 - VOL.XL. JESSELTON, TUESDAY, 1ST AUGUST 1922.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">The North Borneo Herald.</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">TUESDAY, 1ST AUGUST 1922.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">TWENTY FIVE YEARS AGO<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(Extract from the “Herald” of August, 1897)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">THE MAT SALLEH EXPEDITION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">We have been handed the Report made by Mr. Hewett of the proceedings of the expedition to Gaya and the Inanam River, from which we take the most interesting portions:-<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">On the night of Sunday, the 11<sup>th</sup> instant, about half past eight o’clock, I received an urgent letter from Mr. Wheatly at Mempakul enclosing letters from Kwala Penyu and Papar reporting that Pulo Gaya has been attacked by Mat Salleh who had killed one Sikh policeman and one prisoner, and wounded two others, had seized all the arms, ammunition, store, boats, contents of the Treasury, looted Chinese shops and burnt down the later, together with every Government building on the Island. One letter was from Ketik, the customs clerk at Gaya, which gave similar details, adding that Mr. Neubronner, the Treasury clerk was taken away prisoner by Mat Salleh, and it is impossible to doubt the truth seeing that he was an eyewitness of most that took place. I at once went to the Eastern Extension Telegraph Company’s Office which was closed for the night. Mr. Cole kindly opened the office, and I was soon in communication with Mr. Wheatly, and as the <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ranee</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;"> </span></u></i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">was leaving at daybreak next morning, we arranged that Mr. Wheatly should meet the Ranee with as many police as he could spare off Pulo Daat whilst I brought all the men available from Labuan. After making these arrangements by telegraph, I returned to Government House to prepare for my own departure and the went down with Mr. Horsford about 11 o’clock and found Sergeant Major had 10 police ready to go, having previously sent word to him. I then sent out and managed to rake up 38 free Dyaks, armed them and sent them on board Ranee</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;"> </span></u></i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">We also called up Mr. Keasberry and chartered the Enterprise, had her coaled and provisioned for ten days. These arrangements occupied nearly the whole night, and we got away soon after daylight. It was my intention to send Mr. Wheatly in the Enterprise up the coast inshore to Gaya to pick up news of Mat Salleh as it was stated that he meant to attack the other outstations and destroy them as well. However upon meeting Mr. Wheatly I found that Ketik, the Gaya clerk, had arrived and was with him. He stated that Mat Salleh was still in Gaya, he thought, and had told him he intended to attack the Ranee, so we decided it was best to go all to Gaya together.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The attack on Gaya took place at 4.30a.m. on the 9<sup>th</sup>, and the burning of these shops only occurred on the 12<sup>th</sup>, as we could plainly see from Pulo Tiga by the dense column of smoke ascending.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br /> <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Upon arriving at Gaya in the Ranee we caught the Mengkabong people red-handed burning and looting. They fires the Chinese </span>godowns<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> on the wharf just as the Ranee came into view. They immediately ran for their Prahus and endeavoured to escape. The tide was out, however, and they were unable to pass over the reefs, and the Ranee steaming up to the beacons closed the exit. They then ran their six prahus ashore and jumping overboard, escaped into the jungle. We at once landed all our man and followed them, but only captured one man, and the prahus which were stuffed full with loot. We then lodged all our men in the Bajau village at Gaya, which was left intact as the Bajaus all joined with Mat Salleh, and the Ranee then left. Next morning we left at 3 o’clock for Ambong in the Enterprise and arrived there soon after 6, and found Mr. Ormsby all right. He had only received a report of the sacking of Gaya the previous afternoon about the time that we reached Gaya in the Ranee which fast is significant of the general knowledge of the natives and their desire to keep It secret.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">After consulting with Mr. Ormsbry as to the best course of action, we determined that inaction would be very ill-advised pending arrival of further assistance from Sandakan. We had information that Mat Salleh would destroy all the outstations. Our force split up was possibly sufficient to protect them, but the material was poor. We then returned to Gaya bringing some twenty police and free Dyaks to add to our force.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br /> <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Upon reaching Gaya we found that Ketik, the clerk, had succeeded in keeping all our police out of sight and quite in the Bajau kampong</span> whenever a boat was seen, and in this way had captured seven or eight men, amongst them a Sulu spy who had been sent by Mat Salleh into Gaya for about a fortnight before they attack to corrupt the Gaya Bajaus, which he succeeded in doing, and who also joined in the attack on the morning of the 9<sup>th</sup> instant.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The following morning therefore we held an enquiry on these prisoners, and remanded all until the expedition was over except the Sulu spy. Him we tried, sentenced and executed upon the spot.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">There were also four of the Chinese traders from Gaya who reported that they had just escaped from Inanam. They informed us that the Inanam river was strongly fortified, that there was a strong fort with two guns close to the Kwala, another a little higher up, one more at Datu Merawi’s village and lastly a big strong one up at O. K. Mahomed Serail’s village where Mat Salleh intended to make an office and carry on Government of his own. They told us that Mr. Neubronner was quite safe living in the Orang Kaya’s house and was well cared for. The Orang Kaya has always been friendly towards the Company although his men took part in the attack upon Gaya he would have nothing to do with it and endeavoured to persuade the Inanam people against it.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Upon receiving this information we gave up all thought of attack from the mouth of the river as likely to cause us too serious loss and at once proceeded to Tanjong Aru where we landed and started to walk to Putatan at 1:30. We found the Putatan Office already put into a state of defence and the Gaya and Papar police collected there. We rested for an hour and then taking all the Police from Putatan to add to our force we started again and walked to Babait on the Ulu Putatan reaching there about 7:30p.m. We had now a respectable force. From Labuan and Mempakul 15 police and 38 Dyaks, Ambong some 20, and 18 were from Putatan, total 90 men less 12 whom we left on board the Enterprise to guard the mouth of the Inanam.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The following morning, the 15<sup>th</sup>, we started at 5:30 and walked across country over hills and through long stretches of paddy fields to the Ulu Inanam. On nearing Inanam we found all the Dusuns Village full of loot, the people scattering before us mostly running on to the Inanam. We were finally confronted by a fort on a steep hill some 4 or 500 feet high across the Inanam, and we at once advanced and occupied a village on a little hill perhaps 70 feet high, driving out of the people, killing two of them. We had barely accomplished this before we were attacked from the jungle surrounding it, the top of the hill only being clear where the village stood. No one was struck however, and we formed up the Sikhs and fired volleys into the jungle which soon drove out the enemy. We occupied the village at 12:30 after a very arduous walk of seven hours. It was mostly through paddy fields which had just been flooded and ploughed, and we were to our knees in mud and water the greater part of the way. The walk from Tanjong Aru to Babait the day before was just the same. The position we took up was about 1,600 yards from the enemy’s fort. A party emerged from the fort, crossed the river and took up a position in a sago clump and opened fire on us. Their practice was poor but disturbing while one man was sufficiently on the spot to be dangerous. We got the range at 550 yards and after a volley or two they were compelled retire with the loss of one killed. We then set about knocking up a few defences as we were completely exposed. The Dusun and Bajow coolies who followed us from Putatan to Petagas and the prisoners from Ambong whom we had brought with us, were employed on this, whilst we sent out parties to burn out all the villages on the hills within range of us.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The following morning another fort which we had seen some way to our right was carried, the enemy losing two killed and about a dozen villages found full of Gaya loot were destroyed. In the afternoon it rained hard and nothing more was done. The following morning, the 17<sup>th</sup> there was still no advance, but a party went out to reconnoitre the Bajow kampongs on the river, they returned saying they thought the villages were empty and that the Government boats stolen from Gaya were lying there. During their absence we observed a large party climbing the hill slowly to the main fort and with the glass made out that they were carrying up a gun. Upon this I declared we must advance at once but our reconnoitring party were so long returning that they had mounted the gun and fired it off at us before they turned up. It was agreed that Mr. Wheatly with 30 Dyaks, the prisoners and coolies should occupy Datu Merawi’s village down the river and seize the boats, whilst Mr. Ormsby and myself took the Sikhs and the remainder of the Dyaks, marched down the paddy fields facing the fort and occupied the Orang Kaya’s village immediately below it. We then fired our camp and broke down our defenses.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A move was made and the two villages occupied, the fort opening fire on both parties. The party under Mr. Ormsby and myself approached the back of the village across open paddy fields in view of the fort. The village was deserted except the row of Chinese shops. The Dyaks promptly ran to cover in the jungle when the fort opened fire but the Sikhs were steady and lay down behind one of the paddy fields dykes. I then crossed the fields and turned out all the Chinese from the shops for safety and returned to the Sikhs and hearing brisk firing going on below at Mr. Wheatly’s village we ordered the Sikhs to fire volleys at the fort. They made a very good practise and succeeded in silencing the fort. Considering the position too exposed, we then proceed to join Mr. Wheatly at Datu Merawi’s village which we at once put in a state of defense by dark. We had no further trouble from the enemy and they maintained dead silence all night.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Mr. Wheatly then went down the river to the Enterprise to bring up provisions that we were in need of. He returned at 3:45a.m., accompanied by His Excellency, the Governor, Capt. Reddie and Mr. Wathen, with more police from Sandakan and Kudat, the maxim and a mountain gun. The Governor, Captain Reddie and myself at once proceeded with the mountain gun planted it on the edge of the paddy fields behind the upper village just by day-break. Word was sent back to the others to advance at once against the fort which still maintained silence. Two shells were thrown into it and there was no reply, and shortly after it was occupied by Messrs. Wheatly, Ormsby and Wathen the enemy having deserted it. We then retired to the lower village for breakfast, after which His Excellency the Governor Capt. Reddie, Mr. Ormsby and Mr. Wathen ascended to the fort and pursued the enemy overland through Menggatal whilst Mr. Wheatly and myself with the Enterprise and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Normanhust </i>guarded the two exits from Menggatal, leaving a guard in the camp at Inanam. In the afternoon the overland party emerged in boats bringing with them Mr. Neubronner who had been taken out of the Inanam fort cared for by the Pangeran Kahar of Menggatal. We then landed all men and stores, etc, from both steamers at Gaya and the following morning after trying all the prisoners captured, Mr. Wheatly and myself with the Labuan Police returned to Labuan by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Normanhurst </i>arriving at about 10p.m., on the 19<sup>th</sup> instant.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">I must not omit to mention the conduct of Sergeant Tara Singh of the Labuan Police, which was beyond all praise from start to finish. He worked splendidly all through, seeing to everything, keeping the police in order all day long, and was both willing and anxious to stay up all night, and we had to order him to turn in and sleep; and I sincerely trust that he will receive some substantial recognition of his services, which were invaluable.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">G. HEWETT,<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Acting Resident </span><o:p></o:p></i></div> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">-/ss</span>
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8740769438684197818.post-937179267279077703
2020-01-09T05:27:00.000-08:00
2020-01-09T05:54:40.802-08:00
The North Borneo Herald. TUESDAY, 18TH APRIL 1922. THE WILDMEN OF BORNEO THEN AND NOW
<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">THE NORTH BORNEO HERALD AND THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlq9JvD8HFZBiHIlnL4mJ1N78l8qxKfQHUorjOQdYbWXcuN3gZ2ze1PMIis7bvVdsuHvT-DRe8epvUZiqAIu3uW4cYQZwCnERmHX2Iia_QgqGuGresUYqdhSxnreKyp6PZoogIqqE871k/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlq9JvD8HFZBiHIlnL4mJ1N78l8qxKfQHUorjOQdYbWXcuN3gZ2ze1PMIis7bvVdsuHvT-DRe8epvUZiqAIu3uW4cYQZwCnERmHX2Iia_QgqGuGresUYqdhSxnreKyp6PZoogIqqE871k/s1600/BNBCC-Logo.png" /></a></div> <div align="center" class="separator" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">EDUCATIONAL SERIES BY BORNEO HISTORY<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">No. 8 - VOL.XL. JESSELTON, TUESDAY, 18TH APRIL 1922.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The North Borneo Herald.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">TUESDAY, 18TH APRIL 1922.</span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">THE WILD MEN OF BORNEO</span></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">THEN AND NOW</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(From our own Correspondent)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Jesselton 17<sup>th</sup> March<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In the issue of <i>Singapore Free Press</i> of March 17<sup>th</sup> there is a copy of a critique from the Times of Mr. Ivor Evans’ new book, ”Among Primitive People in Borneo”. In this it refers in the last paragraph to “indolent people whose birth right was sold to a Company over their heads by a few interested Chiefs”. That was forty years ago and what was the birthright that was sold? Absolute insecurity of life and property, birthright slavery for some, a swift early death for others and always the vagaries of “interested chiefs” who cared less for their people than they did for their hunting dogs. The birthright of these “indolent people” to-day is absolute security of life and property, lands demarcated for which they hold the most unimpeachable of titles, and white chiefs whose sole interest is the welfare of the people.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Could the “interested chief” of 1800 have placed within the narrow confines of a ship representative of every tribe in the country and take them like a party of school children to see the wonders of a new land? That ship would have been a shambles inside twenty four hours. Today the descendants of hereditary enemies pack themselves without protest check by jowl with men whose fathers killed all who crossed the boundary of their holdings. Dusuns, Muruts, Bajaus, Sulus, Besayas and Illanus<u><span style="color: red;"> </span></u>sailed from Jesselton on March 21<sup>st</sup> and with them the white men who bought their birthright. These same tribesmen will form a vastly interesting group at the great exhibition in Singapore for they are the living justification of the British Empire. Would a Murut of the Inferior willingly face the sea and the terrors of a journey to a strange land? Never! But he will do it now, not because he wants to but because the District Officers says there is nothing to be frightened of.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Piracy's of Old Days<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">If the Singaporean who has the time or the inclination will visit the Borneo section and talk to Orang Kaya Kaya Haji Arsat of Tempasuk, Enduat of Pensiangan or Haji Abdullah of Sandakan he will hear things which are good for him to hear, and when next he spies head-lines in the papers of atrocities and of slavery in Borneo he will consign paper to its proper place, the waste paper basket.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">We admit that twenty years ago even we could not have sent such a party to Singapore as we are doing to-day. The business of reconstructing the birthright of those indolent and primitive people was then but half done and it will have been a difficult matter to persuade any but our Dyak police to trust themselves to a sea voyage. Ask Panglima Gandi, who is headman of the Binadan craft that you will see in Singapore harbor, what his father was doing only some 15 years ago and you will probably hear that he tried conclusions with Mr. Little in or about Marudu Bay when piracy was yet unsuppressed. <o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Haji Arsat can tell endless stories of the stirring times of the Mat Salleh rebellion and if Enduat can be persuaded to talk about Muruts and their little ways, he will be worth listening to Keruak of Tempasuk is versed in all the tricks of the cattle thief and carries with him a presentation walking stick, the reward for capturing a notorious character who had broken jail.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Where They Come From<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Under such chiefs we are sending people from all parts of the country, The Muruts come from the Sematalun district and are the most primitive people in the country. Their traditions are those of hunters and warriors. Thought the perpetration of head hunting raids may be said to be a thing of the past, its suppression is of so recent a date that It would require little inducement to bring about a return to their old ways. A European Officer lives amongst them and the influence of white rule has now taken a strong hold. The habits if these people are typically those of forest folks and are not too pleasing to Western ideas. Their knowledge of the jungle and their skills in hunting is as profound as that of similar tribes all over the world and their peculiar genius is in the use of blowpipes of which many specimens will be seen at the Exhibition.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The Dusuns, one party of whom have been selected from the Tuaran district, and one from the Interior from the largest tribe in the country. By some they are suspected to be of Chinese origin but grave doubts may be cast upon correctness of any such statements. They are probably pure aborigines and are scattered throughout the country except in the Murut area. Some are hill dwellers, some plain dwellers, others inhabit the rivers of the East Coast and are known as Orang Sungai. In places they assume or have been given tribal names such as the Tahbanua and Dumpas tribes. Since the sale of birthrights they have been the first to accept our rule and have always been open to persuasive ways of missionaries. Consequently flourishing Missions are found in several areas. In their natural state they worship spirits and hold certain jars, known as Gusi, in great veneration. The Sulus who came from the Sandakan districts are the descendants of those who elected to remain after the cession of that part of the country by the Sultan of Sulu and known as Sabah. They have generally been regarded as a treacherous people, given to piracy and slave raiding. To-day they own good coconut gardens and inhabit the most picturesque of villages on the East Coast of Borneo.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The Illanuns who are skilled weavers and were one time equally skilled warriors are a race whose origin is in the island of Mindanao on the Philippines. There are two settlements in North Borneo, one on the Tempasuk plains and one at Tungku on the East Coast.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The Bajaus are a race originally of a nomadic boat dwelling type many of whom have settles on land. They are the black sheep of the country, skilled cattle thieves, not averse to a row and a little bloodletting but withal the best sportsmen we have. They will ride with equal facility an unbroken pony or half wild steer over rough country and their delights is in hunting deer over plains. For this many of their sins are forgiven them and they know the best way to get out of a scrape is to be “first spear” in a sporting day’s hunting.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The Besaya dwells among the unpleasant haunts of the sago tree. He is a man of mud for his country is mostly swamp. He is credited with having the gentle art of poisoner at the tips of his finger and as such has never enjoyed much popularity with his neighbours.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Lastly the Binadan, whose boats go with them to Singapore, are like the Bajaus ashore the erstwhile “mauvais sujets” of the sea. They have or had the speediest boats afloat, which helped them to pounce upon their victims or show a clean pair of heels to their pursuers. Steam has settled their hash for them and to-day they follow the Tuan even to the gates of Singapore.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>The Chief And Visitors</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Such briefly are the types that our indefatigable organising secretary, Mr. G. N. Owen has, with the help of the District Officers, shepherded to Singapore. With them he is taking every imaginable kind of thing that grows or is made in the country. We are not going to attempt a description if these exhibits for the very good reason that we are not too sure what they all are, but Singapore will have the chance of seeing them and judging for itself of their interest and merits. The decisions to send with the expedition, for expedition is must be called, our Constabulary band certainly ought to be popular; we hope to hear praise of their work from those who hear them in Singapore.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The European Community will be represented by His Excellency A. C. Pearson, C.M.G., Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Constabulary, Mrs. Pearson, Mr. G. Summerfield, Private Secretary, Mr. C. F. A. Pryke, General Manager of Railways, Mr. D. M. Matthews, General Manager of the British Borneo Timber Co., Mr. Logan, Assistant Conservator of Forests, Mr. E. Bateson, Director of Agriculture, Mr. E. G. Grants, District Officer of Interior, Mr. B. R. Cole-Adams, Assistant District Officer, North Keppel, and Mr. B. Scott-Keasberry, who is personal assistant to Mr. Owen.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Native Chiefs include Orang Kaya Haji Mohammed Arsat, North Keppel, Orang Kaya Kaya Pengiraan Haji Omar, South Keppel, Orang Kaya Kaya Imam Saman, Beaufort, Orang Kaya Kaya Habib She, Tawau, Haji Abdullah, Sandakan, Haji Salahudin, Kudat, Haji Mohammed Noor, Kinabatangan, Keruak, Tempasuk, Datu Merdun, Tempasuk, Panglima Gandi, Mantanani, Anggor, Tuaran, Enduat, Pensiangan.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">O. K. K. Haji Arsat claims to be the only one who has mastered the pronunciation of the words Prince of Wales, of which his rendering after much practise is Prinz op Wah-liz-.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Animals and Stamps<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The Menagerie, collected from various parts of the country, is an interesting exhibit. Visitors will find tree bears, cobras, adjutant birds, lemurs, “orang utan”, a gibbon and other smaller birds and animals. The collection has been under the care of Dr. H. Keith who has already tamed many of them. We understand that the collection is to be presented with other collections to the Prince of Wales by whom they will be sent to the London Zoo. Our hunters and trappers have not been able to obtain specimens of the larger animals.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Stamp collectors will be interested to know that a limited number of surcharges postage stamps of the country will be on sale at our Kiosk. These are made up in sets, each costing $2, and should prove most attractive and a good speculation.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pamphlets on various subjects such as the industries and agricultural conditions of the country and big game shooting have been written specially for the exhibition and will be given away at the North Borneo Kiosk. Curio hunters will find a great many attractions in the Borneo section where natives arts and crafts are well represented.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The forestry exhibit should prove of special interest. It will contain specimens of every kind of timber from the rough log to complete articles of furniture.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The sago industry is well represented and will include if practicable a demonstration of the extraction of the sago from the log and the preliminary cleaning as done by the Besayas.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">We wish our Borneo section all success and many honours in this. Singapore’s first great exhibition. Results can only be known by comparison with others and we realise that we have a lot to learn and perhaps have something that we can teach our neighbours.- <i>The Singapore Free Press</i></span></span><br /> <span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></span> <span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><i>-/ss</i></span></span>
Borneo History
http://www.blogger.com/profile/00153846170588618370
noreply@blogger.com
0
